英语语法入门
——崔荣容
第讲 语序五种基句式
He learns English every day天学英语
（中英语序）
英语五种基句式
+谓
二+系+表
系动词：起联系作动词连接语表语
表语：描述语身份性质特征状态
三+谓+宾
语：动作发出者
谓语：作出动作
宾语：动作象
四+谓+间宾+直宾
间宾：通常
直宾：通常物
五+谓+宾+宾补
宾补：宾语补充说明
+谓：The universe remains宇宙长存
中英文语序致
+系+表：The food is delicious食物吃
中英文语序致
+谓+宾：He took his bag and left（left第二谓语）着包离开
中英文语序致
+谓+间宾+直宾：Her father bought her a dictionary爸爸买词典 （her a dictionary两宾语物）buy sb sth（双宾语）
中英文语序致
+谓+宾+宾补：We made him our monitor选班长
（him our monitor指our monitorhim补充说明）
中英文语序致
Nothing is impossible to a willing heart志者事竟成
第二讲 be动词形式法
be动词形式：beamisarewaswerebeing been
1The man is back
2They are back
3He was back
4They were back
5They have been back
6I’ll be back
述back副词构成系表结构
二be动词法：起联系前作(般翻译实意作翻译)系表结构面接名词形容词点副词短语作补足语成分
1The man is a teacher a teacher名词
2Mary’s new dresses are colorful colorful形容词
3My mother was in the kitchen in the kitchen点副词
4I am 20 数词做表语
5It’s me 代词做表语
三be动词练
1老师 They are teachers
2名老师 He was a teacher before
3已3年老师 He has been a teacher for 3 years
第三讲 be动词否定提问回答
be动词否定
amisarewaswere面加not
缩略式am notisn’taren’twasn’tweren’t
1The man isn’t back
2I am not back
3They aren’t back
4He wasn’t back
5They weren’t back
二be动词提问回答
Is he a teacher？ Yeshe isNohe isn’t
Are you a teacher YesI amNoI am not
Were they teachers Yesthey wereNothey weren’t
三be动词练：
1医生？ Is he a doctor
Nohe isn’t
2昨天教室？ Were they in the classroom yesterday
Yesthey wereNothey weren’t
3昨天教室 They weren’t in the classroom yesterday
第四讲 代词格宾格
格代词：I he she it you we they
1I am a teacher
2He is a teacher
3You are teachers
宾格代词：me him her it you us them
1He likes me
2We like her
3I like them
练
1喜欢 I like it
2认识 They know him
第五讲 名词性形容词性物代词
形容词性物代词：（接名词）
单数形式：my your hisherits one’s
复数形式：our your their
1This is my book
2We love our motherland
3Those are your socks
名词性物代词：
单数形式：mine yours hishersits one’s
复数形式：ours yours theirs
1The book is ours
2The apple is hers
练
1老师中国 My teacher is Chinese
2电脑 This computer is theirs
3书书架
第六讲 反身代词
单数：myself yourself himself herself itself
复数：ourselves yourselves themselves
反身代词法：（指某通常语）
1Please help yourself to some fish请便吃鱼吧（yourself动词help作宾语）
2We enjoyed ourselves last night昨晚玩开心（ourselves动词enjoyed作宾语）
3The thing itself is not important件事身重（反身代词itself名词The thing作位语起解释说明名词作）
练
1Take good care of（yourself ） 顾……
2She gained control of (herself ) 控制住……
第七讲 实意动词特征
实意动词come go read watch play fly
1He comes from Shenyang（实意动词comes作谓语接介词短语from Shenyang作宾语 动词come 般现时单三变化）
2She is reading story books（实意动词reading作谓语接动词story books作宾语 动词read现进行时变化）
3They went to America yesterday（动词go 般时went变化）
4We have watched the game for three times（动词watch 现完成时watched变化）
现完成时：动作已发生现造成影响
5My mother will fly back to China next month （般时：will+动词原形）
总结：实意动词时态数量（三单）变化
练
1昨天海 He came to ShangHai yesterday
2正写作业 We are writing homework
3读书已读3遍 They have read this book three times
第八讲 实意动词否定提问回答
(般现时般时)
助动词进行否定
助动词do does did面加not
do notdon’t
does notdoesn’t
did notdidn’t
例句：
1I don’t go to school by bus
2She doesn’t watch TV everyday
3They didn’t swim last night
助动词进行提问
1He often plays golf
Does he often play golf Yeshe doesNohe doesn’t
2They go to school by bus
Do they go to school by bus Yes they doNothey don’t
3Sam had breakfast yesterday
Did Sam have breakfast yesterday Yeshe didNohe didn’t
练
1天学英语？
Does he learn English everyday天学英语
Yeshe does
2Tom昨天没吃早饭
Tom didn’t have breakfast yesterday
第九讲 疑问词进行提问回答（1）
(般现时般时)
疑问词进行提问
whenwherewhowhathow
时间点物干什样
例句 He bought three books yesterday
1 2 3
1Who bought three books yesterday
语提问原语序变
2What did he buy yesterday
宾语提问时助动词提前原动词
3When did he buy three books
状语提问时助动词提前原动词
They wanted to go to ShangHai by air
1 2 3
1Who wanted to go to ShangHai by air
2Where did they want to go by air
3How did they want to go to ShangHai
第十讲 疑问词进行提问回答（2）
疑问词进行提问
how long how far how often why
长时间远长时间次什
1They have been in China for three years
How long have they been in China 时间状语提问
2It is about 4000 kilometers from Beijing to Xi’an How far is it from Beijing to Xi’an
3They come to visit me once a week
How often do they come to visit me
4She came late because she missed the bus
Why did she come late
练
1学汉语长时间？How long have they learned Chinese
2长时间次电影？How often do you watch movies
3家离学校远？How far is it from your house to your school
第十讲 名词
代表事物词包括具体抽象事物
名词分两类：
1数名词：指数概念
apple\pencil\student
数名词单数复数分
appleapples
pencilpencils
tomatotomatoes
2数名词：法计算数量抽象概念
salt\coffee\water\(history\love抽象)
数名词复数单数表示
saltsalt
coffeecoffee
waterwater
3数名词变复数规：
（1）般末尾加缀sfriendfriends
（2）s\z\x\ch\sh结尾词该词末尾加缀esbusbuses
（3）辅音字母+y结尾名词y改变i加escandycandies (a e i o u外字母辅音字母)
（4）o结尾名词果外词缩写加es
tomatotomatoeshippohippos缩写
(非英语国家引进词汇外词madam法国引进外词)
4数名词前加a(an)量词复数变化
元音开头名词前加an辅音开头名词前加a表示 apple——an apple——apples
——a box of apples 量词
Tomato——a tomato——tomatoes
——a bag of tomatoes 量词
5数名词前加a(an)没复数前面加量词
Coffee——a cup of coffee
练
He bought me (a box of chocolate )盒巧克力
(a bike) 辆行车
第十二讲 代词：指示代词定代词
指示代词（特指）：标识事物代词代前面已提名词
常：this\these\that\those This is his book Those apples were his
定代词（泛指）：指代确定事物
常：one\the other\some\any\something\nothing
例：No one knows where he is 没知道
Some of the boys want to go to Shanghaibut the others want to go to Xi’an 男孩想海想西安
Each of the students has got a book 学生书
练
1（These）teachers are from China 教师中国
2I know(nothing )about this person 知
3I have (something)to tell you 事告诉
第十三讲 形容词
1形容词通常形容事物状态性质等通常名词前be动词
beautifulbeautiful girl
The girl is beautiful
2The+形容词复数名词（表示类）作语时面动词
复数相应格式
oldthe old 老—老年（类复数名词） youngthe young 年轻—年轻（类复数名词） The old need more care than the young The old复数名词面动词need三单格式
练
1She is a ( good )student学生
2This bike is ( expensive )辆行车贵
3（ The rich ）sometimes complain their empty life 富时抱怨空虚生活
第十四讲 副词
1副词修饰动词形容词副词结构般表程度
He runs fast
She is very beautiful very修饰形容词beautiful They work very hard
副词位置
（1） 根情况放助动词实意动词前
（2） 形容词前副词前
（3） 助动词时副词般放第助动词 He speaks very fast
fast实意动词speak副词very They have already left already助动词have They have already been repaired already第助动词have
2常频度副词
（always\usually\often\sometimes\never）位置通常放实意动词前面be动词面助动词实意动词间 They always come early Sam often writes homework at 700
练
1Please write the word( slowly)(慢慢)
2They (sometimes)come here (时)
3The tree is ( very )tall(非常)
第十五讲 定量表达法（1）
确定数量表达法确定数量词限定名词 Some any most every all
1someany表示面接数名词复数数名词单数some肯定句希肯定回答时疑问句中any否定疑问句中I’d been expecting some letters the whole morningbut there weren’t any for me
2most作形容词时表示部分面接复数名词Most people here are from China
3every表示面接单数名词 Every one likes the film
4all表示面接数名词复数数名词单数 All the cars are parked in the parking lot All the coffee is served on time
练
1Some boys went camping yesterday()
2All the children like to play football()
3Most teachers want to work here（数）
第十六讲 定量表达法（2）
1both表示两者作形容词代词副词either两者neither两者 Both his eyes were severely burned There are trees on either side of the street Neither answer is correct
2many修饰数名词表示许much修饰数名词表示许a lot of(lots of)plenty of均修饰数数名词
many books much water
a lot oflots of bookswater
练
1Both the hands are washed(两)
2Xiaowang drank much (a lot of )coffee last night()
第十七讲 定量表达法（3）
1a few肯定含义few否定含义没两词均数名词复数连
A few books are put into the box
Few books are put onto the box
2a little肯定含义点little否定含义没点两词均数名词连
There is a little water in the bottle
There is little water in the bottle
3noneno one意思相作代词翻译点法稍区
none接of短语动词单数复数
no one接of短语动词单数 No one knows the answer None of us have(has)arrived
练
1A few books are put into the box ()
2There is a little water in the bottle (点)
3None of us have(has) arrived (没)
第十八讲 ThereHere be句型
1ThereHere+be根文种翻译方法翻译成be动词根面名词单复数变化 There is a book on the bookshelf There are some books on the bookshelf Here is the bus stop Here are your books
Here are your books正常语序Your books are here语Your booksarebe动词here表语ThereHere+be倒装句实质系表结构
练：
1There is a lot of water in the bottle()
2Here is your car()
3There are many students in the room()
第十九讲 般现时现进行时
1般现时：表示通常性规律性惯性状态动作语单数第三称动词单三变化语非第三称单数时动词原形
They often get up at 700
He often gets up at 700
般现时动词单三变化(1)动词尾直接加s：play—play(2)字母sxcho结尾动词加es(3)辅音字母+y结尾动词先变yi加般现时否定疑问句dodoes帮助构成Hedoesn'tlikethecarDoeshelikethecarYeshedoesNohedoesn&
般现时动词单三变化
(1)动词尾直接加s：play—plays
(2)字母sxcho结尾动词加esguess—guesses
(3)辅音字母+y结尾动词先变yi加es： Study—studies
般现时否定疑问句dodoes帮助构成
He doesn't like the car
Does he like the car
Yeshe doesNohe doesn't
They don't like the car
Do they like the car
Yesthey doNothey don't
2现进行时表示现正进行发生动作句中通常now等时间副词呼应基构成形式be+doing
They are watching TV
He is watching TV
I am watching TV
动词现分词变化规：
（1）般情况直接动词加ingworkworking
(2)动词发音e结尾e加ingtaketaking
(3)重读闭音节动词双写词尾字母加ingcutcutting
(4)ie结尾动词变y加inglielying
现进行时变否定句疑问句时be动词否定提前
（1）They aren't watching TV Are they watching TV
(2)He isn't watching TV Is he watching TV
(3)Am I watching TV
Yesyou areNoyou aren't
练：
1He works (work) very late every day
2Do you study English yourself
Yes I do
3They are playing (play)soccer now
第二十讲 般时进行时
1般时表示某时间里发生动作状态惯性常性行
基结构：语+动词式+般动词动词面加ed规动词规变化
Play—played come—came
1He worked very hard last night
2They came here by car
动词般时变化规：
（1） 般动词加ed：play—played
（2） 字母e结尾动词加d：like—liked
（3） 辅音字母+y结尾动词改yi加ed
：supply—supplied
（4） 重读闭音节结尾末尾辅音字母动词
双写辅音字母加ed：plan—planned
2进行时表示某时刻某段时间正进行发生动作形式waswere+doing They were waiting for you He was talking with his friends just now
练：
1They went (go)swimming yesterday
2Sam was watching (watch)TV at 700 last night
第二十讲 时
般时表示某时刻动作状态某段时间常发生动作状态常常表示时间状语连
：tomorrow （明天）
next week （周）
in the future ()
1助动词willshall+动词原形表示发生事情
（1） They will go to Shanghai by ship tomorrow
（2） We shall leave for Shanghai next month离开海
2be going to+动词原形表示期事先考虑发生动作已迹象表明必发生某事意算 They are going to play football this afternoon She is going to learn French next year
3be doing表示位置转移动词：gocomeleave startarrive现进行时表示时
（1）They are leaving for Japan 离开日 (2)She is arriving tomorrow
练：
1They are coming (come)here soon
2Sam is going to learn (learn)Chinese next month will learn
3Peter and Mike will finish(finish) the job tomorrow moring
第二十二讲 完成时
1现完成时（have+pp）动作发生已完成现造成影响果动作会持续时间状语：already(已)yet（）
（1） They have already arrived in Shanghai
（2） She has played soccer for 3 hours
（3） She hasn’t finished the homework yet
2完成时（had+pp）表示句中动词发生前已完成造成定影响果
（1） They had arrived in Shanghai
（2） She had played soccer for 3 hours
（3） She hadn’t finished the work yet
练：
1He has stopped (stop)the car outside
2She hasn’t been (not be)to Sichuan yet
3Have they planned (plan) to stay here
第二十三讲 动词法
1动词根功分四类：
实意动词（Notional Verb）：实际意义动词
系动词（Link Verb）：起联系作动词
助动词（Auxiliary Verb）：帮助构成句子成分动词
情态动词（Model Verb）：情态含义动词接实意动词原形
（1）动词数量时态变化时态通常三时态：现时
（2）根动作进行状态分：般时进行时完成时
（3）动词时通常（1）（2）结合般现时般时般时现进行时进行时现完成
时完成时 He goes to school every day He went to hospital last night
动词形态变化总结：
动词原形 单三 现分词 式 分词 play plays playing played played
have has having had had
go goes going went gone
第二十四讲 情态动词（1）cancouldmaymight
1cancould：①样表示现力be able to代②样表示客观性（can性）③样通常cancould I表示请求允许语气could更委婉 He cancouldis able to swim He cancould come tomorrow Cancould I stay here 留？
Can he sing an English song
Yeshe canNohe can’t
2maymight：①表示性（may性）②通常maymight I表示请求允许语气might更委婉 口语中常回答：
(1)May I smoke here
Yes please
No you can’tmustn’t（禁止准）
(2)He maymight come here by bus
(3)Maymight I join you
Yes pleaseNo you can’tNo you mustn’t
maymight I开头提问肯定回答时通常Yes please否定回答时通常 can’t()慎禁止性mustn’t(准)般mayn3练：（1）ShecouldspeakFrenchbe（2）MightMayCouldCan（Yesplease第二十五讲情态动词（2）musthaveto1musthaveto：必须样表示必haveto时态数量变化must变Musthaveto二
mustn’t(准)般may not（）表猜测语气弱
3练：
（1） She could speak French before but now she can’t
（2） MightMayCouldCan（语气程度排序）I come in
Yes please
第二十五讲 情态动词（2）musthave toshouldought to
1musthave to：必须样表示必须必（must观have to客观表）
have to时态数量变化must变化
Musthave to二者否定意义相
：You mustn’t go准
You don’t have to go必
You needn’t go 必
（1） You must get up early 观必须
（2） It’s going to rain I have to go home now
musthave to提问否定回答须needn’t don’t have to表示必：
Must I come here early tomorrow
No you needn’tNoyou don’t have to
2Shouldought to：应该样表示劝告建议命令义词ought toshould强调观法ought to强调客观求疑问句中通常should代ought to You shouldought to do the job right now Should they stay here now
练：
1I must （必须）go and see my mother in hospital tomorrow 2You should （应该）work harder than that
第二十六讲 情态动词（3）need
1need：需
a 作情态动词 He need come here early
He needn’t come here early Need he come here early Yes he needNo he needn’t
b 作实义动词第三称单数时态变化作定式need to do sth He needs to come here early
He doesn’t need to come here early Does he need to come here early
Yeshe doesNohe doesn’t
练：
1You needn’tdon’t need to do it again
需重复做
2He needn’tdoesn’t need to worry about it 件事需担心
3Does he need to do homework first
需先做作业？
第二十七讲 情态动词（4）had betterwould rather
1had better表示做某事had然式
表征better接动词原形 He had better eat more
You’d better finish it right now
2would rather表示宁愿宁
语感had better轻 You would rather deal with it now 处理
3否定形式分：
had better not+动词原形
would rather not+动词原形
He had better not eat more
You would rather not deal with it now
4练： You had batter stay here I would rather not say it说
第二十八讲 情态动词（5）used to +vwould +v
1used towould表示惯性动作译常常 a used to指状态情况would指反复发生动作 The novel used to be popular 说流行
b would表示反复发生动作果某动作反复性wouldused to
He would practice English every week
I used to live in Beijing
c used to表示常性惯性动作状态现已结束would表示发生 People used to believe that the earth was flat He would go to the park as soon as he was free
练：
1The windows used to be open 直开着
2They would gather together every week 聚起
3Sam used to play golf but he doesn’t now
第二十九讲 情态动词（6）否定疑问
1情态动词否定：情态动词+ not+ v原形
He can’t sing an English song He may not know her
He mustn’t go there 准
He doesn’t have to go there
2情态动词进行提问：情态动词+语+v原形
Can he sing an English song
Yeshe canNohe can’t
Must he go there
Yeshe mustNohe needn’t （必）
Does he have to go there
Yeshe doesNohe doesn’t
May I smoke here
Yes please
No you can’t（）mustn’t（准）
练：
1May I stay here Yesplease
2Must she go back now Noshe needn’t
3Does he have to get up at 900 Yeshe does
第三十讲 情态动词（7）
情态动词+have+pp（+现完成时）
1情态动词+have+pp：表达事实推测含义表已（助动词should例外） He maymight have arrived 已 （性） He cancould have arrived 已 （性） He must have arrived 准已 （性）
性排序：mustcancouldmaymight
2should+have+pp应该
needn’t+have+pp 需 He should have arrived 应该（没） They should have finished the work 应该已完成工作（没完成）
You needn’t have done so 需做
3must + have+pp 准已
Can’t +have+pp 已 He must have arrived 准已
He can’t have arrived 已
练：
1He cancouldmaymight（） have arrived
2He must（准） have arrived
3You needn’t（需） have done so
4They should （应该）have finished the work
5He can’t （）have arrived
第三十讲 动语态（1）动态构成含义
1果语动作承受者动词动语态作谓语
2动语态构成：be+分词（pp）by sb
妈妈带美国 He is taken to America by his mother
3动语态种时态：Theinformati般时bedoneThebookwasbeing进行时bebeingdoneThecompute完成时havehashadbeendoneT时willbedoneThecomputer已情态动词+完成时情态动词+havehasbee练：（空时态）Theinforma
3动语态种时态： The information is needed by us
般时 be done The book was being read by him
进行时 be being done The computer has been used by her
完成时 havehashad been done The room will be cleaned
时 will be done The computer could have been used by them
已
情态动词+完成时 情态动词+ havehas been done
练：（空时态） The information is needed(need) The book was read(read) The door has been opened(open) The book was being read(read) The computer had been used(use) The computer could have been used(use) The room will be cleaned(clean)
第三十二讲 动语态（2）动态情态动词结合
1动语态情态动词结合：
情态动词+be done 应该必须等 cancould +be done
maymight +be done
musthave to +be done
shouldought to +be done
had betterwould rather +be done
used towould +be done
need doing 需……
need to be done 需
2情态动词结合形式： The food could be taken away 食品带走 The food might be taken away 食品带走 The food must be taken away 食品必须带走 The food should be taken away 食品应该带走 The food needs taking away 食品需带走 The food had better be taken away 食品带走 Books used to be returned in two days
书常常2天
练： The room maymightcancould（）be cleaned The door must （必须）be locked The house should （应该）be furnished The tree had better （）be watered now
第三十三讲 动语态（3）（by+行者）省略
动作行者明重文中提行者时by sb省略
The information is needed
The books is being read
The door was opened
练： The door is opened(open)开 The book is being read(read)正读着 The computer has been used(use)已 The pencil had been sharpened(sharpen)已削尖
第三十四讲 动语态（4）动语态疑问句
1动语态般疑问句：助动词+语+（助动词）+
分词
Is the information needed by him
Yesit isNoit isn't
Has the computer been used by her
Yesit hasNoit hasn't
Will the room be cleaned
Yesit willNoit won't
2动语态特殊疑问句：疑问词+助动词+语+（助动词）+分词 The information is needed by them
What is needed by them
The girl is taken to Shanghai
Where is the girl taken
The book has been read three times
How many times has the book been read
练： 1Is the book being read(read) by her
正读书？ 2Has the computer been used(use) by them
台电脑？ 3How often is the English class taken（take） 英语课长时间次？
第三十五讲 非谓语动词（1）
作谓语成分动词
to+动词原形VS动词原形+ing
1动词定式：to do构成做语宾语宾补表语定语状语6种 To get there by bike will take us an hour
作语骑行车花掉时
The driver failed to see the car in time
作宾语司机没时见辆轿车
We believe him to be guilty
作宾补（him补充说明）相信罪 My suggestiong is to put off the meeting
作表语（be动词）建议推迟会议
The next train to arrive is from Seoul
作定语达列火车首尔
I come here only to say goodbye to you
作状语目说见
2动名词：doing具动词特征变化形式句子中作名词做语宾语表语定语副词修饰者支配宾语（动词） Reading is an art
作语阅读门艺术 They went on walking and never stopped talking 作宾语（动词）直前走未停止交谈 Your task is quickly cleaning the windows
作表语（be动词）务赶快窗户擦干净 This is a reading room
作定语阅读室
练： 1To finish the work will take us an hour
完成项工作 2I come here to say goodbye to you
告 3Talking is an art
说话
第三十六讲 非谓语动词（2）
假语it真语
假宾语it真宾语
定式动名词否定式
1to定式动名词语位置般it代作形式语 It's a great honor to be invited
邀请荣幸
It假语代真语to be invited
重排语序：To be invited is a great honor It's no use crying over spilt milk
覆水难收（着溢出牛奶哭没）
It假语代真语crying over spilt milk
真语较长情况英语常先it放句首代真语引出真语
2宾语位置it 代作形式宾语 We think it important to learn English 认学英语重
it假宾语代真宾语to learn English I found it pleasant walking in the park 发现公园里散步件乐事
it假宾语代真宾语walking in the park
3动名词定式进行否定时定式动名词假装没见悔没加入练：1Itisnousecrying(cry)ov2Wethinkitimportanttole3Hepretendednottosee(no第三十七讲非谓语动词（3）to定式表示目法1inorderto+动词原形：表示目2soasto
3动名词定式进行否定时定式动名词前加notnot to donot doing He pretended not to see her
假装没见 He regrets not joining them
悔没加入
练：
1It is no use crying (cry) over spilt milk
2We think it important to learn (learn) English
3He pretended not to see (not see) her
第三十七讲 非谓语动词（3）
to定式表示目法
1in order to +动词原形：表示目
2so as to +动词原形：表示目
3in order to 引导目状语置句首句尾均
4so as to 引导目状语置句尾
I’ve written it down in order to remember it 写目记住
写成： In order to remember itI’ve written it down He shouted and waved so as to be noticed
挥手目注意
5否定形式分to前加not
I’ve written it down in order not to forget it He said nothing so as not to be noticed
练： He gets up early in order toso as to（目）arrive at school on time He wrote it down in order not toso as not to （目）forget it
第三十八讲 非谓语动词（4）
常见定式动名词
包含定式动名词固定结构
1tooto：太 The room is too small to live
tooto中间加形容词副词
2enough +n+ to do adj +enough to do
足够 There is enough food to eat
足够食物吃 The box is big enough to contain six apples
足够装6苹果
3on doing： On seeing the snake the girl was very frightened 条蛇女孩非常害怕 （作状语）
4There is no hope of doing：没希 There is no hope of seeing him
没希见
5feel like doing：想 I feel like eating ice cream now
6have a hard time doing：做艰难
They have a hard time solving the problem themselves 解决问题困难
练： There are enough books to read(read) I feel like drinking(drink) coffee now The room is too small to live(live)
第三十九讲 非谓语动词（5）
现分词分词分词句
1doing称动名词进行时中称现分词 Writing books is his job 动名词 He is writing a book 进行时现分词
2done完成时动语态中称分词 He has written the homework 完成时 已完成作业 The homework is written 动语态 作业写
3分词句：包含现分词分词分句
The students went out of the classroom
laughing and talking 作伴状语边说边笑
Accompanied by his friendhe went to
the railway station 作伴状语朋友陪伴着火车站
练： He likes drinking (drink) coffee The door was locked (lock) Given (give) better attention the plants
could grow better
第四十讲 原形定式（1）役动词
役动词表示
1make lethave做役动词构成形式：
havemakelet+宾语+动词原形 （动词前加to） He made me laugh I let him go Please have him come here
2gethelp做役动词get役动词句get+宾语+to+动词原形help役动词句help+宾语+(to)+动词原形
I can’t get anyone to do the work properly 准确完成工作
I helped him (to) repair the car
3makelethavegethelp+宾语+分词表示某物（表动） I must get my hair cut
He couldn’t make himself heard Can you get the work finished in time
练： He made me laugh (laugh) I let him go (go) I must get my hair cut (cut)
第四十讲 原形定式（2）感官动词
1感官动词seewatch观observenotice
hearsmelltastefeel+宾语+动词原形现分词 （动词前加to）
表示：感知某物样
+动词原形表示动作真实性
+现分词表示动作连续性进行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday
昨天花园里工作 I saw him working in the garden yesterday
昨天直花园里工作
2感官动词+宾语+分词
表示：感知某物样
John saw the man knocked down by the car
轿车撞倒
练： I watched a dog running (run) in the garden yesterday I heard Sam sent (send) to the hospital
第四十二讲 假设（1）单纯表示假设
1条件状语句：if引导条件状语句句现时句时通常译作果 If you get up early you will catch up with the train
2if引导条件状语句放句首放句尾 If you ask him he will help you She will be upset if you fail the exam
果没考会失
练： If he runs he will get （get）there in time 果跑快会时赶
The cat will scratch (scratch) you if you pull its tail 果拉猫尾巴会抓
第四十三讲 假设（2）现事实相反虚拟语气
1if句种虚拟条件假设现事实相句：动词式（bewere）句：wouldcouldshouldmiIfIwereyouIwouldjointhe现事实相反：Shewouldcomewithyouifyou现事实相反：说明没邀请已发生虚拟语气：事实发生做出事实相反假
1if句种虚拟条件假设现事实相反句时态具体：
句：动词式（bewere）
句：wouldcouldshouldmight+动词原形
If I were youI would join them
现事实相反：
She would come with you if you invited her
现事实相反：说明 没邀请已发生
虚拟语气：事实发生做出事实相反假设 She will come with you if you invite her
单纯假设：说明邀请未发生
2练： If I knew (know) his telephone number I would tell (tell) you
If I had (have) any money with me I would lend (lend) you some
If I were (be) you I would take(take) an umbrella
第四十四讲 假设（3）事实相反虚拟语气
1if句种虚拟条件假设事实相反 句时态具体：
句：had done
句：wouldcouldshouldmight+ have done
If I had got there earlier I should have met her If he had taken my advice he would not have made such a mistake
2练： If he had studied (study) harder he might have passed the exam If there had been (be) a heavy snow we should not have gone (not go)skating
If I had got (get) there earlier I would have met (meet) her
第四十五讲 假设（4）
wish（愿希）as if（） +时完成时 wouldshouldcould+动词原形
1wish面句译：希实现假设
a现事实相反愿
I wish I were as tall as you
I wish+般时
现许愿现事实相反（事实已发生）
b事实相反愿
He wished he hadn’t said that
I wished+完成时
许愿事实相反（事实已发生）
c实现愿
I wish it would rain tomorrow
I wish+ wouldshouldcould+动词原形
现许愿实现（事实尚未发生）
结：wish面句：现事实相反般时事实相反完成时实现愿wouldshouldcould+动词原形wish句根许愿时间分般现时般时
2as if翻译起
a句表示现事实相反般时
You look as if you didn’t care
起点（实际）
b句表示事实相反完成时 He talks about Rome as if he had been there before 谈罗马前（实际没）
c句表示发生wouldshouldcould+动词原形 He opened his mouth as if he would say something 张开嘴说点什（说性）
3练： I wish I were (be) as tall as you He talks as if he knew (know) where she was I wish it would rain (rain) tomorrow
第四十六讲 定语句（关系代词）whichthatwhowhomwhose
定语句：修饰限定名词代词句修饰名词先行词定语句关系词（关系代词关系副词）引出
1关系代词：句中做定成分代先行词起连接先行词句作
常关系代词：whichthatwhowhomwhose起连接作实义翻译
：The girl whomthat I spoke to is my cousin
a先行词话thatwhowhomwhose引导定语句 whom句中作宾语
whothat句中作语宾语
They are the people thatwho were seen yesterday 昨天见 （句中作语）
They are the people whomthatwho I saw yesterday 昨天见 （句中作宾语）
They are the people whose wallets were lost yesterday 昨天丢失钱包 （属格）
b先行词动物事物话whichthatwhose引导定语句whichthat句中作语宾语作宾语时省略 He came back for the book whichthat he had forgotten 作宾语回找遗忘书
He came back for the book whichthat was on the desk 作语回找书桌
This is the chair whose legs were broken
张断腿椅子
2练：
He was the person whothat joined the army that year He came back for the book whichthat省略 he had forgotten
He is the man whose wife is a teacher
第四十七讲 定语句（关系副词）whywhenwhere why：修饰表示原名词
： the reason
We don't know the reason why he didn't show up 知道没出现原
when：修饰表示时间名词
：next week
We'll put off the picnic until next week when the weather may be better
推迟野餐天气更周
where：修饰表示点名词
：the place
We don't know the place where he lives
知道居住方
练： He works in a factory where TV sets are made
We'll put off the picnic until next week when the weather may be better She didn't tell me the reason why she refused the offer
第四十八讲 宾语句连词
宾语句：句子中起宾语作句
属连词：that（翻译） if whether（否）
He told me(that)he would go to college the next year He said that he was there yesterday
He doesn't know ifwhether he was there
知道否
连接代词：who谁 whom谁（宾） whose谁 what什 注意句语序排列
Do you know who has won the game
知道谁赢赛？
Do you know whom he likes
知道喜欢谁？
Do you know whose book it is
知道谁书？
Do you know what he is looking at
知道什？
连接副词：when时wherewhyHewantstoknowwheretheparHewantstoknowwhytheyhaveHewantstoknowhowtheycome练：Hedoesn'tknowthat第四十九讲较级&高级（1）1通常形容词副词面加erest：hardhard
连接副词：when时 where why什 how He wants to know when the party is
He wants to know where the party is
He wants to know why they have a party
He wants to know how they come
练： He doesn't know thatifwhether she is at school He wants to know where she is He wants to know why she comes when where how ifwhether He wants to know what she is reading He wants to know whose book it is
第四十九讲 较级&高级（1）
1通常形容词副词面加erest
：hardharderthe hardest
2词尾发音单音节e时加rst
：nicenicerthe nicest
3词尾辅音+y双音节时掉y加ieriest ：drydrierthe driest
4辅音结尾重读闭音节时双写字母加erest：hothotterthe hottest
5音节双音节形容词副词前加：
程度加强：morethe most
程度减弱：lessthe least
：interestingmoreless interesting 更趣\更趣 the mostthe least interesting 趣\趣
注：单词中元音音节
6规变化：goodbetterthe best
manymorethe most
练：
high higher the highest
late later the latest
heavy heavier the heaviest
thin thinner the thinnest
famous moreless famous the mostthe least famous little less the least
第五十讲 较级&高级应（2）
1形容词副词较级：表示较（更两者间进行较） He is taller than his brother
哥哥更高 The book is more expensive than the pen
书支钢笔更贵 Her English is better than his
英语
2形容词高级：表示（三者三者进行较） He is the tallest in his class The book is the most expensive of the three Her English is the best among the three
3练：
The girl is cleverer (clever)than the boy
The computer is the most expensive (expensive)among the three The man is healthier (healthy) than his wife
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——崔荣容
第讲 语序五种基句式
He learns English every day天学英语
（中英语序）
英语五种基句式
+谓
二+系+表
系动词：起联系作动词连接语表语
表语：描述语身份性质特征状态
三+谓+宾
语：动作发出者
谓语：作出动作
宾语：动作象
四+谓+间宾+直宾
间宾：通常
直宾：通常物
五+谓+宾+宾补
宾补：宾语补充说明
+谓：The universe remains宇宙长存
中英文语序致
+系+表：The food is delicious食物吃
中英文语序致
+谓+宾：He took his bag and left（left第二谓语）着包离开
中英文语序致
+谓+间宾+直宾：Her father bought her a dictionary爸爸买词典 （her a dictionary两宾语物）buy sb sth（双宾语）
中英文语序致
+谓+宾+宾补：We made him our monitor选班长
（him our monitor指our monitorhim补充说明）
中英文语序致
Nothing is impossible to a willing heart志者事竟成
第二讲 be动词形式法
be动词形式：beamisarewaswerebeing been
1The man is back
2They are back
3He was back
4They were back
5They have been back
6I’ll be back
述back副词构成系表结构
二be动词法：起联系前作(般翻译实意作翻译)系表结构面接名词形容词点副词短语作补足语成分
1The man is a teacher a teacher名词
2Mary’s new dresses are colorful colorful形容词
3My mother was in the kitchen in the kitchen点副词
4I am 20 数词做表语
5It’s me 代词做表语
三be动词练
1老师 They are teachers
2名老师 He was a teacher before
3已3年老师 He has been a teacher for 3 years
第三讲 be动词否定提问回答
be动词否定
amisarewaswere面加not
缩略式am notisn’taren’twasn’tweren’t
1The man isn’t back
2I am not back
3They aren’t back
4He wasn’t back
5They weren’t back
二be动词提问回答
Is he a teacher？ Yeshe isNohe isn’t
Are you a teacher YesI amNoI am not
Were they teachers Yesthey wereNothey weren’t
三be动词练：
1医生？ Is he a doctor
Nohe isn’t
2昨天教室？ Were they in the classroom yesterday
Yesthey wereNothey weren’t
3昨天教室 They weren’t in the classroom yesterday
第四讲 代词格宾格
格代词：I he she it you we they
1I am a teacher
2He is a teacher
3You are teachers
宾格代词：me him her it you us them
1He likes me
2We like her
3I like them
练
1喜欢 I like it
2认识 They know him
第五讲 名词性形容词性物代词
形容词性物代词：（接名词）
单数形式：my your hisherits one’s
复数形式：our your their
1This is my book
2We love our motherland
3Those are your socks
名词性物代词：
单数形式：mine yours hishersits one’s
复数形式：ours yours theirs
1The book is ours
2The apple is hers
练
1老师中国 My teacher is Chinese
2电脑 This computer is theirs
3书书架
第六讲 反身代词
单数：myself yourself himself herself itself
复数：ourselves yourselves themselves
反身代词法：（指某通常语）
1Please help yourself to some fish请便吃鱼吧（yourself动词help作宾语）
2We enjoyed ourselves last night昨晚玩开心（ourselves动词enjoyed作宾语）
3The thing itself is not important件事身重（反身代词itself名词The thing作位语起解释说明名词作）
练
1Take good care of（yourself ） 顾……
2She gained control of (herself ) 控制住……
第七讲 实意动词特征
实意动词come go read watch play fly
1He comes from Shenyang（实意动词comes作谓语接介词短语from Shenyang作宾语 动词come 般现时单三变化）
2She is reading story books（实意动词reading作谓语接动词story books作宾语 动词read现进行时变化）
3They went to America yesterday（动词go 般时went变化）
4We have watched the game for three times（动词watch 现完成时watched变化）
现完成时：动作已发生现造成影响
5My mother will fly back to China next month （般时：will+动词原形）
总结：实意动词时态数量（三单）变化
练
1昨天海 He came to ShangHai yesterday
2正写作业 We are writing homework
3读书已读3遍 They have read this book three times
第八讲 实意动词否定提问回答
(般现时般时)
助动词进行否定
助动词do does did面加not
do notdon’t
does notdoesn’t
did notdidn’t
例句：
1I don’t go to school by bus
2She doesn’t watch TV everyday
3They didn’t swim last night
助动词进行提问
1He often plays golf
Does he often play golf Yeshe doesNohe doesn’t
2They go to school by bus
Do they go to school by bus Yes they doNothey don’t
3Sam had breakfast yesterday
Did Sam have breakfast yesterday Yeshe didNohe didn’t
练
1天学英语？
Does he learn English everyday天学英语
Yeshe does
2Tom昨天没吃早饭
Tom didn’t have breakfast yesterday
第九讲 疑问词进行提问回答（1）
(般现时般时)
疑问词进行提问
whenwherewhowhathow
时间点物干什样
例句 He bought three books yesterday
1 2 3
1Who bought three books yesterday
语提问原语序变
2What did he buy yesterday
宾语提问时助动词提前原动词
3When did he buy three books
状语提问时助动词提前原动词
They wanted to go to ShangHai by air
1 2 3
1Who wanted to go to ShangHai by air
2Where did they want to go by air
3How did they want to go to ShangHai
第十讲 疑问词进行提问回答（2）
疑问词进行提问
how long how far how often why
长时间远长时间次什
1They have been in China for three years
How long have they been in China 时间状语提问
2It is about 4000 kilometers from Beijing to Xi’an How far is it from Beijing to Xi’an
3They come to visit me once a week
How often do they come to visit me
4She came late because she missed the bus
Why did she come late
练
1学汉语长时间？How long have they learned Chinese
2长时间次电影？How often do you watch movies
3家离学校远？How far is it from your house to your school
第十讲 名词
代表事物词包括具体抽象事物
名词分两类：
1数名词：指数概念
apple\pencil\student
数名词单数复数分
appleapples
pencilpencils
tomatotomatoes
2数名词：法计算数量抽象概念
salt\coffee\water\(history\love抽象)
数名词复数单数表示
saltsalt
coffeecoffee
waterwater
3数名词变复数规：
（1）般末尾加缀sfriendfriends
（2）s\z\x\ch\sh结尾词该词末尾加缀esbusbuses
（3）辅音字母+y结尾名词y改变i加escandycandies (a e i o u外字母辅音字母)
（4）o结尾名词果外词缩写加es
tomatotomatoeshippohippos缩写
(非英语国家引进词汇外词madam法国引进外词)
4数名词前加a(an)量词复数变化
元音开头名词前加an辅音开头名词前加a表示 apple——an apple——apples
——a box of apples 量词
Tomato——a tomato——tomatoes
——a bag of tomatoes 量词
5数名词前加a(an)没复数前面加量词
Coffee——a cup of coffee
练
He bought me (a box of chocolate )盒巧克力
(a bike) 辆行车
第十二讲 代词：指示代词定代词
指示代词（特指）：标识事物代词代前面已提名词
常：this\these\that\those This is his book Those apples were his
定代词（泛指）：指代确定事物
常：one\the other\some\any\something\nothing
例：No one knows where he is 没知道
Some of the boys want to go to Shanghaibut the others want to go to Xi’an 男孩想海想西安
Each of the students has got a book 学生书
练
1（These）teachers are from China 教师中国
2I know(nothing )about this person 知
3I have (something)to tell you 事告诉
第十三讲 形容词
1形容词通常形容事物状态性质等通常名词前be动词
beautifulbeautiful girl
The girl is beautiful
2The+形容词复数名词（表示类）作语时面动词
复数相应格式
oldthe old 老—老年（类复数名词） youngthe young 年轻—年轻（类复数名词） The old need more care than the young The old复数名词面动词need三单格式
练
1She is a ( good )student学生
2This bike is ( expensive )辆行车贵
3（ The rich ）sometimes complain their empty life 富时抱怨空虚生活
第十四讲 副词
1副词修饰动词形容词副词结构般表程度
He runs fast
She is very beautiful very修饰形容词beautiful They work very hard
副词位置
（1） 根情况放助动词实意动词前
（2） 形容词前副词前
（3） 助动词时副词般放第助动词 He speaks very fast
fast实意动词speak副词very They have already left already助动词have They have already been repaired already第助动词have
2常频度副词
（always\usually\often\sometimes\never）位置通常放实意动词前面be动词面助动词实意动词间 They always come early Sam often writes homework at 700
练
1Please write the word( slowly)(慢慢)
2They (sometimes)come here (时)
3The tree is ( very )tall(非常)
第十五讲 定量表达法（1）
确定数量表达法确定数量词限定名词 Some any most every all
1someany表示面接数名词复数数名词单数some肯定句希肯定回答时疑问句中any否定疑问句中I’d been expecting some letters the whole morningbut there weren’t any for me
2most作形容词时表示部分面接复数名词Most people here are from China
3every表示面接单数名词 Every one likes the film
4all表示面接数名词复数数名词单数 All the cars are parked in the parking lot All the coffee is served on time
练
1Some boys went camping yesterday()
2All the children like to play football()
3Most teachers want to work here（数）
第十六讲 定量表达法（2）
1both表示两者作形容词代词副词either两者neither两者 Both his eyes were severely burned There are trees on either side of the street Neither answer is correct
2many修饰数名词表示许much修饰数名词表示许a lot of(lots of)plenty of均修饰数数名词
many books much water
a lot oflots of bookswater
练
1Both the hands are washed(两)
2Xiaowang drank much (a lot of )coffee last night()
第十七讲 定量表达法（3）
1a few肯定含义few否定含义没两词均数名词复数连
A few books are put into the box
Few books are put onto the box
2a little肯定含义点little否定含义没点两词均数名词连
There is a little water in the bottle
There is little water in the bottle
3noneno one意思相作代词翻译点法稍区
none接of短语动词单数复数
no one接of短语动词单数 No one knows the answer None of us have(has)arrived
练
1A few books are put into the box ()
2There is a little water in the bottle (点)
3None of us have(has) arrived (没)
第十八讲 ThereHere be句型
1ThereHere+be根文种翻译方法翻译成be动词根面名词单复数变化 There is a book on the bookshelf There are some books on the bookshelf Here is the bus stop Here are your books
Here are your books正常语序Your books are here语Your booksarebe动词here表语ThereHere+be倒装句实质系表结构
练：
1There is a lot of water in the bottle()
2Here is your car()
3There are many students in the room()
第十九讲 般现时现进行时
1般现时：表示通常性规律性惯性状态动作语单数第三称动词单三变化语非第三称单数时动词原形
They often get up at 700
He often gets up at 700
般现时动词单三变化(1)动词尾直接加s：play—play(2)字母sxcho结尾动词加es(3)辅音字母+y结尾动词先变yi加般现时否定疑问句dodoes帮助构成Hedoesn'tlikethecarDoeshelikethecarYeshedoesNohedoesn&
般现时动词单三变化
(1)动词尾直接加s：play—plays
(2)字母sxcho结尾动词加esguess—guesses
(3)辅音字母+y结尾动词先变yi加es： Study—studies
般现时否定疑问句dodoes帮助构成
He doesn't like the car
Does he like the car
Yeshe doesNohe doesn't
They don't like the car
Do they like the car
Yesthey doNothey don't
2现进行时表示现正进行发生动作句中通常now等时间副词呼应基构成形式be+doing
They are watching TV
He is watching TV
I am watching TV
动词现分词变化规：
（1）般情况直接动词加ingworkworking
(2)动词发音e结尾e加ingtaketaking
(3)重读闭音节动词双写词尾字母加ingcutcutting
(4)ie结尾动词变y加inglielying
现进行时变否定句疑问句时be动词否定提前
（1）They aren't watching TV Are they watching TV
(2)He isn't watching TV Is he watching TV
(3)Am I watching TV
Yesyou areNoyou aren't
练：
1He works (work) very late every day
2Do you study English yourself
Yes I do
3They are playing (play)soccer now
第二十讲 般时进行时
1般时表示某时间里发生动作状态惯性常性行
基结构：语+动词式+般动词动词面加ed规动词规变化
Play—played come—came
1He worked very hard last night
2They came here by car
动词般时变化规：
（1） 般动词加ed：play—played
（2） 字母e结尾动词加d：like—liked
（3） 辅音字母+y结尾动词改yi加ed
：supply—supplied
（4） 重读闭音节结尾末尾辅音字母动词
双写辅音字母加ed：plan—planned
2进行时表示某时刻某段时间正进行发生动作形式waswere+doing They were waiting for you He was talking with his friends just now
练：
1They went (go)swimming yesterday
2Sam was watching (watch)TV at 700 last night
第二十讲 时
般时表示某时刻动作状态某段时间常发生动作状态常常表示时间状语连
：tomorrow （明天）
next week （周）
in the future ()
1助动词willshall+动词原形表示发生事情
（1） They will go to Shanghai by ship tomorrow
（2） We shall leave for Shanghai next month离开海
2be going to+动词原形表示期事先考虑发生动作已迹象表明必发生某事意算 They are going to play football this afternoon She is going to learn French next year
3be doing表示位置转移动词：gocomeleave startarrive现进行时表示时
（1）They are leaving for Japan 离开日 (2)She is arriving tomorrow
练：
1They are coming (come)here soon
2Sam is going to learn (learn)Chinese next month will learn
3Peter and Mike will finish(finish) the job tomorrow moring
第二十二讲 完成时
1现完成时（have+pp）动作发生已完成现造成影响果动作会持续时间状语：already(已)yet（）
（1） They have already arrived in Shanghai
（2） She has played soccer for 3 hours
（3） She hasn’t finished the homework yet
2完成时（had+pp）表示句中动词发生前已完成造成定影响果
（1） They had arrived in Shanghai
（2） She had played soccer for 3 hours
（3） She hadn’t finished the work yet
练：
1He has stopped (stop)the car outside
2She hasn’t been (not be)to Sichuan yet
3Have they planned (plan) to stay here
第二十三讲 动词法
1动词根功分四类：
实意动词（Notional Verb）：实际意义动词
系动词（Link Verb）：起联系作动词
助动词（Auxiliary Verb）：帮助构成句子成分动词
情态动词（Model Verb）：情态含义动词接实意动词原形
（1）动词数量时态变化时态通常三时态：现时
（2）根动作进行状态分：般时进行时完成时
（3）动词时通常（1）（2）结合般现时般时般时现进行时进行时现完成
时完成时 He goes to school every day He went to hospital last night
动词形态变化总结：
动词原形 单三 现分词 式 分词 play plays playing played played
have has having had had
go goes going went gone
第二十四讲 情态动词（1）cancouldmaymight
1cancould：①样表示现力be able to代②样表示客观性（can性）③样通常cancould I表示请求允许语气could更委婉 He cancouldis able to swim He cancould come tomorrow Cancould I stay here 留？
Can he sing an English song
Yeshe canNohe can’t
2maymight：①表示性（may性）②通常maymight I表示请求允许语气might更委婉 口语中常回答：
(1)May I smoke here
Yes please
No you can’tmustn’t（禁止准）
(2)He maymight come here by bus
(3)Maymight I join you
Yes pleaseNo you can’tNo you mustn’t
maymight I开头提问肯定回答时通常Yes please否定回答时通常 can’t()慎禁止性mustn’t(准)般mayn3练：（1）ShecouldspeakFrenchbe（2）MightMayCouldCan（Yesplease第二十五讲情态动词（2）musthaveto1musthaveto：必须样表示必haveto时态数量变化must变Musthaveto二
mustn’t(准)般may not（）表猜测语气弱
3练：
（1） She could speak French before but now she can’t
（2） MightMayCouldCan（语气程度排序）I come in
Yes please
第二十五讲 情态动词（2）musthave toshouldought to
1musthave to：必须样表示必须必（must观have to客观表）
have to时态数量变化must变化
Musthave to二者否定意义相
：You mustn’t go准
You don’t have to go必
You needn’t go 必
（1） You must get up early 观必须
（2） It’s going to rain I have to go home now
musthave to提问否定回答须needn’t don’t have to表示必：
Must I come here early tomorrow
No you needn’tNoyou don’t have to
2Shouldought to：应该样表示劝告建议命令义词ought toshould强调观法ought to强调客观求疑问句中通常should代ought to You shouldought to do the job right now Should they stay here now
练：
1I must （必须）go and see my mother in hospital tomorrow 2You should （应该）work harder than that
第二十六讲 情态动词（3）need
1need：需
a 作情态动词 He need come here early
He needn’t come here early Need he come here early Yes he needNo he needn’t
b 作实义动词第三称单数时态变化作定式need to do sth He needs to come here early
He doesn’t need to come here early Does he need to come here early
Yeshe doesNohe doesn’t
练：
1You needn’tdon’t need to do it again
需重复做
2He needn’tdoesn’t need to worry about it 件事需担心
3Does he need to do homework first
需先做作业？
第二十七讲 情态动词（4）had betterwould rather
1had better表示做某事had然式
表征better接动词原形 He had better eat more
You’d better finish it right now
2would rather表示宁愿宁
语感had better轻 You would rather deal with it now 处理
3否定形式分：
had better not+动词原形
would rather not+动词原形
He had better not eat more
You would rather not deal with it now
4练： You had batter stay here I would rather not say it说
第二十八讲 情态动词（5）used to +vwould +v
1used towould表示惯性动作译常常 a used to指状态情况would指反复发生动作 The novel used to be popular 说流行
b would表示反复发生动作果某动作反复性wouldused to
He would practice English every week
I used to live in Beijing
c used to表示常性惯性动作状态现已结束would表示发生 People used to believe that the earth was flat He would go to the park as soon as he was free
练：
1The windows used to be open 直开着
2They would gather together every week 聚起
3Sam used to play golf but he doesn’t now
第二十九讲 情态动词（6）否定疑问
1情态动词否定：情态动词+ not+ v原形
He can’t sing an English song He may not know her
He mustn’t go there 准
He doesn’t have to go there
2情态动词进行提问：情态动词+语+v原形
Can he sing an English song
Yeshe canNohe can’t
Must he go there
Yeshe mustNohe needn’t （必）
Does he have to go there
Yeshe doesNohe doesn’t
May I smoke here
Yes please
No you can’t（）mustn’t（准）
练：
1May I stay here Yesplease
2Must she go back now Noshe needn’t
3Does he have to get up at 900 Yeshe does
第三十讲 情态动词（7）
情态动词+have+pp（+现完成时）
1情态动词+have+pp：表达事实推测含义表已（助动词should例外） He maymight have arrived 已 （性） He cancould have arrived 已 （性） He must have arrived 准已 （性）
性排序：mustcancouldmaymight
2should+have+pp应该
needn’t+have+pp 需 He should have arrived 应该（没） They should have finished the work 应该已完成工作（没完成）
You needn’t have done so 需做
3must + have+pp 准已
Can’t +have+pp 已 He must have arrived 准已
He can’t have arrived 已
练：
1He cancouldmaymight（） have arrived
2He must（准） have arrived
3You needn’t（需） have done so
4They should （应该）have finished the work
5He can’t （）have arrived
第三十讲 动语态（1）动态构成含义
1果语动作承受者动词动语态作谓语
2动语态构成：be+分词（pp）by sb
妈妈带美国 He is taken to America by his mother
3动语态种时态：Theinformati般时bedoneThebookwasbeing进行时bebeingdoneThecompute完成时havehashadbeendoneT时willbedoneThecomputer已情态动词+完成时情态动词+havehasbee练：（空时态）Theinforma
3动语态种时态： The information is needed by us
般时 be done The book was being read by him
进行时 be being done The computer has been used by her
完成时 havehashad been done The room will be cleaned
时 will be done The computer could have been used by them
已
情态动词+完成时 情态动词+ havehas been done
练：（空时态） The information is needed(need) The book was read(read) The door has been opened(open) The book was being read(read) The computer had been used(use) The computer could have been used(use) The room will be cleaned(clean)
第三十二讲 动语态（2）动态情态动词结合
1动语态情态动词结合：
情态动词+be done 应该必须等 cancould +be done
maymight +be done
musthave to +be done
shouldought to +be done
had betterwould rather +be done
used towould +be done
need doing 需……
need to be done 需
2情态动词结合形式： The food could be taken away 食品带走 The food might be taken away 食品带走 The food must be taken away 食品必须带走 The food should be taken away 食品应该带走 The food needs taking away 食品需带走 The food had better be taken away 食品带走 Books used to be returned in two days
书常常2天
练： The room maymightcancould（）be cleaned The door must （必须）be locked The house should （应该）be furnished The tree had better （）be watered now
第三十三讲 动语态（3）（by+行者）省略
动作行者明重文中提行者时by sb省略
The information is needed
The books is being read
The door was opened
练： The door is opened(open)开 The book is being read(read)正读着 The computer has been used(use)已 The pencil had been sharpened(sharpen)已削尖
第三十四讲 动语态（4）动语态疑问句
1动语态般疑问句：助动词+语+（助动词）+
分词
Is the information needed by him
Yesit isNoit isn't
Has the computer been used by her
Yesit hasNoit hasn't
Will the room be cleaned
Yesit willNoit won't
2动语态特殊疑问句：疑问词+助动词+语+（助动词）+分词 The information is needed by them
What is needed by them
The girl is taken to Shanghai
Where is the girl taken
The book has been read three times
How many times has the book been read
练： 1Is the book being read(read) by her
正读书？ 2Has the computer been used(use) by them
台电脑？ 3How often is the English class taken（take） 英语课长时间次？
第三十五讲 非谓语动词（1）
作谓语成分动词
to+动词原形VS动词原形+ing
1动词定式：to do构成做语宾语宾补表语定语状语6种 To get there by bike will take us an hour
作语骑行车花掉时
The driver failed to see the car in time
作宾语司机没时见辆轿车
We believe him to be guilty
作宾补（him补充说明）相信罪 My suggestiong is to put off the meeting
作表语（be动词）建议推迟会议
The next train to arrive is from Seoul
作定语达列火车首尔
I come here only to say goodbye to you
作状语目说见
2动名词：doing具动词特征变化形式句子中作名词做语宾语表语定语副词修饰者支配宾语（动词） Reading is an art
作语阅读门艺术 They went on walking and never stopped talking 作宾语（动词）直前走未停止交谈 Your task is quickly cleaning the windows
作表语（be动词）务赶快窗户擦干净 This is a reading room
作定语阅读室
练： 1To finish the work will take us an hour
完成项工作 2I come here to say goodbye to you
告 3Talking is an art
说话
第三十六讲 非谓语动词（2）
假语it真语
假宾语it真宾语
定式动名词否定式
1to定式动名词语位置般it代作形式语 It's a great honor to be invited
邀请荣幸
It假语代真语to be invited
重排语序：To be invited is a great honor It's no use crying over spilt milk
覆水难收（着溢出牛奶哭没）
It假语代真语crying over spilt milk
真语较长情况英语常先it放句首代真语引出真语
2宾语位置it 代作形式宾语 We think it important to learn English 认学英语重
it假宾语代真宾语to learn English I found it pleasant walking in the park 发现公园里散步件乐事
it假宾语代真宾语walking in the park
3动名词定式进行否定时定式动名词假装没见悔没加入练：1Itisnousecrying(cry)ov2Wethinkitimportanttole3Hepretendednottosee(no第三十七讲非谓语动词（3）to定式表示目法1inorderto+动词原形：表示目2soasto
3动名词定式进行否定时定式动名词前加notnot to donot doing He pretended not to see her
假装没见 He regrets not joining them
悔没加入
练：
1It is no use crying (cry) over spilt milk
2We think it important to learn (learn) English
3He pretended not to see (not see) her
第三十七讲 非谓语动词（3）
to定式表示目法
1in order to +动词原形：表示目
2so as to +动词原形：表示目
3in order to 引导目状语置句首句尾均
4so as to 引导目状语置句尾
I’ve written it down in order to remember it 写目记住
写成： In order to remember itI’ve written it down He shouted and waved so as to be noticed
挥手目注意
5否定形式分to前加not
I’ve written it down in order not to forget it He said nothing so as not to be noticed
练： He gets up early in order toso as to（目）arrive at school on time He wrote it down in order not toso as not to （目）forget it
第三十八讲 非谓语动词（4）
常见定式动名词
包含定式动名词固定结构
1tooto：太 The room is too small to live
tooto中间加形容词副词
2enough +n+ to do adj +enough to do
足够 There is enough food to eat
足够食物吃 The box is big enough to contain six apples
足够装6苹果
3on doing： On seeing the snake the girl was very frightened 条蛇女孩非常害怕 （作状语）
4There is no hope of doing：没希 There is no hope of seeing him
没希见
5feel like doing：想 I feel like eating ice cream now
6have a hard time doing：做艰难
They have a hard time solving the problem themselves 解决问题困难
练： There are enough books to read(read) I feel like drinking(drink) coffee now The room is too small to live(live)
第三十九讲 非谓语动词（5）
现分词分词分词句
1doing称动名词进行时中称现分词 Writing books is his job 动名词 He is writing a book 进行时现分词
2done完成时动语态中称分词 He has written the homework 完成时 已完成作业 The homework is written 动语态 作业写
3分词句：包含现分词分词分句
The students went out of the classroom
laughing and talking 作伴状语边说边笑
Accompanied by his friendhe went to
the railway station 作伴状语朋友陪伴着火车站
练： He likes drinking (drink) coffee The door was locked (lock) Given (give) better attention the plants
could grow better
第四十讲 原形定式（1）役动词
役动词表示
1make lethave做役动词构成形式：
havemakelet+宾语+动词原形 （动词前加to） He made me laugh I let him go Please have him come here
2gethelp做役动词get役动词句get+宾语+to+动词原形help役动词句help+宾语+(to)+动词原形
I can’t get anyone to do the work properly 准确完成工作
I helped him (to) repair the car
3makelethavegethelp+宾语+分词表示某物（表动） I must get my hair cut
He couldn’t make himself heard Can you get the work finished in time
练： He made me laugh (laugh) I let him go (go) I must get my hair cut (cut)
第四十讲 原形定式（2）感官动词
1感官动词seewatch观observenotice
hearsmelltastefeel+宾语+动词原形现分词 （动词前加to）
表示：感知某物样
+动词原形表示动作真实性
+现分词表示动作连续性进行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday
昨天花园里工作 I saw him working in the garden yesterday
昨天直花园里工作
2感官动词+宾语+分词
表示：感知某物样
John saw the man knocked down by the car
轿车撞倒
练： I watched a dog running (run) in the garden yesterday I heard Sam sent (send) to the hospital
第四十二讲 假设（1）单纯表示假设
1条件状语句：if引导条件状语句句现时句时通常译作果 If you get up early you will catch up with the train
2if引导条件状语句放句首放句尾 If you ask him he will help you She will be upset if you fail the exam
果没考会失
练： If he runs he will get （get）there in time 果跑快会时赶
The cat will scratch (scratch) you if you pull its tail 果拉猫尾巴会抓
第四十三讲 假设（2）现事实相反虚拟语气
1if句种虚拟条件假设现事实相句：动词式（bewere）句：wouldcouldshouldmiIfIwereyouIwouldjointhe现事实相反：Shewouldcomewithyouifyou现事实相反：说明没邀请已发生虚拟语气：事实发生做出事实相反假
1if句种虚拟条件假设现事实相反句时态具体：
句：动词式（bewere）
句：wouldcouldshouldmight+动词原形
If I were youI would join them
现事实相反：
She would come with you if you invited her
现事实相反：说明 没邀请已发生
虚拟语气：事实发生做出事实相反假设 She will come with you if you invite her
单纯假设：说明邀请未发生
2练： If I knew (know) his telephone number I would tell (tell) you
If I had (have) any money with me I would lend (lend) you some
If I were (be) you I would take(take) an umbrella
第四十四讲 假设（3）事实相反虚拟语气
1if句种虚拟条件假设事实相反 句时态具体：
句：had done
句：wouldcouldshouldmight+ have done
If I had got there earlier I should have met her If he had taken my advice he would not have made such a mistake
2练： If he had studied (study) harder he might have passed the exam If there had been (be) a heavy snow we should not have gone (not go)skating
If I had got (get) there earlier I would have met (meet) her
第四十五讲 假设（4）
wish（愿希）as if（） +时完成时 wouldshouldcould+动词原形
1wish面句译：希实现假设
a现事实相反愿
I wish I were as tall as you
I wish+般时
现许愿现事实相反（事实已发生）
b事实相反愿
He wished he hadn’t said that
I wished+完成时
许愿事实相反（事实已发生）
c实现愿
I wish it would rain tomorrow
I wish+ wouldshouldcould+动词原形
现许愿实现（事实尚未发生）
结：wish面句：现事实相反般时事实相反完成时实现愿wouldshouldcould+动词原形wish句根许愿时间分般现时般时
2as if翻译起
a句表示现事实相反般时
You look as if you didn’t care
起点（实际）
b句表示事实相反完成时 He talks about Rome as if he had been there before 谈罗马前（实际没）
c句表示发生wouldshouldcould+动词原形 He opened his mouth as if he would say something 张开嘴说点什（说性）
3练： I wish I were (be) as tall as you He talks as if he knew (know) where she was I wish it would rain (rain) tomorrow
第四十六讲 定语句（关系代词）whichthatwhowhomwhose
定语句：修饰限定名词代词句修饰名词先行词定语句关系词（关系代词关系副词）引出
1关系代词：句中做定成分代先行词起连接先行词句作
常关系代词：whichthatwhowhomwhose起连接作实义翻译
：The girl whomthat I spoke to is my cousin
a先行词话thatwhowhomwhose引导定语句 whom句中作宾语
whothat句中作语宾语
They are the people thatwho were seen yesterday 昨天见 （句中作语）
They are the people whomthatwho I saw yesterday 昨天见 （句中作宾语）
They are the people whose wallets were lost yesterday 昨天丢失钱包 （属格）
b先行词动物事物话whichthatwhose引导定语句whichthat句中作语宾语作宾语时省略 He came back for the book whichthat he had forgotten 作宾语回找遗忘书
He came back for the book whichthat was on the desk 作语回找书桌
This is the chair whose legs were broken
张断腿椅子
2练：
He was the person whothat joined the army that year He came back for the book whichthat省略 he had forgotten
He is the man whose wife is a teacher
第四十七讲 定语句（关系副词）whywhenwhere why：修饰表示原名词
： the reason
We don't know the reason why he didn't show up 知道没出现原
when：修饰表示时间名词
：next week
We'll put off the picnic until next week when the weather may be better
推迟野餐天气更周
where：修饰表示点名词
：the place
We don't know the place where he lives
知道居住方
练： He works in a factory where TV sets are made
We'll put off the picnic until next week when the weather may be better She didn't tell me the reason why she refused the offer
第四十八讲 宾语句连词
宾语句：句子中起宾语作句
属连词：that（翻译） if whether（否）
He told me(that)he would go to college the next year He said that he was there yesterday
He doesn't know ifwhether he was there
知道否
连接代词：who谁 whom谁（宾） whose谁 what什 注意句语序排列
Do you know who has won the game
知道谁赢赛？
Do you know whom he likes
知道喜欢谁？
Do you know whose book it is
知道谁书？
Do you know what he is looking at
知道什？
连接副词：when时wherewhyHewantstoknowwheretheparHewantstoknowwhytheyhaveHewantstoknowhowtheycome练：Hedoesn'tknowthat第四十九讲较级&高级（1）1通常形容词副词面加erest：hardhard
连接副词：when时 where why什 how He wants to know when the party is
He wants to know where the party is
He wants to know why they have a party
He wants to know how they come
练： He doesn't know thatifwhether she is at school He wants to know where she is He wants to know why she comes when where how ifwhether He wants to know what she is reading He wants to know whose book it is
第四十九讲 较级&高级（1）
1通常形容词副词面加erest
：hardharderthe hardest
2词尾发音单音节e时加rst
：nicenicerthe nicest
3词尾辅音+y双音节时掉y加ieriest ：drydrierthe driest
4辅音结尾重读闭音节时双写字母加erest：hothotterthe hottest
5音节双音节形容词副词前加：
程度加强：morethe most
程度减弱：lessthe least
：interestingmoreless interesting 更趣\更趣 the mostthe least interesting 趣\趣
注：单词中元音音节
6规变化：goodbetterthe best
manymorethe most
练：
high higher the highest
late later the latest
heavy heavier the heaviest
thin thinner the thinnest
famous moreless famous the mostthe least famous little less the least
第五十讲 较级&高级应（2）
1形容词副词较级：表示较（更两者间进行较） He is taller than his brother
哥哥更高 The book is more expensive than the pen
书支钢笔更贵 Her English is better than his
英语
2形容词高级：表示（三者三者进行较） He is the tallest in his class The book is the most expensive of the three Her English is the best among the three
3练：
The girl is cleverer (clever)than the boy
The computer is the most expensive (expensive)among the three The man is healthier (healthy) than his wife
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