Absorptive capacity
文献1：企业网络位置吸收力创新绩效
作者：钱锡红杨永福徐万里
期刊：理世界
年份：2010年第5期
样：
研究数采问卷调查方法获问卷发放象深圳市IC产业中典型企业问卷发放回收2009年6月旬2009年9月进行问卷发放程广东省相关政府部门企业界朋友力支持发放问卷143份回收139份中效问卷121份效问卷回收率8462
研究背景：
作者整合外部网络位置部吸收力创新绩效影响研究取定进展需更更深入研究探究述问题：企业网络位置创新绩效否重作什企业网络位置相创新绩效企业吸收力样影响创新绩效研究构建企业网络位置吸收力创新绩效影响模型深圳市IC产业121家企业例进行实证检验
变量：网络位置吸收力
变量：企业创新绩效
调节变量：吸收力
结果：
1网络位置代表企业获取创新性知识方面面机遇位网络中心占丰富结构洞企业信息获取方面拥显著优势
2企业间吸收力水导致创新绩效差异直接原
3具知识获取知识消化力企业言网络位置创新绩效影响
4吸收力维度网络位置创新绩效关系调节作存差异属潜吸收力知识获取知识消化维度显著调节作属现实吸收力知识转换知识应维度没显著调节作
研究局限性：
第研究样数创新力较强高技术产业研究结推广传统产业时需持谨慎态度第二研究数源份测量问卷存方法偏差（common method bias）产生系统误差第三研究收集横断面数结质变量间相关关系更严谨果关系需研究加检验
未研究方：
首先学界吸收力研究兴趣日俱增然甚少研究进行深入维度探讨吸收力维度展开研究疑具广阔前景方次现实中企业网络位置静止变企业间合作联盟关系处动态变化中 动态演化网络引入创新研究中相信定少意义发现
吸收力：
定义：针企业利外部知识方面存问题CohenLevinthal（1990）吸收力做开创性研究认吸收力企业识外部新信息价值消化该信息该信息应商业途力
测量：研究认ZahraGeorge（2002）吸收力划分知识获取知识消化知识转换知识应4维度观点采Jansen等（2005）针4维度开发发表理学权威杂志Academy of Management Journal量表吸收力4维度特征值1原成分分析法吸收力进行探索性子分析通应方差法（Varimax）进行子抽取结果Jansen等（2005）分析致获具清晰结构吸收力4子：知识获取知识消化知识转化知识应
变量间关系：
文献2：Analyzing the determinants of firm’s absorptive capacity beyond R&D
作者：Jaider VegaJurado Antonio Gutie´rrezGracia and Ignacio Ferna´ndezdeLucio
期刊：R&D Management
年份：20084
样：研究中没明确指出
研究背景：
The conceptualization developed by these authors encompasses a number of important aspects First the multidimensional nature of the concept which involves three basic capacities in relation to new knowledge (a) recognition of its value (b) its assimilation and (c) its application for commercial ends Second the relationship between a firm’s absorptive capacity and its prior related knowledge which includes both basic skills and a common language In other words absorptive capacity is cumulative in character in the sense that its development in the present will permit its more efficient accumulation in the future These aspects of absorptive capacity imply that its development is path or history dependent
作者关吸收力概念化研究涵盖方面首先：概念维化质包括涉新知识三基础力：（1）认识新知识价值（2）新知识吸收（3）新知识盈利应次：企业吸收力先前相关知识关系包括基础技通语言两方面换句话说吸收力累积观念前发展会效积累促进作关吸收力方面表示吸收力发展两角度：路径赖历史赖
In addition Cohen and Levinthal distinguish between absorptive capacity at the
individual level and absorptive capacity at the organizational level and highlight the role of the firm’s internal mechanisms in fostering communication and relationships among its members as a distinctive organizational aspect of absorptive capacity
外科恩利文索尔单体吸收力组织层面吸收力进行划分突出强调企业部机制成员间交流关系培养重作吸收力组织层面体现
Since Cohen and Levinthal’s seminal work many empirical and theoretical studies have explored the concept of absorptive capacity from the perspective of different analytical units and modeling strategies
科恩利文索尔开始研究许实证理研究模型视角研究吸收力容
In sum the studies conducted so far have revolved around Cohen and Levinthal’s (1989 1990) theories and explore in further detail two aspects identified by these authors the pathdependent’nature of absorptive capacity and its multidimensional character The effect of external knowledge on the development of absorptive capacity has received little attention
总言研究围绕科恩利文索尔展开理研究细节方面集中两方面：吸收力路径赖质吸收力维化特点外部知识吸收力发展研究受少关注
变量：组织知识形式化社会整合机制
变量：吸收力
调节变量：相关外部知识适性
结果：
The share of workers with higher education degrees and R&D intensity are positively correlated to both PACAP and RACAP These results represent evidence in favor of the first relationship and also show that organizational knowledge gained both through education of personnel or development of R&D activities positively influences the firm’s absorptive capacity
工高学历重研发强度潜吸收力已意识吸收力起积极作结果赞成结果表明通全体员工教育研发活动发展获组织知识企业吸收力影响积极
The education level of the workforce is positively associated with the firm’s capacity to acquire and to exploit scientific knowledge but not with the firm’s capacity to acquire and to exploit industrial knowledge R&D intensity on the other hand is positively correlated with the firm’s capacity to exploit any type of knowledge but only with its capacity to acquire scientific knowledge Also R&D department is positively correlated with the firm’s capacity to exploit scientific knowledge
劳动力教育水企业关力获开发科学知识正面作企业行业知识学影响研发强度换句话说企业获类型知识积极作通学科学知识力实现研发部门企业开发科学知识力积极影响
Degree of formalization is positively associated with the firm’s capacity to acquire relevant external knowledge In addition formalization is positively
correlated with the firm’s capacity to acquire and to exploit scientific knowledge but it is not significantly related to the firm’s capacity to acquire and to exploit industrial knowledge
形式化程度企业获相关外部知识积极作外形式化企业获开发科学知识积极作企业获开发行业知识影响显著
SIM are positively related to PACAP but do not have a significant relationship with RACAP
社会整合机制潜吸收力积极作已意识吸收力影响显著
The author defined three groups of determining factors organizational knowledge formalization and social integration mechanisms In addition we suggested that these factors may influence all the components of firms’ absorptive capacity and that the influence can be positive or negative depending on the applicability of the knowledge being absorbed
作者定义三组决定素：组织知识形式化社会整合机制外作者表明素会影响企业吸收力部分影响正面负面取决知识获取适性
研究局限性：未发现
未研究方：未指出
吸收力定义测量：
Zahra and George (2002) conducted a review and reconceptualization of absorptive capacity Their theories differed from the traditional views of Cohen and Levinthal in at least two respects First Zahra and George define absorptive capacity as a dynamic capacity embedded in a firm’s routines and processes which promotes organizational change and evolution And second they establish that absorptive capacity has four rather than three dimensions which they group into two categories potential capacities (knowledge acquisition and assimilation) and realized capacities (transformation and exploitation of knowledge)
扎赫拉乔治实施吸收力综述概念化理科恩莱恩索尔少两方面区首先扎赫拉乔治吸收力定义嵌入企业日常活动程动态力动态力会组织变革产生促进作第二认吸收力四维度三四维度分两类：潜力（知识认识吸收）意识力（知识转换开发）
文中吸收力度量：
The following questions were used to build our measures of PACAP and RACAP
1 PACAP Please indicate which of the following mechanisms are usually used as sources of knowledge by your enterprise
_ Subscriptions to journals
_ Attendance at conferences and congress
_ Attendance at scientific fairs or exhibitions
2 RACAP Please indicate if the following agents have been an important source of knowledge to develop any of innovations introduced by your firm during the period
2001–2003
_ Suppliers
_ Consumers
_ Universities
_ Technology institutes
The variable PACAP was created by adding the number of different mechanisms used by firms to acquire external knowledge This variable can range from 0 to 3 because a firm can use up to three different mechanisms The construction of the RACAP variable is based on the same logic but in this case the resulting index can take the value 0–4
潜吸收力已意识吸收力度量面两问题完成具体操作赘述容清楚
These measures were constructed using responses to questions regarding with the firm’s use of different mechanism to acquire external knowledge and the firm’s use of external agents as knowledge sources to develop innovations
措施建立应问题公司机制获取外部知识公司外部代理知识源开发创新
变量间关系：
Absorptive capacity and information systems research review synthesis and directions for future research
A
bsorptive capacity is a firm’s ability to identify assimilate transform and apply valuable external knowledge It is considered an imperative for business success Modern information technologies perform a critical role in the development and maintenance of a firm’s absorptive capacity
吸收力企业学外部知识种力包括鉴定吸收转换应吸收力认企业成功极重现代信息技术企业吸收力发展维护中扮演着十分重角色
The author investigate how absorptive capacity has been conceptualized measured and used in IS research The author also examine how absorptive capacity fits into distinct IS themes and facilitates understanding of various IS phenomena
作者研究吸收力概念化度量运信息系统研究中作者检测吸收力信息系统题相适应存进信息系统现象理解
Absorptive capacity is defined as the ability to identify assimilate transform and apply external knowledge (Cohen and Levinthal 1990) Through its research and development activities a firm develops collective knowledge about certain areas of markets science and technology and how those areas relate to the firm’s products and services (Cohen and Levinthal 1989) However sheer exposure to related external knowledge is not sufficient to ensure that a firm will absorb it successfully (Pennings and Harianto 1992) While a knowledge base enables the associative connections needed for insights related to new knowledge the organizational assimilation of new knowledge depends more so upon the transfer of knowledge across and within subunits (Cohen and Levinthal 1990) Firms apply their newly absorbed knowledge in a variety of ways for example to replenish their knowledge base (Vanden Bosch et al 1999) to forecast technological trends (Cohen and Levinthal 1994) to reconfigure existing capabilities (Pavlou and El Sawy 2006) and to create innovative products and services Scholars have leveraged Cohen and Levinthal’s original work on absorptive capacity in several ways The application of absorptive capacity in such areas as innovation interorganizational learning mergers and acquisitions and new product development signifies its substantial contribution to competitive advantage and firm performance (Lane et al 2006)
起初科恩利文索尔研究中吸收力定义种包括外部知识识吸收转换应力通企业研发活动企业会发展相关领域知识包括市场科学技术等等领域企业产品服务产生关系绝暴露相关外部知识够保证企业否够成功吸收(Pennings and Harianto 1992)先前知识基础确保新知识吸收组织新知识吸收更加赖知识二级单位部二级单位间转换(Cohen and Levinthal 1990)企业会方面运新吸收知识方说：补充知识库(Vanden Bosch et al 1999)预测新技术趋势(Cohen and Levinthal 1994)重新配置存力(Pavlou and El Sawy 2006)创造革新产品服务等等学者研究建立科恩利文索尔研究基础发生方面延伸方说吸收力企业创新应组织知识学新产品发展企业绩效持续贡献等等
There are three assumptions underlying absorptive capacity Absorptive capacity depends on prior related knowledge an organization’s absorptive capacity depends on the absorptive capacities of its individual members absorptive capacity is pathdependent
Organizational scholars have viewed absorptive capacity from two general perspectives as a stock of prior related knowledge and as an ability to absorb knowledge Specifically absorptive capacity has been conceptualized and measured as either (1) an asset (2) a substantive (or ordinary) capability or (3) a dynamic
capability (Lane et al 2006) Absorptive capacity is clearly related to organizational learning (Lane et al 2006) unfortunately this relationship is not clear
企业吸收力面三基假设吸收力取决先前相关知识组织吸收力取决组织者体吸收力吸收力路径相关
Measurement Description IS researchers often define absorptive capacity as a capability and yet measure it as an asset thereby undermining construct validity Adapting measures of organizational absorptive capacity at the individual level also complicates construct validity Scholars eschew established measures of absorptive capacity inhibiting the building of a cumulative research tradition Finally researchers often miss capturing the domainspecific nature of absorptive capacity
关吸收力度量描述：信息技术研究者常吸收力定义种性作资产度量削弱结构效度采组织吸收力中体吸收力度量会结构效度变十分复杂学者研究避开吸收力度量抑制累积研究传统说传统研究般发展某阶段特定研究象进行度量没实证基础研究结果法普适性研究者常错失特定领域吸收力质研究
Measurement Guidelines Conceptualize and measure absorptive capacity as a multidimensional capability Develop metrics that capture each of absorptive capacity’s dimensions Measure absorptive capacity with respect to specific knowledge domains
吸收力度量指导意见：丰富吸收力概念维角度度量吸收力发展吸收力规模进行度量方法测量特定知识领域吸收力度量
Absorptive Capacity Dimensions and Key Combinative Capabilities
Absorptive capacity is a multidimensional construct that consists of three distinct yet interrelated capabilities knowledge identification knowledge assimilationtransformation and knowledge application (Lane et al 2006) A firm’s ability to absorb valuable external knowledge depends on its level of prior related knowledge (Cohen and Levinthal 1990) Yet in addition to its knowledge base a firm needs to develop structures and processes that facilitate knowledge absorption Prior research finds that two types of organizational capabilities impact absorptive capacity coordination capabilities and socialization capabilities (Jansen et al 2005 Van den Bosch et al 1999) Coordination and socialization are relatively broad constructs thus we need to investigate them at a more finegrained level Furthermore since a firm’s absorptive capacity is dependent upon the exchange of knowledge between organizational members (Cohen and Levinthal 1990) we focus on coordination and socialization capabilities that impact knowledge exchange
吸收力种维结构包括三明显相关力范畴：知识识知识获取转换知识运(Lane et al 2006)企业外部信息吸收力取决企业先前相关知识处水(Cohen and Levinthal 1990)然企业身知识库企业更发展身结构程促进新知识吸收前研究发现两种组织力会影响吸收力：协调力社会化力(Jansen et al 2005 Van den Bosch et al 1999)协调社会化涉广泛结构
需进行更细致研究更进步说然说企业吸收力取决组织成员知识交换(Cohen and Levinthal 1990)作者集中研究协调社会化力知识交换影响
Absorptive Capacity A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation
定义形成程：
知识外部源创新程重创新组织层面什角度说正日学者Westney and Sakakibara(1986)Mansfield(1988)研究结国家层面正确Brock(1975)Peck(1962)证明计算机铝制造业行业成立组织层面March and Simon(1958)认数创新入结果发明创造结果续研究者Mueller(1962)Hamberg(1963)Myers & Marquis(1969)Johnston & Gibbons(1975)证明结创新绩效重性特企业外部单元获信息重性行营销生产理解Mansfield(1968)
开发外部知识力企业创新力重组成部分作者认评估外部知识力前相关知识功理解基层面先前知识包括基础技者甚语言享许会包含定领域里面科学技术发展说先前知识学企业认识新信息吸收新信息进步应信息重力正作者说：认识信息吸收信息应信息企业吸收力
企业层面创新单元集中里：吸收力方面形成研究表明企业实施研发外部获信息更帮助(Tilton1971Allen1977Mowery1983)暗示吸收力会做企业研发副产品创造外研究认吸收力企业制作程副产品Abernathy(1978)Rosenberg(1982)认面相关实际产品市场时候通直接生产程卷入企业更容易认识开发新信息生产验企业提供必背景信息包括认识信息价值动参生产程方法企业吸收力进行直接投资全体员工加强技术培训
总结：
吸收力涵：
吸收力概念早 Cohen & Leviathan（1990）提出认吸收力企业识消化商业化运新外部知识力包括 3 种力：（1）认识外部新信息力（2）消化该信息力应该信息商业目力（3）利力认吸收力企业基学程企业具创新力关键性素二十年吸收力理发展中修正扩展吸收力概念学者具体见表
通文献回顾出研究者吸收力概念核心涵界定没突破 Cohen & Levinihal（1990）定义研究者围绕着鉴吸纳应知识力讨吸收力核心涵义广义知识转移享整合力没质区外目前影响力广定义 Zahra & George（2002）提出Zahra & George 通整理相关文献进步区分两种吸收力潜（potential）吸收力现实（realized）吸收力前者强调获取消化外部知识力者包含转换利知识力组织间学观点吸收力组织获取关键知识资源重素效发现消化利新知识力已维持竞争优势关键素
值指出吸收力发展程中Lane & Lubatkin（1998）提出相吸收力概念企业企业学力取决两企业知识基组织结构报酬政策导逻辑三方面相似性包括识评估理解应四种力该概念提出然企业层面出发知识接收企业知识溢出企业关系作分析单位认学生企业老师企业相特征决定前者者学力研究知识型企业吸收力程中吸收该观点
研究中吸收力核心含义坚持流观点 Zahra & George（2002）提出概念时兼顾吸收力相观点认吸收力中存部分绝吸收力部分基知识基相似性相吸收力吸收力维度确定问题特吸收力操作性量度问题然未研究中需加关注吸收力应中国企业学行研究中探索拓展解释中国理情景企业吸收力问题应该涵丰富研究领域
关吸收力研究：
吸收力产出直受学术界关注根现研究文献宏观角度吸收力研究领域涉解释诸组织学（Huber1991Kim1998）行业济（Cockbum & Henderson1995）资源观（Lane & Lubatkin1998）动态力（Mowery Oxley & Sliverman1996）等组织现象具体吸收力研究方面集中影响素结果变量
1体集体层面研究
学者吸收力研究体集体两层面进行区分Cohen & Levinthal（1990）讨企业吸收力时首先认知角度讨吸收力包括相关知识知识背景样性吸收力影响吸收力前提需具备相关知识吸收利新知识体层面认知行科学研究证实丰富观点集体层面吸收力取决相关知识知识背景样性Dierichx & Cool（1989）认吸收力程度知识存量函数Cohen & Levinthal（1990）认企业吸收力程度企业前拥相关知识水函数知识影响知识体吸收力相关知识水种描述知识知识冗余重性允许知识体享整合间方面知识员间具备知识企业综合运知识获知识重力Cohen & Levinthal（1990）认冗余知识存开发跨功吸收力必Lane & Lubatkin（1998）认企业企业学力教师企业学生企业相综合特征决定中重必相应知识基础集体层面（组织）吸收力赖吸收力意义说组织吸收力发展建立组成部分体吸收力基础体吸收力样集体层面吸收力积累程集体层面切活动存组织协调结构等方面问题吸收力强弱样受素制约
2吸收力产出研究
吸收力产出研究中绩效创新两重方面
（1）吸收力绩效关系
Steensma & Lyles（2000）分析吸收力企业成功关系发现外国投资者合资企业带重资源双方理控制衡导致合资企业失败理控制衡企业吸收力关吸收力影响企业成功重素Deeds（2001）高技术企业研究象证明吸收力企业财富创造积极影响Tu 等（2006）通实证分析发现吸收力影响新制造技术实践活动实施效果顾客价值受新制造技术实施效果影响Madel 等（2007）验证吸收力技术获取决策企业绩效影响发现吸收力水外部技术获取部获取两种模式均正相关两种技术获取决策类型均正影响组织绩效
（2）吸收力创新
吸收力创新产出影响研究中选择研究层次基企业层次少数研究定位企业联盟层次企业具体部门附属部门团队层次研究方法侧重实证分析Cockburn & Henderson（1998）通实证出吸收力产品创新重正影响关系Stock 等（2001）实证研究吸收力新产品开发绩效关系结果表明吸收力新产品开发绩效呈倒U型关系吸收力增长定程度时会出现收益递减数研究出入较Rindfleisch 等（2002）实证研究企业吸收力技术获取创新绩效问题解决力间
关系 7 分项目测量吸收力发现吸收力知识获取知识创造创新绩效显著正影响关系Nicholls & Woo（2003）针美国生物技术行业研究吸收力种创新产出间关系结果表明两者间正影响关系学者研究吸收力创新活动身关系Becker & Peters（2000）发现考虑吸收力时企业采取研发行动性增强吸收力创新活动间存正相关关系Nieto & Quevedo（2005）通研究发现吸收力程度决定企业创新努力时吸收力技术机会创新努力关系中发挥中介作
3吸收力影响素
学者影响吸收力种素进行直接间接研究总体现文献吸收力影响素观点分组织外部两类部素包括：先验知识体吸收力研发投入企业门组织素等外部素包括外部知识环境企业知识网络（位置）等Zahra & George（2002）分析吸收力路径赖性时认吸收力形成验组织记忆影响关Veugelers（1999）研究结表明企业拥吸收力时研发合作研发投资呈正相关关系
Vanden 等（1999）认企业基组织形式吸收知识效率范围柔性方面差异影响吸收力Anderson（2001）定性分析社会资吸收力关系提出社会资企业吸收力影响理模型认外部社会资结构关系认知维度企业吸收力提高具积极影响
4国研究成果
国学者吸收力研究集中产出问题影响素等方面具体见表
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文献1：企业网络位置吸收力创新绩效
作者：钱锡红杨永福徐万里
期刊：理世界
年份：2010年第5期
样：
研究数采问卷调查方法获问卷发放象深圳市IC产业中典型企业问卷发放回收2009年6月旬2009年9月进行问卷发放程广东省相关政府部门企业界朋友力支持发放问卷143份回收139份中效问卷121份效问卷回收率8462
研究背景：
作者整合外部网络位置部吸收力创新绩效影响研究取定进展需更更深入研究探究述问题：企业网络位置创新绩效否重作什企业网络位置相创新绩效企业吸收力样影响创新绩效研究构建企业网络位置吸收力创新绩效影响模型深圳市IC产业121家企业例进行实证检验
变量：网络位置吸收力
变量：企业创新绩效
调节变量：吸收力
结果：
1网络位置代表企业获取创新性知识方面面机遇位网络中心占丰富结构洞企业信息获取方面拥显著优势
2企业间吸收力水导致创新绩效差异直接原
3具知识获取知识消化力企业言网络位置创新绩效影响
4吸收力维度网络位置创新绩效关系调节作存差异属潜吸收力知识获取知识消化维度显著调节作属现实吸收力知识转换知识应维度没显著调节作
研究局限性：
第研究样数创新力较强高技术产业研究结推广传统产业时需持谨慎态度第二研究数源份测量问卷存方法偏差（common method bias）产生系统误差第三研究收集横断面数结质变量间相关关系更严谨果关系需研究加检验
未研究方：
首先学界吸收力研究兴趣日俱增然甚少研究进行深入维度探讨吸收力维度展开研究疑具广阔前景方次现实中企业网络位置静止变企业间合作联盟关系处动态变化中 动态演化网络引入创新研究中相信定少意义发现
吸收力：
定义：针企业利外部知识方面存问题CohenLevinthal（1990）吸收力做开创性研究认吸收力企业识外部新信息价值消化该信息该信息应商业途力
测量：研究认ZahraGeorge（2002）吸收力划分知识获取知识消化知识转换知识应4维度观点采Jansen等（2005）针4维度开发发表理学权威杂志Academy of Management Journal量表吸收力4维度特征值1原成分分析法吸收力进行探索性子分析通应方差法（Varimax）进行子抽取结果Jansen等（2005）分析致获具清晰结构吸收力4子：知识获取知识消化知识转化知识应
变量间关系：
文献2：Analyzing the determinants of firm’s absorptive capacity beyond R&D
作者：Jaider VegaJurado Antonio Gutie´rrezGracia and Ignacio Ferna´ndezdeLucio
期刊：R&D Management
年份：20084
样：研究中没明确指出
研究背景：
The conceptualization developed by these authors encompasses a number of important aspects First the multidimensional nature of the concept which involves three basic capacities in relation to new knowledge (a) recognition of its value (b) its assimilation and (c) its application for commercial ends Second the relationship between a firm’s absorptive capacity and its prior related knowledge which includes both basic skills and a common language In other words absorptive capacity is cumulative in character in the sense that its development in the present will permit its more efficient accumulation in the future These aspects of absorptive capacity imply that its development is path or history dependent
作者关吸收力概念化研究涵盖方面首先：概念维化质包括涉新知识三基础力：（1）认识新知识价值（2）新知识吸收（3）新知识盈利应次：企业吸收力先前相关知识关系包括基础技通语言两方面换句话说吸收力累积观念前发展会效积累促进作关吸收力方面表示吸收力发展两角度：路径赖历史赖
In addition Cohen and Levinthal distinguish between absorptive capacity at the
individual level and absorptive capacity at the organizational level and highlight the role of the firm’s internal mechanisms in fostering communication and relationships among its members as a distinctive organizational aspect of absorptive capacity
外科恩利文索尔单体吸收力组织层面吸收力进行划分突出强调企业部机制成员间交流关系培养重作吸收力组织层面体现
Since Cohen and Levinthal’s seminal work many empirical and theoretical studies have explored the concept of absorptive capacity from the perspective of different analytical units and modeling strategies
科恩利文索尔开始研究许实证理研究模型视角研究吸收力容
In sum the studies conducted so far have revolved around Cohen and Levinthal’s (1989 1990) theories and explore in further detail two aspects identified by these authors the pathdependent’nature of absorptive capacity and its multidimensional character The effect of external knowledge on the development of absorptive capacity has received little attention
总言研究围绕科恩利文索尔展开理研究细节方面集中两方面：吸收力路径赖质吸收力维化特点外部知识吸收力发展研究受少关注
变量：组织知识形式化社会整合机制
变量：吸收力
调节变量：相关外部知识适性
结果：
The share of workers with higher education degrees and R&D intensity are positively correlated to both PACAP and RACAP These results represent evidence in favor of the first relationship and also show that organizational knowledge gained both through education of personnel or development of R&D activities positively influences the firm’s absorptive capacity
工高学历重研发强度潜吸收力已意识吸收力起积极作结果赞成结果表明通全体员工教育研发活动发展获组织知识企业吸收力影响积极
The education level of the workforce is positively associated with the firm’s capacity to acquire and to exploit scientific knowledge but not with the firm’s capacity to acquire and to exploit industrial knowledge R&D intensity on the other hand is positively correlated with the firm’s capacity to exploit any type of knowledge but only with its capacity to acquire scientific knowledge Also R&D department is positively correlated with the firm’s capacity to exploit scientific knowledge
劳动力教育水企业关力获开发科学知识正面作企业行业知识学影响研发强度换句话说企业获类型知识积极作通学科学知识力实现研发部门企业开发科学知识力积极影响
Degree of formalization is positively associated with the firm’s capacity to acquire relevant external knowledge In addition formalization is positively
correlated with the firm’s capacity to acquire and to exploit scientific knowledge but it is not significantly related to the firm’s capacity to acquire and to exploit industrial knowledge
形式化程度企业获相关外部知识积极作外形式化企业获开发科学知识积极作企业获开发行业知识影响显著
SIM are positively related to PACAP but do not have a significant relationship with RACAP
社会整合机制潜吸收力积极作已意识吸收力影响显著
The author defined three groups of determining factors organizational knowledge formalization and social integration mechanisms In addition we suggested that these factors may influence all the components of firms’ absorptive capacity and that the influence can be positive or negative depending on the applicability of the knowledge being absorbed
作者定义三组决定素：组织知识形式化社会整合机制外作者表明素会影响企业吸收力部分影响正面负面取决知识获取适性
研究局限性：未发现
未研究方：未指出
吸收力定义测量：
Zahra and George (2002) conducted a review and reconceptualization of absorptive capacity Their theories differed from the traditional views of Cohen and Levinthal in at least two respects First Zahra and George define absorptive capacity as a dynamic capacity embedded in a firm’s routines and processes which promotes organizational change and evolution And second they establish that absorptive capacity has four rather than three dimensions which they group into two categories potential capacities (knowledge acquisition and assimilation) and realized capacities (transformation and exploitation of knowledge)
扎赫拉乔治实施吸收力综述概念化理科恩莱恩索尔少两方面区首先扎赫拉乔治吸收力定义嵌入企业日常活动程动态力动态力会组织变革产生促进作第二认吸收力四维度三四维度分两类：潜力（知识认识吸收）意识力（知识转换开发）
文中吸收力度量：
The following questions were used to build our measures of PACAP and RACAP
1 PACAP Please indicate which of the following mechanisms are usually used as sources of knowledge by your enterprise
_ Subscriptions to journals
_ Attendance at conferences and congress
_ Attendance at scientific fairs or exhibitions
2 RACAP Please indicate if the following agents have been an important source of knowledge to develop any of innovations introduced by your firm during the period
2001–2003
_ Suppliers
_ Consumers
_ Universities
_ Technology institutes
The variable PACAP was created by adding the number of different mechanisms used by firms to acquire external knowledge This variable can range from 0 to 3 because a firm can use up to three different mechanisms The construction of the RACAP variable is based on the same logic but in this case the resulting index can take the value 0–4
潜吸收力已意识吸收力度量面两问题完成具体操作赘述容清楚
These measures were constructed using responses to questions regarding with the firm’s use of different mechanism to acquire external knowledge and the firm’s use of external agents as knowledge sources to develop innovations
措施建立应问题公司机制获取外部知识公司外部代理知识源开发创新
变量间关系：
Absorptive capacity and information systems research review synthesis and directions for future research
A
bsorptive capacity is a firm’s ability to identify assimilate transform and apply valuable external knowledge It is considered an imperative for business success Modern information technologies perform a critical role in the development and maintenance of a firm’s absorptive capacity
吸收力企业学外部知识种力包括鉴定吸收转换应吸收力认企业成功极重现代信息技术企业吸收力发展维护中扮演着十分重角色
The author investigate how absorptive capacity has been conceptualized measured and used in IS research The author also examine how absorptive capacity fits into distinct IS themes and facilitates understanding of various IS phenomena
作者研究吸收力概念化度量运信息系统研究中作者检测吸收力信息系统题相适应存进信息系统现象理解
Absorptive capacity is defined as the ability to identify assimilate transform and apply external knowledge (Cohen and Levinthal 1990) Through its research and development activities a firm develops collective knowledge about certain areas of markets science and technology and how those areas relate to the firm’s products and services (Cohen and Levinthal 1989) However sheer exposure to related external knowledge is not sufficient to ensure that a firm will absorb it successfully (Pennings and Harianto 1992) While a knowledge base enables the associative connections needed for insights related to new knowledge the organizational assimilation of new knowledge depends more so upon the transfer of knowledge across and within subunits (Cohen and Levinthal 1990) Firms apply their newly absorbed knowledge in a variety of ways for example to replenish their knowledge base (Vanden Bosch et al 1999) to forecast technological trends (Cohen and Levinthal 1994) to reconfigure existing capabilities (Pavlou and El Sawy 2006) and to create innovative products and services Scholars have leveraged Cohen and Levinthal’s original work on absorptive capacity in several ways The application of absorptive capacity in such areas as innovation interorganizational learning mergers and acquisitions and new product development signifies its substantial contribution to competitive advantage and firm performance (Lane et al 2006)
起初科恩利文索尔研究中吸收力定义种包括外部知识识吸收转换应力通企业研发活动企业会发展相关领域知识包括市场科学技术等等领域企业产品服务产生关系绝暴露相关外部知识够保证企业否够成功吸收(Pennings and Harianto 1992)先前知识基础确保新知识吸收组织新知识吸收更加赖知识二级单位部二级单位间转换(Cohen and Levinthal 1990)企业会方面运新吸收知识方说：补充知识库(Vanden Bosch et al 1999)预测新技术趋势(Cohen and Levinthal 1994)重新配置存力(Pavlou and El Sawy 2006)创造革新产品服务等等学者研究建立科恩利文索尔研究基础发生方面延伸方说吸收力企业创新应组织知识学新产品发展企业绩效持续贡献等等
There are three assumptions underlying absorptive capacity Absorptive capacity depends on prior related knowledge an organization’s absorptive capacity depends on the absorptive capacities of its individual members absorptive capacity is pathdependent
Organizational scholars have viewed absorptive capacity from two general perspectives as a stock of prior related knowledge and as an ability to absorb knowledge Specifically absorptive capacity has been conceptualized and measured as either (1) an asset (2) a substantive (or ordinary) capability or (3) a dynamic
capability (Lane et al 2006) Absorptive capacity is clearly related to organizational learning (Lane et al 2006) unfortunately this relationship is not clear
企业吸收力面三基假设吸收力取决先前相关知识组织吸收力取决组织者体吸收力吸收力路径相关
Measurement Description IS researchers often define absorptive capacity as a capability and yet measure it as an asset thereby undermining construct validity Adapting measures of organizational absorptive capacity at the individual level also complicates construct validity Scholars eschew established measures of absorptive capacity inhibiting the building of a cumulative research tradition Finally researchers often miss capturing the domainspecific nature of absorptive capacity
关吸收力度量描述：信息技术研究者常吸收力定义种性作资产度量削弱结构效度采组织吸收力中体吸收力度量会结构效度变十分复杂学者研究避开吸收力度量抑制累积研究传统说传统研究般发展某阶段特定研究象进行度量没实证基础研究结果法普适性研究者常错失特定领域吸收力质研究
Measurement Guidelines Conceptualize and measure absorptive capacity as a multidimensional capability Develop metrics that capture each of absorptive capacity’s dimensions Measure absorptive capacity with respect to specific knowledge domains
吸收力度量指导意见：丰富吸收力概念维角度度量吸收力发展吸收力规模进行度量方法测量特定知识领域吸收力度量
Absorptive Capacity Dimensions and Key Combinative Capabilities
Absorptive capacity is a multidimensional construct that consists of three distinct yet interrelated capabilities knowledge identification knowledge assimilationtransformation and knowledge application (Lane et al 2006) A firm’s ability to absorb valuable external knowledge depends on its level of prior related knowledge (Cohen and Levinthal 1990) Yet in addition to its knowledge base a firm needs to develop structures and processes that facilitate knowledge absorption Prior research finds that two types of organizational capabilities impact absorptive capacity coordination capabilities and socialization capabilities (Jansen et al 2005 Van den Bosch et al 1999) Coordination and socialization are relatively broad constructs thus we need to investigate them at a more finegrained level Furthermore since a firm’s absorptive capacity is dependent upon the exchange of knowledge between organizational members (Cohen and Levinthal 1990) we focus on coordination and socialization capabilities that impact knowledge exchange
吸收力种维结构包括三明显相关力范畴：知识识知识获取转换知识运(Lane et al 2006)企业外部信息吸收力取决企业先前相关知识处水(Cohen and Levinthal 1990)然企业身知识库企业更发展身结构程促进新知识吸收前研究发现两种组织力会影响吸收力：协调力社会化力(Jansen et al 2005 Van den Bosch et al 1999)协调社会化涉广泛结构
需进行更细致研究更进步说然说企业吸收力取决组织成员知识交换(Cohen and Levinthal 1990)作者集中研究协调社会化力知识交换影响
Absorptive Capacity A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation
定义形成程：
知识外部源创新程重创新组织层面什角度说正日学者Westney and Sakakibara(1986)Mansfield(1988)研究结国家层面正确Brock(1975)Peck(1962)证明计算机铝制造业行业成立组织层面March and Simon(1958)认数创新入结果发明创造结果续研究者Mueller(1962)Hamberg(1963)Myers & Marquis(1969)Johnston & Gibbons(1975)证明结创新绩效重性特企业外部单元获信息重性行营销生产理解Mansfield(1968)
开发外部知识力企业创新力重组成部分作者认评估外部知识力前相关知识功理解基层面先前知识包括基础技者甚语言享许会包含定领域里面科学技术发展说先前知识学企业认识新信息吸收新信息进步应信息重力正作者说：认识信息吸收信息应信息企业吸收力
企业层面创新单元集中里：吸收力方面形成研究表明企业实施研发外部获信息更帮助(Tilton1971Allen1977Mowery1983)暗示吸收力会做企业研发副产品创造外研究认吸收力企业制作程副产品Abernathy(1978)Rosenberg(1982)认面相关实际产品市场时候通直接生产程卷入企业更容易认识开发新信息生产验企业提供必背景信息包括认识信息价值动参生产程方法企业吸收力进行直接投资全体员工加强技术培训
总结：
吸收力涵：
吸收力概念早 Cohen & Leviathan（1990）提出认吸收力企业识消化商业化运新外部知识力包括 3 种力：（1）认识外部新信息力（2）消化该信息力应该信息商业目力（3）利力认吸收力企业基学程企业具创新力关键性素二十年吸收力理发展中修正扩展吸收力概念学者具体见表
通文献回顾出研究者吸收力概念核心涵界定没突破 Cohen & Levinihal（1990）定义研究者围绕着鉴吸纳应知识力讨吸收力核心涵义广义知识转移享整合力没质区外目前影响力广定义 Zahra & George（2002）提出Zahra & George 通整理相关文献进步区分两种吸收力潜（potential）吸收力现实（realized）吸收力前者强调获取消化外部知识力者包含转换利知识力组织间学观点吸收力组织获取关键知识资源重素效发现消化利新知识力已维持竞争优势关键素
值指出吸收力发展程中Lane & Lubatkin（1998）提出相吸收力概念企业企业学力取决两企业知识基组织结构报酬政策导逻辑三方面相似性包括识评估理解应四种力该概念提出然企业层面出发知识接收企业知识溢出企业关系作分析单位认学生企业老师企业相特征决定前者者学力研究知识型企业吸收力程中吸收该观点
研究中吸收力核心含义坚持流观点 Zahra & George（2002）提出概念时兼顾吸收力相观点认吸收力中存部分绝吸收力部分基知识基相似性相吸收力吸收力维度确定问题特吸收力操作性量度问题然未研究中需加关注吸收力应中国企业学行研究中探索拓展解释中国理情景企业吸收力问题应该涵丰富研究领域
关吸收力研究：
吸收力产出直受学术界关注根现研究文献宏观角度吸收力研究领域涉解释诸组织学（Huber1991Kim1998）行业济（Cockbum & Henderson1995）资源观（Lane & Lubatkin1998）动态力（Mowery Oxley & Sliverman1996）等组织现象具体吸收力研究方面集中影响素结果变量
1体集体层面研究
学者吸收力研究体集体两层面进行区分Cohen & Levinthal（1990）讨企业吸收力时首先认知角度讨吸收力包括相关知识知识背景样性吸收力影响吸收力前提需具备相关知识吸收利新知识体层面认知行科学研究证实丰富观点集体层面吸收力取决相关知识知识背景样性Dierichx & Cool（1989）认吸收力程度知识存量函数Cohen & Levinthal（1990）认企业吸收力程度企业前拥相关知识水函数知识影响知识体吸收力相关知识水种描述知识知识冗余重性允许知识体享整合间方面知识员间具备知识企业综合运知识获知识重力Cohen & Levinthal（1990）认冗余知识存开发跨功吸收力必Lane & Lubatkin（1998）认企业企业学力教师企业学生企业相综合特征决定中重必相应知识基础集体层面（组织）吸收力赖吸收力意义说组织吸收力发展建立组成部分体吸收力基础体吸收力样集体层面吸收力积累程集体层面切活动存组织协调结构等方面问题吸收力强弱样受素制约
2吸收力产出研究
吸收力产出研究中绩效创新两重方面
（1）吸收力绩效关系
Steensma & Lyles（2000）分析吸收力企业成功关系发现外国投资者合资企业带重资源双方理控制衡导致合资企业失败理控制衡企业吸收力关吸收力影响企业成功重素Deeds（2001）高技术企业研究象证明吸收力企业财富创造积极影响Tu 等（2006）通实证分析发现吸收力影响新制造技术实践活动实施效果顾客价值受新制造技术实施效果影响Madel 等（2007）验证吸收力技术获取决策企业绩效影响发现吸收力水外部技术获取部获取两种模式均正相关两种技术获取决策类型均正影响组织绩效
（2）吸收力创新
吸收力创新产出影响研究中选择研究层次基企业层次少数研究定位企业联盟层次企业具体部门附属部门团队层次研究方法侧重实证分析Cockburn & Henderson（1998）通实证出吸收力产品创新重正影响关系Stock 等（2001）实证研究吸收力新产品开发绩效关系结果表明吸收力新产品开发绩效呈倒U型关系吸收力增长定程度时会出现收益递减数研究出入较Rindfleisch 等（2002）实证研究企业吸收力技术获取创新绩效问题解决力间
关系 7 分项目测量吸收力发现吸收力知识获取知识创造创新绩效显著正影响关系Nicholls & Woo（2003）针美国生物技术行业研究吸收力种创新产出间关系结果表明两者间正影响关系学者研究吸收力创新活动身关系Becker & Peters（2000）发现考虑吸收力时企业采取研发行动性增强吸收力创新活动间存正相关关系Nieto & Quevedo（2005）通研究发现吸收力程度决定企业创新努力时吸收力技术机会创新努力关系中发挥中介作
3吸收力影响素
学者影响吸收力种素进行直接间接研究总体现文献吸收力影响素观点分组织外部两类部素包括：先验知识体吸收力研发投入企业门组织素等外部素包括外部知识环境企业知识网络（位置）等Zahra & George（2002）分析吸收力路径赖性时认吸收力形成验组织记忆影响关Veugelers（1999）研究结表明企业拥吸收力时研发合作研发投资呈正相关关系
Vanden 等（1999）认企业基组织形式吸收知识效率范围柔性方面差异影响吸收力Anderson（2001）定性分析社会资吸收力关系提出社会资企业吸收力影响理模型认外部社会资结构关系认知维度企业吸收力提高具积极影响
4国研究成果
国学者吸收力研究集中产出问题影响素等方面具体见表
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