北京长城英文导游词
The Great Wall like the Pyramids of Egypt the Taj Mahal(1) in India and the Hanging Garden of Babylon(2) is one of the great wonders of the world Starting out in the east on the banks of the Yalu River in Liaoning Province the Wall stretches westwards for 12700 kilometers to Jiayuguan in the Gobi desert thus known as the Ten Thousand Li Wall in China The Wall climbs up and down twists and turns along the ridges of the Yanshan and Yinshan Mountain Chains through five provincesLiaoning Hebei Shanxi Shaanxi and Gansuand two autonomous regionsNingxia and Inner Mongolia binding the northern China together
Historical records trace the construction of the origin of the Wall to defensive fortification back to the year 656 BC during the reign of King Cheng of the States of Chu Its construction continued throughout the Warring States period in the fifth Century BC when ducal states Yan Zhao Wei and Qin were frequently plundered by the nomadic peoples living north of the Yinshan and Yanshan mountain ranges Walls then were built separately by these ducal states to ward off such harassments Later in 221 BC when Qin conquered the other states and unified China Emperor Qinshihuang ordered the connection of these individual walls and further extensions to form the basis of the present great wall As a matter of fact a separate outer wall was constructed north of the Yinshan range in the Han Dynasty(206 BC1644 BC) which went to ruin through years of neglect In the many intervening centuries succeeding dynasties rebuilt parts of the Wall The most extensive reinforcements and renovations were carried out in the Ming Dynasty (13681644) when altogether 18 lengthy stretches were reinforced with bricks and rocks it is mostly the Ming Dynasty Wall that visitors see today The Great Wall is divided into two sections the east and west with Shanxi Province as the dividing line The west part is a rammed earth construction about 53 meters high on average In the eastern part the core of the Wall is rammed earth as well but the outer shell is reinforced with bricks and rocks The most imposing and best preserved sections of the Great Wall are at Badaling and Mutianyu not far from Beijing and both are open to visitors The Wall of those sections is 78 meters high and 65 meters wide at its base narrowing to 58 meters on the ramparts wide enough for five horses to gallop abreast There are ramparts embrasures peepholes and apertures for archers on the top besides gutters with gargoyles to drain rainwater off the parapet walk Twostoried watchtowers are built at approximately 400meters internals The top stories of the watchtower were designed for observing enemy movements while the first was used for storing grain fodder military equipment and gunpowder as well as for quartering garrison soldiers The highest watchtower at Badaling standing on a hilltop is reached only after a steep climb like climbing a ladder to heaven The view from the top is rewarding hoverer The Wall follows the contour of mountains that rise one behind the other until they finally fade and merge with distant haze A signal system formerly existed that served to communicate military information to the dynastic capital This consisted of beacon towers on the Wall itself and on mountain tops within sight of the Wall At the approach of enemy troops smoke signals gave the alarm from the beacon towers in the daytime and bonfire did this at night
Emergency signals could be relayed to the capital from distant places within a few hour long before the invention of anything like modern communications There stand 14 major passes (Guan in Chinese) at places of strategic importance along the Great Wall the most important being Shanghaiguan and Jiayuguan Yet the most impressive one is Juyongguan about 50 kilometers northwest of Beijing Known as Tian Xia Di YI Guan (The First Pass Under Heaven) Shanghaiguan Pass is situated between two sheer cliffs forming a neck connecting north China with the northeast It had been therefore a key junction contested by all strategists and many famous battles were fought here It was the gate of Shanghaiguan that the Ming general Wu Sangui opened to the Manchu army to suppress the peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng and so surrendered the whole Ming empire to the Manchus leading to the foundation of the Qing Dynasty (16441911) Jiayuguan Pass was not so much as the Strategic pass Under the Heaven as an important communication center in Chinese history Cleft between the snowcapped Qilian Mountains and the rolling Mazong Mountains it was on the ancient Silk Road Zhang Qian the first envoy of Emperor Wu Di of the Western Han dynasty (206 BC24 AD) crossed it on his journey to the western regions Later silk flowed to the west through this pass too The gatetower of Jiayuguan is an attractive building of excellent workmanship It has an inner city and an outer city the former square in shape and surrounded by a wall 117 meters high and 730 meters in circumference It has two gates an eastern one and a western one On each gate sits a tower facing each other the four corners of the wall are occupied by four watch towers one for each Juyongguan a gateway to ancient Beijing from Inner Mongolia was built in a 15kilometer long ravine flanked by mountains The cavalrymen of Genghis Khan swept through it in the 13th century At the center of the pass is a white marble platform named the Cloud terrace which was called the CrossingStreet Dagoba since its narrow arch spanned the main street of the pass and on the top of the terrace there used to be three stone dagobas built in the Yuan Daynasty(12061368) At the bottom of the terrace is a halfoctagonal arch gateway interesting for its wealth of detail it is decorated with splendid images of Buddha and four celestial guardians carved on the walls The vividness of their expressions is matched by the exquisite workmanship such grandiose relics works with several stones pieced together are rarely seen in ancient Chinese carving The gate jambs bear a multilingual Buddhist sutra carved some 600 years ago in Sanskrit(3) Tibetan Mongolian Uigur(4) Han Chinese and the language of Western Xia Undoubtedly they are valuable to the study of Buddhism and ancient languages As a cultural heritage the Wall belongs not only to China but to the world The Venice charter says Historical and cultural architecture not only includes the individual architectural works but also the urban or rural environment that witnessed certain civilizations significant social developments or historical events The Great Wall is the largest of such historical and cultural architecture and that is why it continues to be so attractive to people all over the world In 1987 the Wall was listed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage site
Notes1 the Taj Mahal in India 印度泰姬陵2 the Hanging Garden of Babylon 巴伦空中花园3 Sanskrit 梵语4 Uigur 维吾尔语
There stand 14 major passes (Guan in Chinese) at places of strategic importance along the Great Wall the most important being Shanghaiguan and Jiayuguan Yet the most impressive one is Juyongguan about 50 kilometers northwest of Beijing
Known as Tian Xia Di YI Guan (The First Pass Under Heaven) Shanghaiguan Pass is situated between two sheer cliffs forming a neck connecting north China with the northeast It had been therefore a key junction contested by all strategists and many famous battles were fought here It was the gate of Shanghaiguan that the Ming general Wu Sangui opened to the Manchu army to suppress the peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng and so surrendered the whole Ming empire to theManchus leading to the foundation of the Qing Dynasty (16441911)
Jiayuguan Pass was not so much as the Strategic pass Under the Heaven as an important communication center in Chinese history Cleft between the snowcapped Qilian Mountains and the rolling Mazong Mountains it was on the ancient Silk Road Zhang Qian the first envoy of Emperor Wu Di of the Western Han dynasty (206 BC24 AD) crossed it on his journey to the western regions Later silk flowed to the west through this pass too The gatetower of Jiayuguan is an attractive building of excellent workmanship It has an inner city and an outer city the former square in shape and surrounded by a wall 117 meters high and 730 meters in circumference It has two gates an eastern one and a western one On each gate sits a tower facing each other the four corners of the wall are occupied by four watch towers one for each
Juyongguan a gateway to ancient Beijing from Inner Mongolia was built in a 15kilometer long ravine flanked by mountains The cavalrymen of Genghis Khan swept through it in the 13th century At the center of the pass is a white marble platform named the Cloud terrace which was called the CrossingStreet Dagoba since its narrow arch spanned the main street of the pass and on the top of the terrace there used to be three stone dagobas built in the Yuan Daynasty(12061368) At the bottom of the terrace is a halfoctagonal arch gateway interesting for its wealth of detail it is decorated with splendid images of Buddha and four celestial guardians carved on the walls The vividness of their expressions is matched by the exquisite workmanship such grandiose relics works with several stones pieced together are rarely seen in ancient Chinese carving The gate jambs bear a multilingual Buddhist sutra carved some 600 years ago in Sanskrit(3) Tibetan Mongolian Uigur(4) Han Chinese and the language of Western Xia Undoubtedly they are valuable to the study of Buddhism and ancient languages
As a cultural heritage the Wall belongs not only to China but to the world The Venice charter says Historical and cultural architecture not only includes the individual architectural works but also the urban or rural environment that witnessed certain civilizations significant social developments or historical events The Great Wall is the largest of such historical and cultural architecture and that is why it continues to be so attractive to people all over the world In 1987 the Wall was listed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage site
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The Great Wall like the Pyramids of Egypt the Taj Mahal(1) in India and the Hanging Garden of Babylon(2) is one of the great wonders of the world Starting out in the east on the banks of the Yalu River in Liaoning Province the Wall stretches westwards for 12700 kilometers to Jiayuguan in the Gobi desert thus known as the Ten Thousand Li Wall in China The Wall climbs up and down twists and turns along the ridges of the Yanshan and Yinshan Mountain Chains through five provincesLiaoning Hebei Shanxi Shaanxi and Gansuand two autonomous regionsNingxia and Inner Mongolia binding the northern China together
Historical records trace the construction of the origin of the Wall to defensive fortification back to the year 656 BC during the reign of King Cheng of the States of Chu Its construction continued throughout the Warring States period in the fifth Century BC when ducal states Yan Zhao Wei and Qin were frequently plundered by the nomadic peoples living north of the Yinshan and Yanshan mountain ranges Walls then were built separately by these ducal states to ward off such harassments Later in 221 BC when Qin conquered the other states and unified China Emperor Qinshihuang ordered the connection of these individual walls and further extensions to form the basis of the present great wall As a matter of fact a separate outer wall was constructed north of the Yinshan range in the Han Dynasty(206 BC1644 BC) which went to ruin through years of neglect In the many intervening centuries succeeding dynasties rebuilt parts of the Wall The most extensive reinforcements and renovations were carried out in the Ming Dynasty (13681644) when altogether 18 lengthy stretches were reinforced with bricks and rocks it is mostly the Ming Dynasty Wall that visitors see today The Great Wall is divided into two sections the east and west with Shanxi Province as the dividing line The west part is a rammed earth construction about 53 meters high on average In the eastern part the core of the Wall is rammed earth as well but the outer shell is reinforced with bricks and rocks The most imposing and best preserved sections of the Great Wall are at Badaling and Mutianyu not far from Beijing and both are open to visitors The Wall of those sections is 78 meters high and 65 meters wide at its base narrowing to 58 meters on the ramparts wide enough for five horses to gallop abreast There are ramparts embrasures peepholes and apertures for archers on the top besides gutters with gargoyles to drain rainwater off the parapet walk Twostoried watchtowers are built at approximately 400meters internals The top stories of the watchtower were designed for observing enemy movements while the first was used for storing grain fodder military equipment and gunpowder as well as for quartering garrison soldiers The highest watchtower at Badaling standing on a hilltop is reached only after a steep climb like climbing a ladder to heaven The view from the top is rewarding hoverer The Wall follows the contour of mountains that rise one behind the other until they finally fade and merge with distant haze A signal system formerly existed that served to communicate military information to the dynastic capital This consisted of beacon towers on the Wall itself and on mountain tops within sight of the Wall At the approach of enemy troops smoke signals gave the alarm from the beacon towers in the daytime and bonfire did this at night
Emergency signals could be relayed to the capital from distant places within a few hour long before the invention of anything like modern communications There stand 14 major passes (Guan in Chinese) at places of strategic importance along the Great Wall the most important being Shanghaiguan and Jiayuguan Yet the most impressive one is Juyongguan about 50 kilometers northwest of Beijing Known as Tian Xia Di YI Guan (The First Pass Under Heaven) Shanghaiguan Pass is situated between two sheer cliffs forming a neck connecting north China with the northeast It had been therefore a key junction contested by all strategists and many famous battles were fought here It was the gate of Shanghaiguan that the Ming general Wu Sangui opened to the Manchu army to suppress the peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng and so surrendered the whole Ming empire to the Manchus leading to the foundation of the Qing Dynasty (16441911) Jiayuguan Pass was not so much as the Strategic pass Under the Heaven as an important communication center in Chinese history Cleft between the snowcapped Qilian Mountains and the rolling Mazong Mountains it was on the ancient Silk Road Zhang Qian the first envoy of Emperor Wu Di of the Western Han dynasty (206 BC24 AD) crossed it on his journey to the western regions Later silk flowed to the west through this pass too The gatetower of Jiayuguan is an attractive building of excellent workmanship It has an inner city and an outer city the former square in shape and surrounded by a wall 117 meters high and 730 meters in circumference It has two gates an eastern one and a western one On each gate sits a tower facing each other the four corners of the wall are occupied by four watch towers one for each Juyongguan a gateway to ancient Beijing from Inner Mongolia was built in a 15kilometer long ravine flanked by mountains The cavalrymen of Genghis Khan swept through it in the 13th century At the center of the pass is a white marble platform named the Cloud terrace which was called the CrossingStreet Dagoba since its narrow arch spanned the main street of the pass and on the top of the terrace there used to be three stone dagobas built in the Yuan Daynasty(12061368) At the bottom of the terrace is a halfoctagonal arch gateway interesting for its wealth of detail it is decorated with splendid images of Buddha and four celestial guardians carved on the walls The vividness of their expressions is matched by the exquisite workmanship such grandiose relics works with several stones pieced together are rarely seen in ancient Chinese carving The gate jambs bear a multilingual Buddhist sutra carved some 600 years ago in Sanskrit(3) Tibetan Mongolian Uigur(4) Han Chinese and the language of Western Xia Undoubtedly they are valuable to the study of Buddhism and ancient languages As a cultural heritage the Wall belongs not only to China but to the world The Venice charter says Historical and cultural architecture not only includes the individual architectural works but also the urban or rural environment that witnessed certain civilizations significant social developments or historical events The Great Wall is the largest of such historical and cultural architecture and that is why it continues to be so attractive to people all over the world In 1987 the Wall was listed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage site
Notes1 the Taj Mahal in India 印度泰姬陵2 the Hanging Garden of Babylon 巴伦空中花园3 Sanskrit 梵语4 Uigur 维吾尔语
There stand 14 major passes (Guan in Chinese) at places of strategic importance along the Great Wall the most important being Shanghaiguan and Jiayuguan Yet the most impressive one is Juyongguan about 50 kilometers northwest of Beijing
Known as Tian Xia Di YI Guan (The First Pass Under Heaven) Shanghaiguan Pass is situated between two sheer cliffs forming a neck connecting north China with the northeast It had been therefore a key junction contested by all strategists and many famous battles were fought here It was the gate of Shanghaiguan that the Ming general Wu Sangui opened to the Manchu army to suppress the peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng and so surrendered the whole Ming empire to theManchus leading to the foundation of the Qing Dynasty (16441911)
Jiayuguan Pass was not so much as the Strategic pass Under the Heaven as an important communication center in Chinese history Cleft between the snowcapped Qilian Mountains and the rolling Mazong Mountains it was on the ancient Silk Road Zhang Qian the first envoy of Emperor Wu Di of the Western Han dynasty (206 BC24 AD) crossed it on his journey to the western regions Later silk flowed to the west through this pass too The gatetower of Jiayuguan is an attractive building of excellent workmanship It has an inner city and an outer city the former square in shape and surrounded by a wall 117 meters high and 730 meters in circumference It has two gates an eastern one and a western one On each gate sits a tower facing each other the four corners of the wall are occupied by four watch towers one for each
Juyongguan a gateway to ancient Beijing from Inner Mongolia was built in a 15kilometer long ravine flanked by mountains The cavalrymen of Genghis Khan swept through it in the 13th century At the center of the pass is a white marble platform named the Cloud terrace which was called the CrossingStreet Dagoba since its narrow arch spanned the main street of the pass and on the top of the terrace there used to be three stone dagobas built in the Yuan Daynasty(12061368) At the bottom of the terrace is a halfoctagonal arch gateway interesting for its wealth of detail it is decorated with splendid images of Buddha and four celestial guardians carved on the walls The vividness of their expressions is matched by the exquisite workmanship such grandiose relics works with several stones pieced together are rarely seen in ancient Chinese carving The gate jambs bear a multilingual Buddhist sutra carved some 600 years ago in Sanskrit(3) Tibetan Mongolian Uigur(4) Han Chinese and the language of Western Xia Undoubtedly they are valuable to the study of Buddhism and ancient languages
As a cultural heritage the Wall belongs not only to China but to the world The Venice charter says Historical and cultural architecture not only includes the individual architectural works but also the urban or rural environment that witnessed certain civilizations significant social developments or historical events The Great Wall is the largest of such historical and cultural architecture and that is why it continues to be so attractive to people all over the world In 1987 the Wall was listed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage site
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