高中英语语法大全

高中英语语法系统全解
第1章动词时态
第2章动语态
第3章虚拟语气
第4章情态动词
第5章动词定式
第6章动词ing形式
第7章分词
第8章独立格结构
第9章名词性句
第10章定语句
第11章状语句（）
第11章状语句（二）
第12章直接引语间接引语
第13章倒装
第14章强调
第15章省略
第16章谓致


动词时态－－般时
第章 动词时态（）
英语中时间发生动作存状态动词形式表示做动词时态
般时
般时包括般现时般时般时般时
A般现时

1．般现时构成
般现时动词原形表示语第三称单数时动词面加ses
They want good jobs
想工作
The coat matches the dress
外衣裙子相配
This work does not satisfy me
项工作满意
Do you understand
懂

2．般现时法
①般现时基法
a表示现惯性动作存状态
He always takes a walk after supper
晚饭总散散步
Everyone is in high spirits now
现家情绪高涨
b表示客观事实普遍真理
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west
太阳东方升起西方落
Sound travels faster through water than it does through air
声音水中传播速度空气中快
Time and tide wait for no man
时间等
c表示语特征力状态
This cloth feels soft
布摸软
I love classical music
喜欢古典音乐
The President still seems able to find time to go fishing
总统时间钓鱼
d表示计划安排发生动作
The meeting begins at 700
会议七点钟开始
We leave here at 800 sharp
八点整离开里
e时间条件步状语句中表示动作
When you come next timebring me some magazines
次时带杂志
If time allowswe shall go there tomorrow
果时间允许话明天里
Whether he agrees or notI will stay at home
意否会家里
②般现时特殊法
a新闻标题图片说明中
China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful
中国宣布载航天飞行圆满成功
Laura Bush Arrives in Moscow
劳拉·布什抵达莫斯科
b体育运动表演等实况报道中
Francis slips pastpasses the ball to Yao Mingwho jumpscatches and shoots it into the basket
弗朗西斯穿球传姚明姚明跳起接住球投进篮里
NowlookI press the button and turn on the machine
现扭开台机器
c表示告诫劝说
You mind your own business
闲事
If he does that againhe goes to prison
果样话会进监狱
d表示现瞬间动作
Here comes the bus
汽车
There goes the bell
铃响

B．般时
1．般时构成
般时动词式表示
His words fetched a laugh from all present
话场笑
I did not sleep well last night
昨晚没睡
Did you direct the tourist to the hotel
告诉位游客旅馆路？
2．般时法
①般时基法
a表示某特定时间发生动作存状态
He suddenly fell ill yesterday
昨天突然生病
The engine stopped because the fuel was used up
发动机燃料光停机
注意：
般时句子中通常表示时间状语
误I visited the Palace Museum（没文情况应避免样说）
正I visited the Palace Museum last year
年参观宫博物院
正I have visited the Palace Museum
参观宫博物院
b表示常发生动作存状态
I wrote home once a week at college
学时周家里写封信
He was already in the habit of reading widely in his boyhood
童年时养成广泛阅读惯
提示：
表示惯性动作式外used towould表示
She used to study late into the night when she was in Senior Three
高三时常学深夜
He would sit for hours doing nothing
常常坐钟头什事做
c表示连续发生系列动作
She entered the roompicked up a magazine and looked through it carefully
走进房间起杂志认真翻阅起
The students got up early in the morningdid morning exercises and then read English aloud in the open air
学生早起床做早操然室外朗读英语
d时间条件状语句中表示发生动作
We would not leave until the teacher came back
老师回会离开
She told me she would not go if it rained the next day
告诉果第二天雨话

②般时特殊法
a虚拟语气中表示现时间动作状态
It's time we went
该走时候
I wish I were twenty years younger
愿年轻20岁
I would rather you didn't do anything for the time being
宁愿暂时先采取什措施
b口语中般时显示委婉客气
I wondered if you could give me a hand
想请帮忙
Might I come and see you tonight
想晚？

3．般现时般时较
般现时现时间相联系般时说话现相联系
His father is a film director
父亲电影导演（现）
His father was a film director
父亲电影导演（现）
How do you like the novel
觉部说样？（说）
How did you like the novel
觉部说样？（已完说）

C．般时
1．般时构成
般时willshall+动词原形构成shall限第称见英国英语现趋势第二三称单复数形式均will表示口语中shallwill常缩写成'll紧接语否定式shall notwill not常简略shan'twon't
I'll go and shut the door
关门
When will you know your exam results
什时候知道考试结果？
I can see you're busyso I won't stay long
出忙会呆太久
提示：you and Iboth of us等短语willshall
You and I will arrive there next Monday
周达里
Both of us will graduate from middle school next year
俩明年中学毕业

2．般时法
①表示发生动作存状态
I shall be free this afternoon
天午空
There'll be no chemistry classes tomorrow
明天没化学课
They will probably go to Shanghai for their holiday
海度假
注意：
口语中常willshall+be doing结构代willshall+动词原形表示生动
I'll be seeing a friend off at the airport
机场朋友送行
He'll be going with us tomorrow
明天起
②表示反复发生动作
My uncle will come to see me every Saturday
叔叔星期六会
The students will have five English classes per week this term
学期学生周五节英语课
③表示意答应做某事
That bag looks heavyI'll help you with it
包起重帮提
I won't tell anyone what happenedI promise
保证告诉发生事
④表示种倾推测
Flowers will die without water
没水花会枯死
Water will change into ice at 0℃
水零摄氏度会结冰
This will be your sisterI guess
猜想姐姐

3．般时常结构
①I expectI'm sureI thinkI wonder+宾语句中
Don't worry about the examI'm sure you'll pass
担心次考试确信会通
I wonder what will happen
知道会发生什事
I don't think the test will be very difficult
想次测验会太难
②祈句+and+陈述句中
Work hard and you will succeed
果努力会成功
Go at once and you will see her
马会见
③表示时间条件状语句连
I'll let you know as soon as he arrives
通知
If you ask himhe will help you
果请会帮助
We shall go unless it rains
非雨否
4．时间表达法
①be going to+动词原形
be going to+动词原形结构常口语中
a表示决定算做某事
I'm going to buy a new coat this winter
年冬天算买件新衣
Are you going to play basketball after class
课篮球？
He is going to be a doctor when he grows up
长医生
What are you going to do today
天算做什？
b表示迹象发生什事
Look at those black cloudsIt is going to rain
瞧乌云天雨
The car is going to turn over
汽车翻
There is going to be a snowstorm
场暴风雪
较：
be going to+动词原形willshall+动词原形区
1．be going to通常表示快发生事willshall表示久表示长远确定
She is going to get better
病（恢复健康迹象）
She will get better
病会（认终会恢复健康）
2．will表示通常指事先计划意图时决定be going to表示事先计划意图考虑
—George phoned while you were out
外出时候乔治电话
—OkI'll phone him back
回电话（时决定）
—Matthew phoned while you were out
外出时候马修电话
—YesI knowI'm going to phone him back
知道准备回电话（早安排）
正式文体中will表示事先安排动作
The meeting will begin at 1000 am
会议10点开始
Coffee will be served from 930 from today onwards
天起930开始供应咖啡

3．表示迹象显示发生某动作时be going towillshall
I feel terribleI think I'm going to be sick
觉舒服想生病
4．be going to条件句表示时间will
If you are going to attend the meetingyou'd better leave now
果出席会议现动身
②be+动词ing形式
be+动词ing形式表示根现计划安排预期会发生某事种安排容意改变结构中动词ing形式通常表示位置转移动词arrivecomegoleavemovestartstaygeteatmeetsee offdie等表示时间状语连果没时间状语表示动作发生意
He is leaving for Xinjiang in a few days
天动身新疆
I am dining out tonight
晚出吃饭
The plane is taking off soon
飞机马起飞
The old man is dying
位老快死
较：
be+动词ing形式be going to+动词原形异
1．表示计划发生动作时两者互换
We are moving to a new flat tomorrow
明天搬新房子里
We are going to move to a new flat tomorrow
明天搬新房子里
2．表示客观素产生动作状态时be going to结构be+动词ing形式
You are going to fall if you climb that tree
果爬树话会摔（说You are falling if）
Be carefulYou are going to break that chair
心会张椅子弄坏（说You are breaking that chair）
③be+动词定式
结构中be现式(amisare)式(waswere)两种形式
a表示计划安排发生动作
The highway is to be open to traffic in May
条公路五月份通车
Am I to take over his work
接工作？
b条件句中强调计划安排发生动作
If we are to take the 500 trainwe must leave now
果坐5点火车话现出发
c表示命令吩咐等否定形式常表示禁止许
You are to be back before 10 pm
必须10点前回
You are not to go out alone at night
晚单独出
较：
be+动词定式be going to+动词原形区
1．be going to+动词原形侧重说话意图算be+动词定式侧重受指示安排做事
I'm going to try my best to write this article well
力篇文章写
Am I to wait here till their arrival
直等抵达？
2．表示客观素受控制发生动作时be going to+动词原形be+动词定式
It's going to rain
天雨（说It's to rain）
Rachel is going to faint
雷切尔晕倒
④般现时
般现时表示时间法：
a表示日历时刻表规定固定变较易变更时间发生动作
Tomorrow is Friday
明天星期五
What time does the next train leave for Paris
班开巴黎火车点出发？
b时间状语句条件状语句中般现时表示时间动作状态
I'll give the book to you after I finish it
完书
If he arriveswe must go and meet him at the railway station
果火车站接
chopesuppose等面宾语句中常般现时表示动作状态
I hope all is well with him
希切
Suppse we go hiking tomorrow
明天远足吧

D．般时
1．般时构成
般时shouldwould+动词原形构成
He asked me yesterday when I should leave for Paris
昨天问什时候动身巴黎
They wanted to know how they would finish the homework earlier
想知道样早点完成家庭作业
2．般时法
般时间出发点某时刻发生动作状态
a般时常间接引语中
He said they would arrange a party
说安排晚会
I asked if he would come and fix my TV set
问否帮修电视机
b般时表示非真实动作状态
If I had a chance to study abroadI would study at Cambridge University
果机会出国学话会剑桥学
I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight
晚起电影

3．时间表达法
awaswere going to+动词原形
He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired
说退休住农村
They thought it was going to rain
认天雨
bwaswere+动词ing形式
Nobody knew whether the guests were coming
没知道客否
I was told that the train was leaving in a few minutes
告知火车分钟开
cwaswere+动词定式
She said she was to clean the classroom after school
说放学扫教室
It was reported that another bridge was to be built across the Yangtse River
报道长江建座桥
提示：
waswere going to+动词原形waswere+动词定式完成式表示未实现时间动作
Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wallbut it rained
星期天想游览长城雨（没成）
I was to have helped with the performancebut I got flu the day before
算帮忙演出前天感（没帮忙）
dwaswere about to do
waswere about to do表示说话瞬间会发生动作
I felt something terrible was about to happen
觉怕事发生
ewaswere on the point of doing
I'm glad you have comeI was on the point of calling youbut you've saved me the trouble now高兴正准备电话现省麻烦
提示：
be about to dobe on the point of doing结构般表示时间状语连面接when引导分句
I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain
正动身天突然雨


进行时
二进行时
进行时表示动作正进行动作暂时未完成进行时包括现进行时进行时进行时
A．现进行时
1．现进行时构成
现进行时amisare+现分词构成
I'm reading the evening newspaper
正晚报
Now it isn't snowing outside
现外面雪
Are they playing soccer in the playground
正操场踢足球？

2．现进行时法
①现进行时基法
a表示说话刻正进行动作
通常表示刻时间状语（nowat this moment）通LookListen两提示语表明时刻动作正进行
She is making a fire now
正生火
ListenMary is singing an English song in the classroom
听玛丽正教室里唱英文歌
b表示现时间段中正进行动作
They are planting trees on the hill these days
天正山种树
I don't really work hereI am just helping out until the new secretary arrives
工作新秘书前帮帮忙罢
c表示计划安排发生动作
样动词通常arrivebegincomedodriveflygoleavestay等表示位置转移动词种法较生动种期感
Jane and Betty are going on holiday in a few days
天简贝蒂出度假
Where are you staying in Guangzhou
广州准备住里？
②现进行时特殊法
a表示种重复动作带厌恶赞叹等感情色彩
现进行时constantlyalwaysforever等状语连现动作披层感情色彩
She's constantly complaining
停抱怨
My brother is always leaving things about
弟弟总乱丢东西
He is forever thinking of doing more for the students
总想着学生做事情
b表示某具体动作心理状态发展程
The house is falling down
房子正倒
The weather is changing for the better
天气慢慢转
注意：
时表示动作刚刚开始
I'm forgetting my English
英语开始忘
Food is costing more
食品贵起
c强调动作重复
The train is arriving late almost every day this summer
夏季火车天天晚点
Someone is knocking at the door
断敲门
The boy is jumping with joy
男孩高兴跳停
d表示两动作动作
He who helps others is helping himself
帮帮
If you insist on doing ityou are doing a foolish thing
果坚持做件事干傻事
ebe动词进行时态
be动词般进行时态时amisare+being+形容词结构表示暂时意
The boy is being naughty孩子点淘气
I don't think you are being fair
认公
He is being modest
现谦虚
较：
You are not polite
讲礼貌（贯）
You are not being polite
点礼貌（暂时现象）

3．进行时态动词
①表示状态动词
类动词seemlookappearhavebelong toownhold等
This backpack belongs to me
背包
He seems rather angry with you
起生气
②表示知道信念理解推测怀疑希等含义动词
类动词knowrememberunderstandseethinkbelievesupposehopedoubt等
I don't think he will come tomorrow
想明天会
I still remember the days when we studied together
记起学日子
提示：
时动词进行时态表示心理状态缓慢发展程
She's understanding you better now
越越解
③表示求心愿等意义动词
类动词wantwishneeddesire等
Your clothes need washing
衣服需洗
How I wish I were a bird
希鸟啊
④表示继续持续含义动词
类动词continuekeeplastgo on等
She still continues in poor health
然身体差
Every day after finishing his homeworkhe goes on to do some reading
天做完作业会继续会书
⑤表示感觉动词
类动词seehearsmelltastefeel等
The apples taste good
苹果尝起错
This flower smells nice
花闻香
Your suggestion sounds reasonable
建议听道理
注意：
果动词表示种意识行进行时态
She is tasting the apple
正尝苹果
The dog is smelling the footprints
狗正嗅脚印
The bell is sounding for dinner
晚饭铃响

4．现进行时般现时较
①暂时性动作常性动作
The computer is working perfectly
计算机运转（暂时）
The computer works perfectly
计算机运转（直）
②持续性动作短暂性动作
The bus is stopping
车停（渐渐）
The bus stops车停（迅速）
③暂时性动作永久性动作
She is living in the country
现住农村（暂时）
She lives in the country
住农村（永久）
④感情色彩没感情色彩
He is doing well at school
学校表现（赞扬）
He does well at school
学校表现（般事实）

B进行时
1进行时构成
进行时waswere+现分词构成
I was doing my homework at this time yesterday
昨天时候正做作业
Were you expecting him yesterday
昨天直等？
They were not talking when I came in
进时候没说话

2进行时法
①进行时基法
a表示某时刻正发生动作该动作动作时发生
I was having supper at 700 yesterday evening
昨天晚7点正吃晚饭
She was playing the piano while I was reading the newspaper
弹钢琴时报
提示：
句子意思清楚时两动词换成般时
We listened closely while the teacher read the text
老师读课文时仔细听着
b表示段时间正进行动作
We were talking about you the whole morning
整午说
He was watching TV at home from 300 to 500 yesterday afternoon
昨天午3点5点直电视
c表示计划安排发生事
He told me that he was going soon
告诉快走
She said she was leaving for New York the next month
说月动身纽约
②进行时特殊法
a表示事发生背景
It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front
支医疗组前线行进时天正着雪
Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking
汤姆没注意时溜进房间
b表示新动作刚刚开始
进行时引出新动作种法颇点镜头转换
Five minutes laterhe was standing at the doorsmoking
5分钟已站门口抽着烟
The baby was crying hardand suddenly the crying stopped
婴声啼哭突然哭声停止
c陈述原作口
She went to the doctor yesterdayShe was having a lot of trouble with her heart
昨天病患严重心脏病
I haven't finished my homework because I was helping my mother at home all day yesterday
作业没做完昨天直帮妈妈家干活
dalwaysconstantly等词连表示感情色彩
The girl was always changing her mind
女孩老改变意
In the past he was constantly asking me for money
总钱
3．进行时般时区
①般时表示某动作已完成进行时表示动作持续未完成
She wrote a letter to her friend last night
昨晚朋友写封信（信写完）
She was writing a letter to her friend last night
昨晚直朋友写信（信定写完）
②般时表示做次动作进行时表示动作反复进行
She waved to me
挥挥手
She was waving to me
断挥手
The boy jumped up and down
男孩跳
The boy was jumping up and down
男孩停跳着
C进行时
1．进行时构成
进行时shallwill+be+现分词构成
Don't phone me between 800 and 1000We'll be having classes then
8点10点间电话时正课
Will you be using your bicycle this evening
晚行车？
She won't be having a meeting in her office at 800 tomorrow
明天8点开会
2．进行时法
①进行时基法
a表示某时间正进行动作
I'll be taking my holiday soon
久度假
They will be meeting us at the station
会车站接
b口语中代willshall do
I hope you will be coming on time
希时
I'll be seeing MrSmith tomorrow
明天见史密斯先生
The minister will be giving a speech on international affairs
部长国际事务发表演讲
②进行时特殊法
a表示原结果猜测
Please come tomorrow afternoonTomorrow morning I'll be having a meeting
请明天午吧明天午会（表原）
Stop the child or he will be falling over
抓住孩子会掉（表结果）
You will be making a mistake
会出错（表推测）
b问句中表示委婉礼貌
Will you be reading anything else
点什？
When shall we be meeting again
什时候见面？
c表示稍点安排
The students aer studying Unit 3 this weekand next week we'll be studying Unit 4
星期学第三单元周学第四单元
My duties will end in July and I will be returning to Shanghai
务7月结束会回海

完成时
三完成时
完成时表示动作完成未完成情况完成时包括现完成时完成时完成时

A．现完成时
1．现完成时构成
现完成时构成形式havehas+分词现完成时常称现联系明确时间状语连
Someone has broken the window
窗户破
I haven't seen much of her lately
常见
How long have they been married
结婚长时间？

2．现完成时法
①表示结果现完成时
现完成时着眼动作现产生结果影响现完成时已完成法表示动作程发生说话前已完成现联系种联系实际动作现影响产生结果
I have bought a pen
买支笔（结果：I have a pen now）
The temperature has increased by 10℃
温度升10摄氏度（结果：It is quite hot now）
Air pollution has taken the lives of many people
空气污染已夺生命（结果：Air pollution is very serious now）
注意：
现完成时文指时态必须呼应
误I have bought a pen but I have lost it now（have bought表示现已笔面have lost矛盾）
正I bought a pen but I have lost it now
（）买支笔已丢
误I have lost my pen but I have found it now（have lost强调现已没笔面have found意思突）
正I lost my pen but I have found it now
丢支笔现已找
②表示历现完成时
强调某时刻说话时段时间中历
Have you ever been to the Great Wall
长城？
I have visited Beijing at least ten times
北京少访问十次
She has never spent a holiday at the seaside
未海滨度假
③表示延续现完成时
现完成时未完成法表示动作状态某时开始持续现继续
He's loved fishing for a long time
爱钓鱼时已久（现爱钓鱼）
I have lived here for more than thirty years
已住三十年（许会继续住）
注意：
现完成时未完成法动态动词（持续动词）状态动词般适表示短暂动作位置转移动词：openbreakgocomearriveleave等类动词表示未完成通常限否定结构
I haven't seen a film for weeks
已星期没电影
She hasn't written to me since September
9月份没写信呢

3．现完成时时间状语
①现完成时已完成法连时间状语
现完成时表示动作状态发生现时间前某未明确指出时间连时间状语现时间关明确表示时间状语
a确定时间状语：alreadyyetbeforerecentlylately等
I've seen the film before
前部电影
Have you been there lately
里
b频度时间状语：oftensometimeseverneveroncerarely等
We have never heard of that
未听说事
He has sometimes played tennis
时网球
Big Ben has rarely gone wrong
钟少出差错
c包含现时间时间状语：nowjusttodaythis morningthis weekthis year等
I have just finished the letter now
现刚写完信
You have just missed the bus
刚错公汽车
Has he done much work today
天做工作？
较：alreadyyet法区
already常肯定句置句中yet常否定句疑问句置句末already时疑问句中暗示惊讶心情
She has already gone
早走
Have you eaten your dinner already
已吃饭
He has not come yet
没
②现完成时未完成法连时间状语
已完成法样表示具体时间状语未完成法连连指段时间状语具体表示某动作状态持续久
asince+具体时间表示动作状态时开始
Since thenhe has developed another bad habit
养成坏惯
He hasn't been home since he graduated
毕业没回家
bfor+段时间表示动作状态持续久
We have worked here for ages
里工作久
There has been no rain here for nearly two months
里已两月没雨
cuntil nowup till nowso farup to the moment
目前止
I have not seen him so far
目前止没见
Up to the presenteverything has been OK
目前止切正常
dinduring the pastlast five years
刚刚5年里
He has been away from school during the last few weeks
星期里没学校
In the past few years they have dealt with quite a few international corporations successfully年中已家跨国公司做成生意
eall the whileall day直整天
She has been busy all day
忙整天

4．现完成时般时区
①两者表示发生动作前者表示动作现影响者表示动作事实
He locked the door
锁门（现门开锁清楚）
He has locked the door
门锁（现门锁着）
Who turned on the light
谁开灯？（着眼开灯动作现灯开关）
Who has turned on the light
谁灯开？（着眼开灯结果现灯亮着）
②两者表示开始延续段时间动作现完成时表示该动作继续般时说明该动作现已终止
He has lived in Beijing for four years
北京住四年（现住）
He lived in Beijing for four years
北京住四年（现住）

B．完成时
完成时动作须某时间前发生发生

1．完成时构成
完成时had+分词构成
Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake
快意识犯严重错误
The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervousHe had not flown before
飞机坐旁边紧张前没飞机
Had he gone home when you arrived时候已回家？

2．完成时法
①已完成法
表示某动作状态某时间前某动作前已完成句中常by引导时间状语beforeuntilwhenthan等词引导含般时时间状语句
By 500 yesterday morning we had done that work
昨天早5点钟时已做完件工作
He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office
老师办公室回时刚教室扫完
They came earlier than we had expected
预料早
I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university
进学前已学5000单词
It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months
旱月昨天雨
注意：
包含beforeafter复合句中句动作句动作发生先序已非常明确般时代完成时
The train(had)started before I reached the station
达车站前列车已开
After he(had)arrived in EnglandMarx worked hard to improve his English
马克思达英格兰努力提高英语水
②未完成法
表示动作状态某时刻前已开始直持续时间持续
Up to that time all had gone well
直时切利
John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage
约翰简结婚前认识长时间
She said she had made much progress since she came here
说已取进步
③想象性法
完成时时表示种未实现愿想法if引导事实相反条件句wishas if引导句中
If she had worked hardshe would have succeeded
努力话会成功（事实没努力没成功）
I wish I had gone with you to the concert
起音乐会
The two strangers talked as if they had been good friends for many years
两陌生交谈起年老朋友
④表示刚刚…………
完成时常hardlyscarcelybarelywhenno soonerthan等结构中表示刚刚…………
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him
刚开始演讲听众断
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again
刚走
提示：
intendmeanhopewantplansupposeexpectthink等动词完成时表示算做未做事
I had meant to comebut something happened
原算事发生
I had intended to call on youbut was prevented from doing so
算没成
They had wanted to help but couldn't get here in time
原想帮忙没时赶里

3．完成时般时较
般时表示时间动作状态完成时表示动作状态发生般时表示动作状态前表示更
I returned the book that I had borrowed
已书
He didn't know a thing about the verbfor he had not studied his lessons
动词知没学功课
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came
车站等20分钟车
C．完成时
1．完成时构成
完成时构成shallwill+have+分词构成
Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter
久会全然忘记件事
He is somebody nowHe will not have remembered his old classmates
现身份会记老学
Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month月认识凯文该10年吧？

2完成时法
①表示某时间前已完成动作某时间产生影响
We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term
学期末学完12单元
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom
家前房子彻底扫遍
Will you soon have finished laying the table
会快摆放餐桌？
注意：
时间状语句中完成时现完成时代
When I have finished thatI shall have done all I am supposed to do
等做完件事时做完该做事
Please don't get off the bus until it has stopped
请车停稳车
②表示推测
You will have heard of thisI guess
想已听说件事
I am sure he will have got the information
相信定信息

四完成进行时
完成进行时完成时进行时结合包括现完成进行时完成进行时

A现完成进行时

1．现完成进行时构成
现完成进行时havehas been+现分词构成
He is illHe's been lying in bed for three weeks
病已卧床3星期
Your eyes are redHave you been crying
眼睛红刚刚哭？
What have you been doing all this time
半天干什着？

2．现完成进行时法
①表示动作某时开始直延续现
现完成进行时常all this timethis weekthis monthall nightall the morningrecently等状语sincefor引导状语连
I have been reading Hemingway's Farewell to Arms recently
直读海明威永武器
She has been reciting the words all the morning
整午背单词
This is what I have been expecting since my childhood
直期着事情
②表示动作刚刚结束
My clothes are all wetI've been working in the rain
衣服全湿刚直雨中干活
He is dead drunkHe's been drinking with his friends
烂醉泥刚直朋友喝酒
③表示期时断时续重复发生动作
You've been saying that for five years
话已说五年
He has been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he became a teacher
教直报刊杂志撰稿
④表达较重感情色彩
What have you been doing to my dictionary
字典弄成什样子
Time has been flying so quickly
时间真快啊
Too much has been happening today
天真事日子

3．现完成进行时现完成时较
①现完成进行时表示动作重复现完成时般表示重复性
Have you been meeting him recently
常见面？
Have you met him recently
见？
②现完成进行时时含感情色彩现完成时般铺直叙
I have been waiting for you for two hours
直等两时（表示满）
I have waited for you for two hours
等两时（说明事实）
③现完成进行时强调动作现完成时强调结果
Who has been eating the oranges
谁直吃桔子呀？（剩余）
Who has eaten the oranges
谁桔子吃光？（强调吃剩）

B完成进行时

1完成进行时构成
完成进行时had been+现分词构成
She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam
考试前直患重感
Had they been expecting the news for some time
期消息段时间吧？
Rafael was scolded even though he hadn't been doing anything wrong
拉斐尔没做什错事挨骂

2完成进行时法
①表示某时间前直进行动作
完成进行时表示动作某时间前开始直延续时间完成时样完成进行时必须时间前提
I had been looking for it for days before I found it
东西找天找着
They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came
等会车
②表示反复动作
He had been mentioning your name to me
次提名字
You had been giving me everything
真求必应
③完成进行时常间接引语中（详见第12章）
The doctor asked what he had been eating
医生问吃什
I asked where they had been staying all those days
问天
④完成进行时接具突然意when分句
I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in
刚分钟进
She'd only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her温功课会妹妹断

3．完成进行时完成时较
She had cleaned the officeso it was very tidy
已扫办公室整洁（强调结果）
She had been cleaning the officeso we had to wait outside
直扫办公室外面等着（强调动作直进行）
第二章动语态（）
第二章动语态（）
语态动词种形式表示语谓语间关系英语两种语态：动语态(active voice)动语态(passive voice)动语态表示语谓语动作执行者动语态表示语谓语动作承受者

动语态构成
动语态助动词be加物动词分词构成果必强调动作执行者动作执行者介词by引出短语表示助动词be语称数时态语气变化
A十种常见时态动语态
1般现时
动语态：do
动语态：amisare done
We clean the classroom every day天扫教室
The classroom is cleaned by us every day教室天扫
Such songs are usually sung by girls歌通常女孩子唱
Russian is not taught in our school学校教俄语
Are many goods shipped abroad every day天许货物运国外
2般时
动语态：did
动语态：waswere done
We cleaned the classroom yesterday昨天扫教室
The classroom was cleaned by us yesterday昨天教室扫
The window was broken by my son窗子子破
Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday昨天山种许树？
How much money was stolen in all偷少钱？
3般时
动语态：willshall do
动语态：willshall be done
We will clean the classroom soon快扫教室
The classroom will be cleaned soon教室快扫
The work will be done immediately工作马做
Will the school sports meeting be held next week？校运动会星期举行？
When shall we be given a lecture on the Internet什时候作关特网讲座？
4般时
动语态：would do
动语态：would be done
We told him that we would clean the classroom soon告诉马扫教室
We told him that the classroom would be cleaned soon告诉教室快会扫
He said that a new trade center would be built in the centre of the city说新贸易中心市中心建起
She asked whether their plan would be considered with great care问计划会会仔细考虑
I wasn't told that I should be invited to the party没告诉邀请出席晚会
5现进行时
动语态：amisare doing
动语态：amisare being done
We are cleaning the classroom now现正扫教室
The classroom is being cleaned now教室现正扫
A hospital is being built in the centre of the town镇中心正兴建家医院
Are the babies being taken care of by this nurse婴正护士？
How is the new teaching method being tried there里样试行种新教学方法？
6进行时
动语态：waswere doing
动语态：waswere being done
We were cleaning the classroom this time yesterday昨天时候扫教室
The classroom was being cleaned this time yesterday昨天时候教室正扫
The teaching plan was being discussed at that time时正讨教学计划
Was the TV set being fixed this time yesterday昨天时候电视机正修理？
The house was being painted when we arrived at his home家时家房子正粉刷
7现完成时
动语态：hashave done
动语态：hashave been done
The classroom looks tidyWe have cleaned it教室起整洁已扫
The classroom looks tidyIt has been cleaned教室起整洁已扫
Many foreign films have been shown on TV since last month月电视中播放许外国影片
The radio has not been turned on yet收音机没开
Has a new training centre been set up in our town镇新培训中心建？
8完成时
动语态：had done
动语态：had been done
The classroom looked tidyWe had cleaned it教室起整洁已扫
The classroom looked tidyIt had been cleaned教室起整洁已扫
His newly written novel had been translated into English by the end of last month月末刚写说已翻译成英语
She told me that she had been dismissed by her boss告诉老板已解雇
Her homework had not been finished when I got home家时候作业没完成
9完成时
动语态：willshall have done
动语态：willshall have been done
We will have cleaned the classroom by five o'clock五点前扫完教室
The classroom will have been cleaned by five o'clock教室五点前扫完
The new books will have been entered in the register before another parcel arrives新书批书前登记完毕
How many expressways will have been completed by the end of next year明年年底建成少条高速公路？
Before you return my work will have been done回前工作会做完
10完成时
动语态：would have done
动语态：would have been done
I said we would have cleaned the classroom by 500说五点前扫完教室
I said the classroom would have been cleaned by 500说教室五点前扫完
The headmaster said the article would have been translated by the end of next month校长说文章月底翻译
The day was drawing near when the dam would have been completed坝完工日子远
He told me that preparations would have been finished by 600告诉准备工作六点前完成

Bget+分词结构
动语态常be+分词构成外get+分词结构种结构口语中强调动作结果
The boy got hurt when he was riding to school孩子骑车学时受伤
Did your letter get answered收回信？
注意：
get+分词结构时动作执行者（by短语）般表示出
Finally his bike got repaired行车修理
As I passed bymy skirt got caught on a nail时候裙子钉子挂住

C．seemappear+分词结构
时seemappear+分词构成动语态
She seemed annoyed by his words似话搞恼火
The house appears deserted房子没居住
提示：
be+分词结构中begetseemappear等词代
误She got born in a small village
正She was born in a small village出生村庄
误The old man got offered a large sum of money
正The old man was offered a large sum of money位老获笔钱
误Colin got caught cheating in the exam
正Colin were caught cheating in the exam科林考试作弊抓住

D．动语态中常介词
1．by表示动作执行者施加者
By whom is the book written书谁写？
The children were driven indoors by the rain孩子雨赶进室
2．with表示某种工具
The wolf was killed with a gun狼枪死
The field was spread with wild flowers田野里野花遍
3．from表示源某种物质（出原材料）
Good wine is made from grain酒粮食制成
4．of表示某种材料制成（出原材料）
The table is made of wood张桌子木头做
5．介词
You are wanted on the phone电话找
He is known to everybody家认识
She was caught in the rain遭雨淋
注意：
动作执行者介词by引出短语表示动语态句子中by短语总表示动作执行者
A policeman is known by the clothes he wears警察通服装辨认出（by表示方式）
He was much flattered by her asking him to dinner邀请吃晚饭受宠惊（by表示原）
The snow was piled high by the gate门口雪堆积高（by表示点）
二动语态法
英语中数情况动语态较简练力动语态特殊途表达思想描述事物需通常列情况动语态：
A知道必说出动作执行者
How is this word pronounced单词发音？
Scientists say that work is done whenever a force moves科学家说力移动时做功
A greater number of magic English books will be published next year明年更魔法英语书出版
After wareverything had been destroyed战争结束切毁坏
B强调动作承受者
If you break the school rulesyou will be punished果违反校规受惩罚（强调you）
A new Hope School will be opened in our village家乡开办新希学校（强调a new Hope School）
She is liked by everybody家喜欢
Xiao Li was elected monitor of the class李选班长
C动作执行者生命事物
The bridge was washed away by the flood桥洪水走
We were shocked by the news of his death听死讯极震惊
Many accidents were caused by careless driving许事开车心造成
D修辞需句子更加简练匀称
He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience出现舞台受观众热烈鼓掌
The old professor gave a lecture on American history and was well received位老教授作关美国历史讲座受家热烈欢迎
I was shown round the school campus by Seanwho had entered the school just a year before肖恩带参观校园年刚进学校
E表示委婉礼貌避免提动作执行者说话者
You've been told many times not to make the same mistake已次告知犯样错误
Everybody is expected to obey the following rules希家遵守规定
The control room may not be entered without permission非许勿入控制室
F科技文献中客观描述事情程
The film is coated with lightsensitive chemicalswhich are changed by the different shades and colours of light胶卷涂层感光化学物质物质光色度颜色改变
G新闻报道中体现新闻客观性
The westeast gas pipeline project was kicked off on July 4a big event in the nation's west development campaign西气东输工程7月4日全线开工国家西部开发战略件事
H．动词惯常动语态
He was born in this city出生城市
The school is situated in the suburbs学校位郊外
注意：
动语态中by短语通常省果by短语句子重点者没by短语全句意思完整时保留by短语
The vegetables didn't taste very goodThey had been cooked too long蔬菜味道烧时间太长（需动作执行者）
He arrived at the airportwhere he was met by his friend达机场受朋友迎接（没by his friend句子意思完整）
Everybody was cast down by such news as that家种消息搞沮丧（需by短语）


第二章动语态（二）

三动语态变动语态

中国思维着眼点动作施动者英美思维着眼点动作承受者
中国常样说：I expect you to be there on time希准时里
英美常样说：You are expected to be there on time希准时里
英语中动语态汉语中原英语句子动语态结构变成动语态方式相

A语+谓语+宾语
语+谓语+宾语结构中宾语变动语态时宾语变语：
They will discuss the plan at the meeting会议讨问题
The plan will be discussed at the meeting问题会议讨
In the past the king possessed great wealth国王拥巨财富
n In the past great wealth was possessed by the king巨财富国王拥

B语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
句型中谓语动词两宾语变成动语态时般通常指间接宾语转化成语时指物间接宾语转化成语：
We gave the student some books学生书
The student was given some books学生书
Some books were given to the student书学生
His father bought him a computer last week周父亲买台电脑
He was bought a computer by his father last week周父亲买台电脑
A computer was bought for him by his father last week周父亲买台电脑
注意：直接宾语作动语态语时通常间接宾语前加适介词(toforof等)加强间接宾语语气
They awarded him the Nobel Prize授予诺贝尔奖
The Nobel Prize was awarded（to）him诺贝尔奖授予
The host had caught us some fish捉鱼
n Some fish had been caught for us by the host捉鱼（for省）
n
C语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
句型中谓语动词宾语宾语补足语变成动语态时宾语转化成语宾语补足语变语补足语：
All the villagers painted the houses white村民房子涂成白色
The houses were painted white by all the villagers房子村民涂成白色
They kept us waiting for a long time等长时间
We were kept waiting for a long time等长时间
We regarded him as the best doctor in town认城里医生
He was regarded as the best doctor in town认城里医生
注意：
役动词感官动词makeseehearwatchnoticeobservelisten to等动结构中带to动词定式作宾语补足语变动结构时定式应加to
We heard him say goodbye to his friends听见朋友道
n He was heard to say goodbye to his friends听朋友道
n
D含情态动词动句变动句
含情态动词谓语变成动语态时情态动词+be done构成
情态动词
cancould
maymight
must
havehad to
willwould
shallshould
ought to
动形式
cancould do
maymight do
must do
havehad to do
willwould do
shallshould do
ought to do
动形式
cancould be done
maymight be done
must be done
havehad to be done
willwould be done
shallshould be done
ought to be done
The machine must be operated with care机器必须心操作
Such a sentence ought not to be used here句子应该里
What's done cannot be undone覆水难收
People had to be reminded of the danger that night天晚必须提醒心危险

E含be going to dobe to do等结构动句变动句
含be going to dobe to do等结构谓语动词变成动语态时分be going to+be donebe to+be done两种结构中be般现时般时两种形式
The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting问题会讨
This new film is to be shown on TV next week部新片周电视放映

F．含宾语句动句变动句
带宾语句句子变成动语态时通常it作动句形式语宾语句保留变
They said that he had gone abroad to study English说出国学英语
It was said that he had gone abroad to study English说出国学英语
We haven't decided when we should go camping未决定什时候野营
It hasn't been decided when we should go camping什时候野营尚未决定
提示：
带宾语句句子变成动语态时简练句语变动句语句谓语部分变定式短语
We believed that he would succeed相信会成功
He was believed to succeed相信会成功
Father expected that I should become an engineer父亲希成工程师
I was expected(by my father)to become an engineer（父亲）希成工程师
G．祈句动语态
肯定祈句动语态结构：Let+宾语+be+分词否定祈句动语态结构：Don't+let+宾语+be+分词（Let+宾语+not+be+分词）
Move the desks into the corridor
Let the desks be moved into the corridor课桌搬走廊
Don't trust her
Don't let her be trusted
Let her not be trusted相信
H动词短语构成动语态
般情况物动词宾语物动词宾语物动词动语态物动词没动语态物动词面介词副词变成动词短语相物动词动语态
The nurses in this hospital look after the patients very well
The patients are well looked after by the nurses in this hospital病医院里护士料周
They have put off the meeting till next Saturday
The meeting has been put off till next Saturday会议已推迟周六
注意：
动语态时千万遗漏句末介词副词
Such a bad habit should be got rid of样坏惯应该改掉
All the important matters have now been attended to重事情处理
I双重动结构
双重动结构指句中谓语动词定式均动结构句子语谓语动词承受者时定式动作承受者
They asked us to discuss the problem at once
We were asked to discuss the problem at once
The problem was asked to be discussed at once问题求立刻讨（双重动）
She offered to buy a recorder for me
A recorder was offered to be bought for me提出帮买台录音机（双重动）
The teacher ordered that we should take the desk away
The desk was ordered to be taken away课桌求搬走（双重动）
J．列句子变成动语态时withby
Smoke filled the meeting room烟充满会议室
The meeting room was filled with smoke会议室里充满烟
A cloth covered the table块布桌子罩起
The table was covered with a cloth桌子铺着块布
K．变动语态结构
1．受动词限制
①表示状态物动词动语态
某表示状态物动词haveowncostlackwant(缺乏)become(适合)fitresemblefaillastfleebenefithold等作谓语时变动句
She resembles her mother妈妈
He lacks selfconfidence缺乏信
This hall can hold 2000 people厅容纳两千
②物动词have表示吃饭患病明白知道等意思时没动语态形式
Would you have a cup of tea喝杯茶？
She had a bad cold yesterdayand now she is feeling much better昨天重感现
③动词gettake表示懂知道owe表示欠cost表示失(生命健康等)意思时动词没相应动语态
Do you get me明白意思？
How do you take this passage段话理解？
I owe 50 pounds to you欠五十英镑
His careless driving cost his life粗心驾驶丧命
2．受宾语限制
①宾语相互代词反身代词具类似相互代词关系时动词动语态形式
They simply cannot contain themselves for joy简直法抑制心喜悦
He absented himself from a meeting yesterday昨天缺席会议
For years the two sisters looked after one another年两姐妹互相顾
②宾语前带语形容词性物代词时谓语动词通常转换动语态
I could not believe my eyes when I saw him still alive活着简直相信眼睛
The doctor shook his head and then went out without any words医生摇摇头句话没说出
注意：
动词宾语身体部分般变动语态例外
He fixed his eyes on the oil painting注视着幅油画
His eyes were fixed on the oil painting两眼注视着幅油画
③宾语起状语作表示数量重量程度时动语态
This kind of dictionary costs ten dollars种字典价值十美元
The case weighs twenty kilos箱子重二十公斤
④宾语源宾语时通常转换成动语态
He laughed a hearty laugh衷笑笑
She dreamt a sweet dream做美梦
⑤果宾语动词定式动词ing形式时谓语动词般变换成动语态
He admitted having done wrong承认做错
He has decided to go and study abroad已决定出国留学
⑥果enterleavereach宾语点国家机关等改动语态
He left the army in 19981998年退伍
She entered the hall at once立刻进入厅
⑦外拆开短语动词take placelose heartbelong toconsist ofchange colour等改动语态
The book belongs to me书
She caught a very bad cold患重感
必背：常见变动语态动宾词组
catch a cold感
eat one's words食言
lose heart丧失信心
lose patience失耐心
make a face做鬼脸
make up one's mind决心
make bed铺床
make room for……腾出方
keep watch守
keep silence保持安静
speak one's mind表明见解
take place发生
take one's time容迫着急
take office职
take one's leave请假
take notes作笔记
take up arms起武器
take one's place位
⑧含would rather情态动词dare句子改动语态
I would rather do it now宁现干件事
He dare not do it敢干件事

四动语态系表结构
谓系表结构指连系动词+作表语动词ed形式结构动语态形式完全样应时应注意区
A动语态中分词动词强调动作系表结构中分词相形容词强调状态前者通常by+by+抽象名词表动作执行者者般
The gate to the garden was locked by the girl花园门女孩锁（动结构）
The gate to the garden was locked花园门锁（系表结构）
The tree was blown down by the high winds棵树风吹倒（动结构）
The tree was blown down when we saw it棵树时已吹倒（系表结构）
注意：
少数连系动词be+作表语动词ed形式带by短语
The old man was surrounded by small children老孩子团团围住（动语态）
Guilin is surrounded by hills and mountains桂林周围山（系表结构）
We were held up by fog雾受阻（动语态）
The tree is known by its fruit果子知道什树（系表结构）
B系表结构般般现时般时等少数种时态动语态种时态
The composition is well written篇作文写（系表结构）
The composition is being written篇作文正写（动语态）
C系表结构中分词verytooso修饰动语态中分词须much修饰
The boy was too frightened to move孩子吓动敢动（系表结构）
He was very excited激动（系表结构）
He was much excited by the news听消息激动（动结构）
Dbe+物动词分词通常系表结构
Her money is all gone钱花光
The honoured guests are arrived贵宾
The moon is risen月亮升起
She is grown up长
The leaves are fallen树叶落
We are prepared for the worst已准备应付坏情况
E表示充满意思be+分词+with结构系表结构
The mountain is covered with snow all the year round座山终年积雪覆盖
The classroom was crowded with pupils教室里挤满学生
The lake is dotted with fishing boats湖里渔帆点点
The floor was piled with old books板堆满旧书
Fremainfeelliestandbecomegrow等词+分词结构系表结构
The matter remained unsettled件事悬未决
She felt disappointed感失
The road became crowded道路拥挤
G句中时间状语点状语时般动语态反系表结构
The bank is closed银行现关门（系表结构）
The bank is usually closed at six银行通常六点关门（动语态）
He is married结婚（系表结构）
五动形式表示动意义
英语中结构形式动表达意义动
A．某物动词动意义
英语中般物动词动语态物动词种结构时候某物动词动形式含动意义
When did the accident occur事什时候发生？
Icecream always goes well in hot weather冰淇淋暑天销路
Does life exist on the moon月球存着生命？
B．表示开始结束意思动词
Class begins at eight八点钟开始课
The meeting ended up with warm applause会议热烈掌声中结束
C．表示运转意义动词
The machine runs well机器运转良
His voice records well音录
D．readwritetranslate等动词表示行方式状语连时
动词readwritetranslateactaddwashwearcooklockselltearcutkeepfeelburnstrikelast等常表示行方式状语连表示动意义动词物动词物动词语时物动词语物时物动词动形式表示动意义
The book sells well书销路
My pen writes smoothly笔写
The play reads more easily than acts剧易读易演
提示：
动词常情态动词（半否定式）连表示动
His car can't move车开
E．表示状态特征连系动词动意义
表示状态特征连系动词looksmelltastesoundproveappearturn out等动形式表示动意义
Good medicine tastes bitter良药苦口
What he said proved to be correct话证明正确
The flowers smell sweet花闻起香
Your sentence doesn't sound right话听起头
F．动词进行时态表示动动作
The meat is cooking肉正烧
The book is printing书正印刷中
G．作表语定式结构动意义动
She is to blame应该受责备
The house is to let房出租

六动形式表示动意义
英语动形式表示动意义见状态动语态句中般说种情况
A．反身动词动形式表示动意义
反身动词（物动词+反身代词）作谓语时宾语反身代词表示动作返回执行者身语动作执行者动作承受者反身动词具特点动结构中动作承受者动作执行者句中表现出动意义
He seats himself at the back of the classroom坐教室面
He is seated at the back of the classroom坐教室面
He lost himself in the forest
He was lost in the forest森林中迷路
He dressed himself in a dark blue suit
He was dressed in a dark blue suit穿着套深蓝色衣服
注意：
介词短语作定语表语时动含义
The tall building under repair is an office building
正修建座高楼座办公楼
The result is nnow under consideration
结果现正考虑中
介词短语冠词时表示动意义冠词表示动意义
The children are in the charge of this nurse
孩子位护士
This nurse is in charge og the children
位护士负责孩子
B．引起……感情等动词动形式表动意义
The teacher is satisfied with what he said老师说感满意
We are opposed to unjust wars反非正义战争
We are prepared to accept his proposal准备采纳建议
He was tired with playing all day玩整天感疲倦
C．某表示定位移位动词
The earth is tilted a little球点倾斜
Hundreds of soldiers were stationed around the prison数百士兵驻扎监狱周围
The village is located at the foot of a hill村庄坐落山脚
D．物动词ed形式be连表示动意义
Spring is come春天
The moon was set and it was very dark月亮落天黑
He is advanced in years年纪
E．表示终止动词ed形式
He is done with it做完件事
My fever is gonebut I still have a cough烧已退点咳嗽
F．惯法
He was graduated from Beijing University毕业北
You are mistaken弄错
He is retired退休
G．动祈句
Do be seated请坐
Be preparedplease请准备
Get washed洗吧
Be concerned more about the wellbeing of the masses关心群众生活
He was married in Beijing北京结婚（动语态）
虚拟语气
第三章虚拟语气
虚拟语气（the subjunctive mood）称假设语气谓语动词种形式表示说话叙述容事实相反现实中存实现性

动词语气
语气区讲话某行事情法态度英语中语气(mood)三种分陈述语气祈语气虚拟语气

1陈述语气
陈述语气般叙述事实事实提出询问陈述句疑问句某感叹句
Where there is a willthere's a way志者事竟成
Can you help me carry the box upstairs帮箱子搬楼？
How I missed the life in the countryside想念乡村生活啊

2祈语气
祈语气表示说话方提出请求达命令
Come this wayplease请边走
Don't make any noisewill you吵行？
Do be careful when crossing the street马路时定心

3虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示动作状态客观存事实说话观愿假设推测等
If I were a birdI could fly in the air果鸟空中飞行
I wish it were spring all the year round愿四季春
May good luck be yours祝运

二条件句中虚拟语气

英语中条件句两类类真实条件句类非真实条件句果假设情况发生真实条件句果假设情况存发生虚拟条件句

A．真实条件句
真实条件句表示假设发生实现句句谓语动词陈述语气
If he doesn't come at 8we won't wait for him果八点等
If a flood happened in the pastthere was usually a great loss of life and property发生洪水话常生命财产损失
We shall go there unless it rains tomorrow果明天雨里
I'll let you use my bike on condition that you keep it clean果保持车子干净行车

B．非真实条件句
含非真实条件句复合句中句句谓语动词虚拟语气构成三种形式：
现事实相反if条件句谓语：were did
句谓：would(couldshouldmight)+do
事实相反if条件句谓语：had done
句谓：would(couldshouldmight)+have done
事实相反if条件句谓语：didwere
句谓：should do would(couldshouldmight)+do were to do

1．表示现事实相反条件
条件句动词式（be动词were）句should（第称）would（全部称）+动词原形情态动词couldmight代shouldwould表示情态
If it were Sunday tomorrowI would go and see my friends明天星期天话朋友
If I were youI should go and try试试
If wishes were horsesbeggars might ride
果幻想成马匹花子坐骑
would go if they treated me like a slave奴隶走

2．表示事实相反条件
条件句动词完成时句should（第称）would（全部称）+have donecouldmight代shouldwould
If I had known your telephone number yesterdayI would have telephoned you果昨天知道电话号码电话
If it had not rained this morningI should have gone shopping天早没雨买东西
The flood might have caused great damages to the people if we had not built so many reservoirs没修建水库洪水会民遭受巨损失

3．表示太实现条件
表示太实现条件句三种形式：
①weredid
条件句动词式（be动词were）句should（第称）would（全部称）+动词原形couldmight代shouldwould
If he were here tomorrowI would speak to him明天果里话谈谈
If you dropped the glassit would break杯子掉会碎
If she had timeshe could help me时间会帮
②should do
条件句中什称should do表示偶然实现性
If it should rainthe crops could be saved假雨庄稼救
We would trust him if he should be honest果真诚实相信
③were to do
条件句were+to do种形式较正式常出现书面语中假设成份实现性
If I were to do the workI should do it in a different way做项工作会方式做
If the headmaster were to comewhat would we say to him假校长说什呢？
：
太实现三种非真实条件句中虚拟语气
If it snowed tomorrowI would stay at home果明天雪话留家里
（常形式）
If it should snow tomorrowI would stay at home果明天雪话留家里
（性较）
If it were to snow tomorrowI would stay at home果明天雪话留家里（性）

C．省略if条件句
书面语中非真实条件句中werehadshould时省略ifwerehadshould放语前倒装结构
Were it necessaryI might go without delay果需话立（If it were necessary）
Had you taken my adviceyou wouldn't have failed in the exam听建议会考试格（If you had taken my advice）
Should I have timeI would call on her时间（If I should have time）

D．错综条件句
虚拟条件句中句句涉动作发生时间致时句句谓语形式应动作发生实际时间表达
If you hadn't watched TV yesterdayyou wouldn't be so sleepy now果昨天电视现会困（句yesterday说明句now说明现）
If they had left home early this morningthey would arrive in half an hour果天早离开家话半时该（句说明句说明）
If you hesitated this momentyou might suffer in the future果刻犹豫决会吃苦头（句说明现句说明）
注意：
情况was代语第称第三称单数时were
If were here tomorrow
说成：If he was here tomorrow
I wish I were a bird
说成：I sish I was a bird
倒装句型中werewas换
Were I in your positionI would not do it果处位置会干件事

E．含蓄条件句
非真实条件句中条件句时表达出暗含文中种句子做含蓄条件句含蓄条件句体三种情况：

1．条件暗含短语中
He would not get such a result without your help没帮助会天成果(条件暗含介词短语without your help中)
But for youI could not be recovered so soon会恢复快(条件暗含But for you中)
This same thinghappening in the pastwould lead to a disaster样事发生会酿成祸(条件暗含分词短语happening in the past中)
He must have been thereor he never could know the place so well定否绝会方熟悉(暗含条件连词or)

2．条件根文推理出
It would do you no good会没处(条件if you should give up the job果放弃项工作话)
They could have won会赢(条件if they had been patient果耐心话)
Such mistakes could have been avoided种错误完全避免（条件if you had been more careful果更加心点话）
Why didn't you tell me about it I should have helped you什告诉？会帮助（条件if you had told me about it果时告诉话）
Did you go to see him yesterday昨天？
I would havebut someone dropped over to my house for a visit原想家玩（条件if no one had dropped over to my house for a visit果没家玩话）

3．条件形式表示
She was illotherwise she would have been present at the meeting病否话会出席会议（条件通连词otherwiseor表示出If she had not been ill）
I told him to go there himselfbut perhaps I should have gone together with him里许应该道（连词but暗示条件）
Suppose you were in my shoeswhat would you do假站立场会办？（supposesupposingproviding等词表示if）
To talk with heryou would know she could not hear well果交谈会知道听力（动词定式带假设意思相If you should talk with her）
Left to himselfhe could not have finished the work放话完成工作（动词ed形式表示条件If he had been left to himself）
提示：
情况虚拟式已变成惯说法难找出暗含条件
You wouldn't know会知道
I would like to go with you愿意起
三虚拟语气种句中法

虚拟语气非真实条件句外部分语句宾语句表语句位语句定语句状语句中

A．名词性句中虚拟语气
句中动词名词形容词表示求建议命令愿等含义相关名词性句（语句宾语句表语句位语句）中谓语动词虚拟语气

1．语句中虚拟语气
语句通常It is+形容词名词动词ed形式+that结构语句中否虚拟语气取决形容词动词ed形式谓语动词常should+动词原形（美国英语常省略should动词原形）
①表示建议命令
It is important that we(should)work out a study plan重制订出学计划
It will be better that we(should)meet some other time时间见面
It is suggested that each student(should)sing a song in English建议学生唱首英文歌曲
It is demanded that he should leave at once求立刻离开
②表示惊讶
It is strange that he should have failed to see his own shortcomings真奇怪竟缺点
It is a pityshame that I should be at school instead of lying here in hospital真惜应学校躺医院里
It is natural that you should forget it first起先记住然

必背：
常见接含虚拟语气语句词
形容词：importantnecessaryurgentessentialvitalnaturalstrangeproper等
动词ed形式：arrangedsuggestedorderedrequireddesireddemandedproposed等
It is necessary that the program(should)be loaded into the computer必程序输入电脑
It is strange that he should have learned so much in such a short time奇怪竟然短时间学东西
It is desired that we(should)get everything ready by tonight希切晚前准备绪

2．宾语句
虚拟语气常表示求建议命令愿动词宾语句中
常见宾语句中需should+动词原形动词：
坚持：insist
两命令：ordercommand
三建议：suggestadvisepropose
四求：demandrequireaskdesire
①suggest（建议）order(命令)propose(建议)insist（坚持做）command(命令)request（求）advise（建议）等动词宾语句中谓语动词should+动词原形（美国英语常省略should）
The examination instructor asked that the students(should)not use a calculator考官求学生计算器
The workers demanded that their wages(should)be raised by 10 percent工求增加百分十工资
They requested that he(should)sing a song求唱首歌
较：
动词suggestinsist面宾语句应根情况选陈述语气虚拟语气
suggest作建议解时虚拟语气作想起暗示解时陈述语气
His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision沉默暗示赞决定（暗示）
He suggested that I(should)stick to my decision建议坚持决定（建议）
insist作坚决求解时虚拟语气作坚持认解时陈述语气
He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people's health坚持认做早操健康益（强调）
He insists that he(should)do morning exercises every day坚持天做早操（求）
②动词wish宾语句中虚拟语气表示实现愿
般时weredid表示目前实现愿
I wish I were a bird愿鸟
I wish I knew the answer知道答案
完成时had done表示实现愿
I wish she had taken my advice时接受建议
I wish that I had seen her yesterday真希昨天见
时wouldcould do表示没握实现愿
I wish you would stay an hour longer希呆时
I wish it could stop raining愿雨停
提示：
wishhope汉语意思差容易出错wish般表示希愿表示实现愿接句时虚拟语气hope表示希指实现希接句时陈述语气
The students hope that their football team will win the game学生希足球队获胜（实现）
I wish I could see him now希现（实现）

3．表语句位语句中虚拟语气
表示建议劝告命令等含义名词表语句位语句中谓语动词should+动词原形结构
My advice is that you(should)practise speaking English as often as possible建议常练说英语
The demand is that the composition(should)be written on one side only求作文必须单面誊写
It is my desire that all the members of the family(should)gather once a year愿家庭成员年团圆次
The suggestion that education(should)be reformed is reasonable教育改革建议合理
必背：
表示建议劝告命令等含义名词常见
advice建议
demand求
desire愿
decision决定
idea意见
motion提议
order命令
proposal提议
requirement求
request请求
regulation规章
suggestion建议

B．状语句中虚拟语气
①方式状语句
as ifas though引导状语句陈述语气表示符合事实情况虚拟语气表示事实符事实相反情况
a表示现事实相符般时
The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child位老师位学生亲生孩子样（位学生亲生孩子）
b表示事实相符完成时
I felt as though we had known each other for years感觉认识年（实没认识年）
c表示事实相符wouldmightcould
It looks as if it might rain天雨（雨）
：
He looks as if he is young样子年轻（年轻）
He looks as if he were young样子年轻（实际年轻）

②目状语句
ain caselestfor fear that引导目状语句动词should+动词原形结构表示忧虑目
Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I(should)forget请明天提醒件事免忘记
She emphasized it again and againlest he(should)forget强调点免忘记
We had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face for fear that there
should be any misunderstanding
开会面面谈件事免发生误会
bin order thatso that引导目状语句中can(could)may(might)
I shall write down your telephone number so that I may not forget电话号码记免忘记
They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time提前完成工作常更加努力
We will tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself真实情况告诉作出判断

③步状语句
步状语句指事实时句谓语动词陈述语气句容表示现假设情况句谓语动词虚拟语气
Though he(should)failthere would still be hope失败线希
I should say the same thing even if he were here里说
Whether he(should)succeed or failwe shall have to do our part成功失败做事
However hard it might rain rainswe shall go there together雨晚里
No matter what his social position(might)bea man is equal in the eye of the law社会位法律面前等

C．定语句中虚拟语气
It is(high)time(that)结构中定语句谓语动词式表示某该做某事时间
It is time that the children went to bed孩子睡觉时间
It is high time that we began the meeting正开会时间

四句型中虚拟语气

A．If only
If only位句首引起感叹句虚拟语气动词般时表示目前愿完成时表示愿wouldcould表示
If only he knew the answer知道答案（时表示现）
If only I could speak several foreign languages讲种外语（wouldcould表示）
If only you had told me the truth before前告诉真相（完成时表示）
注意：if onlywish法相表示意愿基相
If only it would rain愿天点雨How I wish it would rain
If only I had known her earlier早点认识I wish I had known her earlier
B．would rather
would ratherwould preferwould sooner等接句表示宁愿动词时表示时情况完成时表示情况
I would rather you left today宁天走
I would prefer he didn't stay here too long倒希呆太久
I would rather I hadn't seen that film yesterday宁愿昨天没场电影
提示：
would rather两种法
1．接带to定式
I'd rather play tennis than swim宁愿网球愿游泳
I'd rather not go to the movies宁愿电影
Which would you rather havetea or coffee喜欢喝茶咖啡
2．接连词that句
I'd rather you went home now希现回家
I would rather my daughter attended a public school希女公立学校

C．表示愿感叹句
表示祝愿感叹句中动词原形表示愿
Long live the People's Republic of China中华民国万岁
May you be happy祝您快乐
God bless you帝保佑
Success attend you祝成功
The Lord save us愿救

D．情态动词虚拟语气
部分情态动词形式（couldmightshouldwould）非真实条件句结构中表示虚拟语气

1．表示想猜测
If I could speak FrenchI would teach you果会说法语教（会教）
If you phoned him right nowyou might get the matter settled果现电话问题解决
There could be something wrong with the tape recorder台录音机出毛病
He might have said so样说
Could he have done such a foolish thing会做样傻事？

2．表示委婉客气
虚拟语气（couldwouldmight+动词原形）说话者口气变委婉客气
You could answer this email for me回电子邮件
Could you leave me your telephone number and address电话号码址留？
Would you mind opening the window劳驾窗子开？
You might as well put off the discussion till next week妨讨推迟星期

较：
would lide to do
愿意想
would lide to have done
想
I would like(to have)a word with you想谈谈(现想)
I would like to have talked with you原想谈谈（没谈成）

3．表示惋惜责备
Given more timewe could have done better果更时间够干更（没更时间）
You could have got up a little earlier完全早点起（实际没早起）
It was cold yesterdayI should have worn a heavy coat昨天冷该穿件厚外套（没穿）
This wall shouldn't have been pained blue墙应该漆成蓝色（已漆）
提示：
代英语显著变化虚拟语气越越少许该虚拟语气方陈述语气代
He suggested that I went to the hospital at once建议立刻医院（原应should go）
We shall write down the address lest we forget址记免忘记（原应should forget）
Imagine you are an astronaut设想宇航员（原应were）

情态动词
第四章情态动词（）
情态动词表示说话动作状态种观点态度需猜测意愿怀疑等情态动词词义完全谓辅助性动词句中单独充谓语

情态动词特征形式

A情态动词种形式见表：
情态动词
may
might
can
could
must
have to
ought to
will
would
shall
should
need
dare
used to

否定式
may not
might not
cannotcan not
could not
must not
do not have to
ought not to
will not
would not
shall not
should not
need not
dare not
used not to
did not use to

简略否定式
mayn't（老式英语现常见）
mightn't
can't
couldn't
mustn't
don't have to
oughtn't to（否定句中to省略）
won't
wouldn't
shan't（英国英语）
shouldn't
needn't
daren't
usedn't to
didn't use to

B．情态动词ought toused to等外面接带to定式

1．情态动词+do
You shouldn't be so careless该样粗心意
Jessica told him yesterday she might not go on the trip
杰西卡昨天告诉旅行
Difficulties can and must be overcome
困难够必须克服

2．情态动词+be doing
She must be listening to pop music
肯定听流行音乐
You should be reviewing your lessons
应该复功课
My mother maymight be cooking now
妈妈正做饭

3．情态动词+have done
They might have visited the Great Wall
参观长城
He must have got up very early to catch the train
定起早赶火车
You ought to have come earlier
该早点

4．情态动词+be done
This word can also be used as a verb
词作动词
Something must be done to stop pollution
必须采取措施制止污染
The work ought to have been finished long ago
工作早该完成

C情态动词第三称单数般现时没词形变化
You ought to wear a raincoat
应该穿件雨衣
She ought to wear a raincoat
应该穿件雨衣
Plants must have oxygen in order to live
存活植物必须氧气
A plant must have oxygen in order to live
存活植物必须氧气

D情态动词时态区分时间标志场合中情态动词现式式表示现时间时间时间
I'm afraid it might rain tonight
晚雨
Could I borrow your thermos
暖水瓶？
It's a nice day todayWe could go for a walk
天天气错出散散步

E情态动词互相排斥般允许两意义相情态动词连
误Soldiers must have to obey orders
正Soldiers have to obey orders
军必须服命令
正Soldiers must obey orders
军必须服命令
误Can I be able to borrow two books at a time
正Can I borrow two books at a time
次两书？
正Will I be able to borrow two books at a time
次两书？
情态动词意义法

Amaymight

1．表示请求许常译
口语中cancould代may正式场合may表示允许时might代might表示时表示口气较婉转
You may take this seat if you like
果喜欢坐位置
MayCan Could Might I have a talk with you
谈谈？
MayMight I come into the room to see my mother
进房间母亲？
Noyou mustn'tShe needs to have a good rest
进需休息
提示：
May I问句常见肯定回答否定回答
肯定回答
Yesplease
Certainly
Yesof course
Sure
Go aheadplease

否定回答
Noyou can't（常见）
Noyou mustn't（具强烈禁止意思）
Please don'tYou'd better not
I don't think you can
I'm sorry it's not allowed

2．表示推测译许
Your math teacher maymight be in his office数学老师办公室里（般情况might表示性）
The light isn't onIt maymight be broken
盏灯没亮坏
There may might be some ink left in the bottle
瓶子里许剩点墨水
注意：
may表示推测般疑问句疑问句中通常can代
Can he be at home
家？
Can it be true
真？
It may beor may not be


3．目状语句中构成谓语
He wants to take a taxi so that he may get there in time
想坐出租车样时达里
I arrived at the airport earlier in order that I might meet him
早早机场接

4．时祈句表示祝愿
May you succeed
祝成功
May you be happy
祝快乐
May that day come soon
希天早日

Bcancould
1．表示力译会
I can swim会游泳
Emily can dance well and her mother could dance well when she was young
艾米丽舞跳妈妈年轻时舞跳
The cinema can seat 1000 people
电影院容纳1000
I could not read such an easy book when I was 7 years old
七岁时连简单书懂

2．表示允许许常口语中couldcan语气客气
Could I use your dictionary
字典？
Yesgo ahead
吧（Yesyou can说Yesyou could）
Could Can you tell me how to get to the zoo
劳驾告诉动物园？
He asked me whether he could take the book out of the reading room
问书带出阅览室

3．表示推测肯定句（can罕见）否定句疑问句更常见疑问句否定句种法中cancould没时态区表示性can表示推测性could
Can he be ill at home
会生病家？
Can the story be true
事会真？
He cannot be at home
家
You mustn't smoke while you are walking around in the woodsYou could start a fire
林子里走时定吸烟样会引起火灾

4．表示惊异怀疑相信等态度否定句疑问句中
How can you be so careless
粗心？
Where can could they have gone
会里？
He can'tcouldn't be over sixty
超60岁

5．Could虚拟条件句中
If I could flyI should be very happy
果飞会高兴
If you had followed my adviceyou could have finished it
果时听早做完
If you had tried harderyou could have passed your exam
果努力通考试

６．canbe able to区

①can表示力时be able to相许场合互相换叙述番努力完成事情前面特殊说明表示力时be able to
正Can you speak any foreign languages
会说外语？
正Are you able to speak any foreign languages
会说外语？
误The fire spread the building quickly but everybody could escape
正The fire spread the building quickly but everybody was able to escape
火迅速蔓延整幢楼家逃出
正The fire spread the building quickly but everybody managed to escape
火迅速蔓延整幢楼家想法逃出

②be able tocan更形式
No one could answer the question
没回答问题（里couldwas able to代）
When he grows uphe will be able to support his family
长养家
Frank is illHe hasn't been able to go to school for one week
弗兰克病已周没学
I'm sorry for not being able to help you in time
起时帮忙

③could常动词seehearsmelltastefeelrememberunderstand等连
When we went into the housewe could smell something burning
走进屋子时闻什东西烧焦（was able to）
She spoke in a very low voicebut I could understand what she said
然讲话声音低明白说话

④谈说话时发生动作canbe able to
误LookI'm able to swim
正LookI can swim
会游泳

C．musthave to

1．must表示做某动作必义务强调观法译必须应该
Everyone must obey the rule
必须遵守制度
We must do everything step by step
必须逐步做件事
Teachers must be patient enough with their students
老师必须学生足够耐心

2．have to表示客观需促语做某事
You can't turn right hereYou have to turn left
里右拐必须左拐
My eyesight is very poorI have to wear glasses for reading
视力差书时戴眼镜
You have to pass a test before you can get a driving licence
取驾前必须先通考试
提示：
口语中have got to代have to
I've got to work on Sunday
星期天工作
When has Ann got to go
安必须什时候走？

3．musthave to较
musthave to表示必须意思时意义相法区
①must含说话者强烈决意（表示观法）have to表示外力环境惯然（表示客观必作解）
I must study hard
必须努力学（发心决定）
I have to study hard
努力学（外界素逼迫）
You must stay for supper
必须留吃晚饭（because I want you to）
You have to stay for supper
留吃晚饭（because there is nowhere else to go）
②must种形式have to种时态
They had to put off the sports meet due to the bad weather
坏天气推迟运动会
These last two days he has had to take a rest at home
两天必须直家休息
③must否定式have to否定式意思完全
You must keep it a secretYou mustn't tell anyone
必须保密告诉（mustn't表示禁止）
You don't have to tell me the secret必告诉秘密
（don't have to意思没必don't need to）

4．must表示推测肯定程度maymightcould般肯定句
①must do(里do通常状态动词系动词)表示现状态推测
He must be very lazy for his desk is very untidy
肯定懒课桌整洁
Carol must get very bored with her jobShe does the same thing every day
卡罗尔肯定工作厌烦天做样事
②must be doing表示现动作状态推测
Put on more clothesYou must be feeling cold with only a shirt on
穿点衣服穿件衬衣肯定觉冷
③must have done表示动作状态推测
The ground is wetIt must have rained last night
面湿昨晚肯定雨
I didn't hear the phoneI must have been asleep
没听见电话铃响定睡着
提示：
must表示推测肯定句否定句疑问句cancould代must
He's just had his lunchHe can't be hungry already
刚吃午饭会饿
They have just arrived hereThey can't know many people
刚里认识
Leslie walked past me without speakingHe can'tcouldn't have seen me
莱斯利身边走没招呼肯定没见

5．must表示根逻辑推理必然发生事译必然会总会
We all must die
会死
Truth must be out
真相必然会白
Winter must be followed by spring
冬天春天会远？

6．must时表示偏偏意思
Why must it rain today

什偏偏天雨？
When I was taking a napa student must knock at the door
正午睡时偏偏学生时候敲门
D．willwould

1willwould第二称疑问句表示请求建议等wouldwill委婉客气
Will you have some tea
喝点茶？
Will you share your happiness with us
欢乐享？
Would you pass this book to the student in the last row
请书传排学生？
必背：
WillWould you表示请求建议答复
肯定回答
Yesplease请
Certainly然
Sure然
All right啊

否定回答
I'm sorryI can't起行
Nothank you行
NoI won't行

2．willwould表示意志愿决心种称陈述句
I will do anything for you
愿做事
I will never tell you the secret
永远会告诉秘密
None is so blind as those who won't see
愿眼睛瞎
They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed
进衣着破旧

3．willwould表示某种倾惯性动作will表示现惯动作would表示惯动作
He will surf the Internet every night
天晚网
The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by
男孩常常坐钟头着车辆行通
He would be nervous when he met strangers
遇见陌生时总紧张
In class he would ask some silly questionsand his classmates would laugh at him
课总问蠢问题学总嘲笑

4．will表示固执坚持时will'll简略形式非称语时表示物体固性质倾
I will take the joband no one can stop me
工作没阻止
He won't do what he's told
愿吩咐做
The window won't open
窗子开
This glass will not crack under heavy pressure
种玻璃重压会破碎

5．will表示时间时条件状语句will表示意愿决心时条件状语句
If you will read the bookI'll lend it to you
果愿意读书会
If you will give up smokingyour health will improve
果愿意烟戒掉话健康状况会转

6．willwould表示推猜测
The patient took the sleeping pills an hour agoHe will be asleep now
病时前吃安眠药现应该睡着
It would be about ten when he left home
约十点钟离开家
I thought he would have told you about it
认已告知事
It would be raining when she went home
回家时正雨
较：
Would you like表示邀请
Do you like表示惯
——Do you like going go the cinema
喜欢电影？
——YesI go to the cinema a lot
常电影
——Would you like to go to the cinema tonight
天晚电影？
——YesI'd love to
非常乐意

E．shallshould

1．shall
①表示征询意见请求指示三称疑问句
Shall I carry it for you
帮搬？
Shall we sing a song
唱支歌？
Shall they wait outside
外面等？
Shall the waiter bring meals to your room
服务员饭送房间？
提示：
Shall I open the window
开窗子？
Will you open the window
开窗子？
Shall he open the window
开窗子？
②表示说话意愿命令允诺警告决心等意思第二三称陈述句中
You shall do as I say
说做（命令）
He shall be sorry for it one dayI tell you
告诉总天会悔（警告）
You shall fall behind in your exam if you keep playing
果直玩会考试中落
Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan
什阻止执行项计划（决心）
He shall have the book when I finish reading
完书（允诺）
I shall do my homework after reading this story book
读完事书做作业

2．should
①表示义务意应该（某件事宜做）种称
Children should obey their parents
童应该服父母
One shouldn't be selfish
千万私
Customers who get bad service should complainshouldn't they
没满意服务顾客应该抱怨？
②常whathowwhy等词连表示意外惊讶等情绪
How should I know
会知道呢
Why should I fear
什会害怕？
What should she do but cry for help
呼救外干什？
I don't know why you should think I did it
真知道什认件事干
③表示现情况某种推测译说应该
It should be fine tomorrow
明天天晴天
He should be taking a bath now
洗澡
It's nearly seven o'clockJack should be here at any moment
已快七点杰克时
The film should be very good as it is starring firstclass actors
部新电影流演员演估计拍
④表示现前动作责怪批评（应做事没做）
The boys shouldn't be playing footballThey should be at school
男孩子应该踢足球应该课
You shouldn't have entered the teachers'office without permission
没允许应该进老师办公室

F．ought to
1．表示义务意应该（责义务该做）口气should稍重
We ought to defend our country
应保卫国家（公民应义务）
You ought to respect your parents
应尊敬父母
Oughtn't we to do everything possible to stop pollution
难道应制止污染？
2．表示推测暗含译应该会
Prices ought to come down soon
价格会快跌
Han Mei ought to know his telephone number
韩梅该知道电话号码
There's a fine sunsetit ought to be a fine day tomorrow
天晚霞明天应该天
3．ought toshould样表示现前应做事没做责怪批评
You ought to be washing your clothesWhy are you playing PingPong
应该洗衣服（没洗）什乒乓球？
You ought to have handed in the exercise last week
周应交练（没交含责备意思）
He ought to have asked me before he took my bike
行车前应该讲声

4．ought toshould较
ought toshould含义较完全相ought to表示应该义务理推断角度讲should说话法角度讲
You are her motherYou ought to look after her
母亲应（道义责should互换）
We should encourage him for we are his classmates
应该鼓励班学啊
提示：
表示义务时口语中had betterbe supposed to代shouldought to
If you are not wellyou had better ask Alice to go instead
果舒服艾丽丝代
I'm supposed to be there at 8 o'clock
应该八点里

G．used to
1．used to表示惯某时期状况现已存
He used to drink tea but now he drinks coffee
总喝茶现喝咖啡（强调现喝茶）
I know where there used to be a river here
知道前里条河（现没河）
When I was a child I didn't use to like tomatoes
时候喜欢吃西红柿
He is not what he used to be
已原
Where did you use to live before you came here
前住什方？

2．wouldused to法区
①used to表示现某时情况强调现已惯would表示情况现关
When he was younghe would smoke a lot
年轻时总吸许烟（含现较现许抽许抽）
He used to live in the countrybut now he lives in the city住乡现住城里
②used to表示惯动作状态would表示惯动作
Kate used to be very thin
前凯特非常瘦
There used to be a building at the street cornerbut it has been pulled down
街道拐角处座楼房现拆（would）
③used to泛指惯动作状态would表示惯动作时带特定时间状语
误We would play hideandseek in the fields
正We used to play hideandseek in the fields
常田野里玩捉迷藏
正Whenever we were in the countrywe would play hideandseek in the fields
乡田野里玩捉迷藏
H．dare
dare作情态动词作行动词指勇气胆量译敢
1．情态动词dare
①dare作情态动词时疑问句否定句般肯定句中
I dare not daren't walk through the forest at night
敢黑夜穿森林
Dare you walk through the forest at night
敢黑夜穿森林？
YesI dare
敢
NoI daren't
敢
He dare not drive too fast on the rainy day
雨天敢开太快
He dared not do it last year
年敢做事（dare时dared）

②表示怀疑名词性句中
I wonder how he dare say such things
真奇怪竟敢说出样话
We don't know whether he dare climb the mountain
知道否敢爬座山
③条件状语句中
If the enemy dare enter the villagewe'll fight against them to the end
果敌敢进入村里战斗底
If you dare cheat in your examI will give you some punishment
果敢考试中作弊惩罚

2．行动词dare
①dare作行动词肯定句中疑问句否定句中
He will dare any danger
敢面危险
He dared me to jump over the stream
激跳溪
Did anyone dare to admit it
敢承认？
I have never dared(to)go back to take a look
敢返回眼（否定句中to省略）
②行动词样dare句子中着语称数发生变化
He doesn't dare to walk at night
敢走夜路（作行动词）
He daren't walk at night
敢走夜路（作情态动词）
Does he dare to walk at night
敢走夜路？（作行动词）
Dare he walk at night
敢走夜路？（作情态动词）
He didn't dare to walk at night fifteen years ago
15年前敢走夜路（作行动词）
He daren't walk(dared not walk)at night fifteen years ago
15年前敢走夜路（作情态动词）
Will you dare to do the same experiment tomorrow
明天敢做样实验？（作行动词）
Dare you do the same experiment tomorrow？
明天敢做样实验？（作情态动词）
必背：
英语口语中dare常结构：
●I dare say
想概许……
I dare say things will improve
想情况会转
●How dare you
敢……？
How dare you ask me such a question
敢问样问题？
●I dare you
谅敢……
I dare you to tell your parents
谅敢告诉父母

I．need
1．情态动词need
needdare样作情态动词时否定句疑问句般肯定句中（肯定句中常musthave toought toshould等情态动词取代）作情态动词词形need种形式
You needn't return the book nowYou can keep it till next week if you like现必书果愿意周（needn'tdon't have to）
Need I hand in my homework now
现交家庭作业？
Need he finish the article next week
星期完成篇文章？
Yeshe must
必须完成
Nohe needn't
需（he doesn't have to）

2．行动词need
needdare样作行动词肯定句否定句疑问句中行动词need称数变化
Plant needs water
植物需水
My shirt needs a button
衬衫需枚钮扣
My car needs repairing
车该修理
He has grown upWe don't need to worry about him
已长必担心
You don't need to buy so many things for the picnic
必次野餐买东西
Patience is needed for that job
干工作需耐心
提示：
Need作情态动态时肯定句中
误She need do her homework by herself(need作情态动词时肯定句中)
正She needs to do her homework by herself
该独立完成家庭作业


第四章情态动词（二）
情态动词+动词完成式

情态动词+have done情态动词十分重结构种结构两法
表示发生动作状态推测估计
may might have done
表示概已
通常肯定句否定句
might时疑问句
can could have done
表示已
通常疑问句否定句
could时肯定句
must have done
表示定已
肯定句具较性
should have done表示该性较
表示发生动作遗憾责备
might have done
表示
通常肯定句
could have done
表示
通常肯定句
should have done
表示应该
肯定句否定句疑问句
ought to have done
表示应该
should have done
needn't have done
表示没必
否定句

A．maymighthave done
1．表示事实肯定推测常译已
They might have taken a later train许坐晚点火车
He seems to know the city quite wellHe may have been there before似城市熟悉前
2．表示应该做没做某事含轻微责备口吻遗憾
You might have given him more helpthough you were busy应该更帮助然忙
The proposal might have been refused建议该拒绝

B．cancould have done

1．表示事实推测常否定句疑问句
He can't couldn't have watched TV yesterday for he knew they would have an exam昨天电视知道快考试
I don't know why she didn't call me yesterdayCan(Could)she have forgotten my telephone number知道昨天什没电话难道会电话号码忘？
He didn't come to school yesterdayCan he have been ill昨天没学校难道生病？

2．could表示做未做事感惋惜遗憾译成……
Why didn't Sophie apply for the job She could have got it什索菲申请项工作？
Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York You could have stayed with Barbara纽约时什住宾馆？完全芭芭拉住起
Given more timewe could have done the work better果更时间完全项工作干更

C．must have done

1．表示事实握推测具较性肯定句中否定句疑问句cancould have done
His watch must have stopped表肯定停
I rang your flat yesterdayA man answered but I didn't recognize the voice昨天家电话位男士接电话没听出谁声音
Ohit must have been my brother Peter哦定哥哥彼

2．虚拟语气中时表示事实相反
You must have caught the bus if you had got up earlier果早点起床话准赶班公汽车（事实没赶公汽车）
He must have won the game if he had been careful enough果足够细心话准赢赛

D．needn't have done
责备表示没必做某事做
The airport is close to usYou needn't have hurried there early机场离没必早早赶里（早早）
He is still youngYou needn't have sent him such an expensive present没必送昂贵礼物
注意：
表示必做没做意需didn't need to do
It is not cold todayI didn't need to take the thick sweaters out天天气冷没必厚毛衣出（实际没）

E．shouldought to have done

1．表示动作责备批评
You should have gone over your lessons(In fact you didn't go over your lessons)应功课复（事实没）
You shouldn't have watched TV last night(In fact you watched TV last night)昨天晚该电视（）
You oughtn't to have entered the teachers'office without permission没允许该进老师办公室
You oughtn't to have gone to the deserted place alone该独荒凉

2．表示期推测
If the flight was on timeyou should ought to have arrived in Shanghai early this morning果航班准点话早海
The building should ought to have been completed by the end of the week幢建筑物周末前应该完工

F．would have done

表示事实相反假设结果
I would have been happy to see himbut I didn't have time会高兴见面没时间见
If your father had still been alivehe would have felt very proud of you父亲果健话会骄傲
动词定式
第五章动词定式（）

动词定式动词种非谓语形式句中单独作谓语动词定式具动词性质宾语状语构成动词定式短语形式变化般式进行式完成式动式时动词定式具非动词性质相名词形容词副词句中担语宾语宾语补足语表语定语状语

动词定式特征种类

动词定式定式符号to+动词原形构成某情况to省略

A．定式般式
定式般式表示动作通常谓语动作时时发生发生
He appears to be very happy起高兴（时发生）
To catch the trainwe'd better hurry to the station by taxi赶火车赶紧出租车车站（to catch the train发生hurry to the station）

B．定式进行式
定式进行式表示正进行谓语动词时发生动作
It happened to be raining when I got there达里时候天碰巧雨
I'm glad to be traveling with you高兴起旅游

C．定式完成式
定式完成式表示动作谓语表示动作前发生
I'm sorry to have lost your key抱歉钥匙弄丢
I meant to have finished my work last nightbut I didn't feel very well想昨晚完成工作感觉身体舒服
It has been an honor for me to have been invited to your country说邀请国家件荣幸事情

D．定式完成进行式
定式完成进行式表示动作谓语前发生直进行着
He was said to have been living in London for twenty years说伦敦直住20年
I'm sorry to have been interrupting you抱歉直扰
较：
定式时态意义
He is said to be studying abroad说正国外读书（定式进行式表示动作正进行）
He is said to have studied abroad说国外学（定式完成式表示动作已结束）

E．定式动形式
定式逻辑语定式表示动作承受者时定式般动形式定式动形式根谓语动作发生先关系般式完成时两种

1．般式to be done
These are the books to be given out to the students发学生书
He asked to be sent to the place where he was most needed求派需方
2．完成式to have been done
The novel is said to have been translated into many languages说部说已译成种语言
He appeared to have been questioned for many times起已询问次

F定式否定形式
定式否定形式notnever加定式构成
We decided not to go out because of the bad weather天气决定出
Never to have made any mistake is impossible犯错
注意：谓语动词否定定式否定意义
I did not promise to wake him up没答应醒
I promised not to wake him up答应醒
动词定式法

动词定式单独作谓语外担句子中句子成分

A．动词定式作语
定式具名词特征句子中充语
1．定式短语句首作语
To know oneself is difficult贵知明
To say is one thing and to do is another说回事做回事
To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get爱爱获幸福
2．it作形式语
情况通常it作形式语定式移谓语句子结构显稳
It's rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer背着老师拒绝回答问题礼貌
It is impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking effort想苦功学会外语
It seemed a pity to have wasted so much time浪费时间真遗憾
注意：
语表语定式时形式语代动词定式
To respect others is to be respected尊重尊重
To become a slave is to give up one's freedom做奴隶等放弃

B．动词定式作表语
定式作表语说明语具体容表示目
His wish is to become an astronaut愿成名宇航员
What he hoped was to be admitted into the university希学录取
To live is to do something worthwhile活着做价值事情
注意：
作表语定式结构动意义动
She is to blame应该受责备
The house is to let房出租
The result is not long to see结果久会

C．动词定式作宾语
定式充部分物动词宾语充butexcept等介词宾语形容词宾语
1．作动词宾语
①定式充部分物动词宾语
Father likes to listen to music in silence父亲喜欢静静听音乐
He prefers to be starved to death rather than beg宁愿饿死愿乞讨
I never thought to meet you here没想里遇见
必背：
接定式作宾语动词：
afford负担起
agree意
aim……目标
ask求
attempt尝试
begin开始
care喜爱
choose决定
continue继续
decide决定
desire求
determine决心
expect期
fail
forget忘记
hate愿
hope希
ntend算
manage设法
mean算
offer表示愿意
plan计划
prefer宁愿
pretend假装
promise答应
refuse拒绝
remember记起
try努力
want想
wish希
②feelfindmakethinkconsider等动词果宾语带宾语补足语时常常it作形式宾语真实宾语放宾语补足语
I found it possible to work out the problem without a computer发现计算机解出道题目
She made it a rule to get up at five养成五点起床惯
I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students觉邀请会面学生发言件光荣事情
③表示希算等动词（hopeexpectintendmeanwant等）式接动词定式完成式表示没实现动作
I intended to have called on youbut was prevented from doing so原想拜访没成
I expected to have met him here last night昨天晚里见（没做）
We meant to have stayed there a week原算呆星期
I wanted to have dropped her a linebut forgot to do so原想写封信忘记

提示：
表示原算原类动词完成时表达
I had intended to call on you原想拜访
I had expected to meet him here last night原昨天晚里见
We had meant to stay there a week原算呆星期

2．作介词宾语
定式作介词butexcept宾语
The teacher made no comments except to tell him to work hard老师努力学外未做评价
He had no choice but to sit there as usual没什选择常样坐
There is nothing we can do but wait patiently耐心等

3．作形容词宾语
定式作形容词宾语两种句型句子语定式逻辑语句子语定式逻辑宾语
①句子语定式逻辑语类形容词ableafraidangryanxiouscarefulclevercontentcrueldetermineddisappointedeagerfoolishfortunatefrightenedhappyimpatientgladluckynaughtypreparedproudreadyslowshockedsorrysurprisedwilling等
I am sorry to say that he is going from bad to worse遗憾情况况愈
She was not content to live a quiet life in a small town满足镇里默默闻生活
John was happy to be given the job约翰份工作高兴
②句子语定式逻辑宾语类形容词easyhardcheapexpensivedangerousdifficultfunnyfitimpossibleinterestingnicepleasantsimplestrangeuseful等
This problem is easy to solve问题容易解决
The water is not fit to drink水适饮
She is hard to get along with难相处
注意：种结构中果定式物动词必须加结构含义需介词
The river is dangerous to swim in条河里游泳危险
A spring mattress is comfortable to sleep on席梦思床垫睡舒服

D．动词定式作宾语补足语
定式语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语句型中充宾语补足语句型中宾语动词定式逻辑语

1．表示感觉动词作宾语补足语定式带to类动词：seehearfeelwatchnoticeobservelook atlisten to等
I heard them sing yesterday昨天听见唱歌
Did you see him go out见出？
I felt something crawl up my leg感什东西爬腿
注意：转动语态时原带to定式变成带to定式noticewatch没动语态
We saw the car stop
n The car was seen to stop见辆车停
n
2．役动词作宾语补足语定式带to
类动词：makelethave等转动语态时通常带to定式（have没动语态）
动词定式作宾语补足语时省to动词：
感二听三四观
感：feel二听：hearlisten to三：lethavemake四观：observeseewatchlook at
What would you have me do做什？
She made him give up smoking戒烟
Let him do whatever he wishes to do想干什干吧
Though he had often made his little sister crytoday he was made to cry by his little sister然常弄哭妹妹天妹妹弄哭

3．表示心理状态动词作宾语补足语类动词：considerthinkbelievediscoverfindimaginejudgesupposeprove等类动词定式通常to be+形容词名词结构thinkconsiderfindto be常省略
We consider him(to be)a good teacher认老师
He proved that theory(to be)very important证明理重
I thought her(to be)nice and honest the first time I met her第次见时候认诚实

4．表示情感状态动词作宾语补足语类动词：lovelikepreferhatewantwishexpect等
I'd prefer you to leave him alone希扰
I don't want there to be any trouble想麻烦

5．动词adviseallowaskbegcommandtellinviteforceobligegethelpencouragepersuadepermitremindrequestorderwarncause等面接定式短语作宾语补足语
We don't allow such things to happen again容许种事情发生
Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke数父母意禁止孩子抽烟
She asked me to answer the phone in her absence请时候接电话
Please remind me to leave her this note请提醒留张纸条
She requested him to go with her邀请
注意：hopedemandsuggest等动词面接定式作宾语补足语
误I hope you to give me a hand
正I hope you can give me a hand希帮
正I wish you to give me a hand希帮
误He demanded me to be present at the meeting
正He demanded that we should be present at the meeting求出席会议
正He required us to be present at the meeting求出席会议
误Mr Li suggested her not to go there alone
正Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone李先生建议独里

6．动词定式作短语动词宾语补足语
I'm waiting for James to arrive正等着詹姆斯
He's arranged for a car to pick them up at the station已安排辆汽车车站接
The UN has called on both sides to observe the ceasefire联合国号召交战双方遵守停火协定
必背：
带介词短语动词：
call on号召
arrange for安排
ong for盼
wait for等
depend on
rely on指
E．动词定式作定语
定式作定语通常放修饰名词代词修饰名词代词间谓关系动宾关系位关系修饰关系

1．谓关系
The future to greet us will be bright未会十分美
He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave总第离开
The next train to arrive was from New York列站火车纽约开

2．动宾关系
On Sundayshe always has a lot of letters to write星期天总许信写
The teacher left us a lot of problems to solve老师留许道题解答
He can find no one to make friends with找交朋友
注意：动词定式修饰词间动宾关系果该定式物动词应必介词
She has a child to take care of孩子
There is nothing to worry about没什担心
He has no friend to depend on没朋友
I've got a lot of things to see to this morning天午许事情处理

3．位关系
He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly没遵守诺言定期父母亲写信
We students should have the courage to face any difficulty学生应该勇气面困难
I have no wish to quarrel with you想吵架

4．修饰关系
Now it is time to begin our class现课时间
I need somewhere to take a nap需方盹
Is that the way to open the can开罐头方法？

F．动词定式作状语
定式作状语表示行目结果原条件等

1．表示目
I'm saving up to buy a computer存钱买电脑
To save the childhe laid down his life救孩子献出生命
注意：时强调突出种目in order(not)to doso as(not)to do结构（so as to do置句首）
He shouted and waved in order to be noticed吸引注意嚷嚷挥手
I'll write down his telephone number so as not to forget it电话号码记防忘记
2．表示结果
He got to the station only to find the train had gone赶车站发现火车已开走
What have I said to make you so angry说什话气成样？
After the meetingthey partednever to see each other again散会分手没见面
必背：定式表示结果常见列句型
1）soas to do
Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle行车？
2）suchas to do
We are not such fools as to believe him没蠢竟会相信
3）enough to do
He didn't run fast enough to catch the train跑够快没赶火车
4）only to do
He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet搬起石头砸脚
5）tooto do
His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters视力太差字
注意：tooto结构中形容词果eagerpleasedhappyready等动词定式表示结果没否定意思
The boy was too eager to get a geography book男孩非常急切想理书
He is too anxious to know the examination results急切想知道考试结果
3．表示原
I was a fool not to listen to you at that time时听话真傻瓜
She wept to find him in such a difficult situation处困难情形哭
4．表示条件
A man would be blind not to see that果点瞎子
How can you catch the train to start so late晚动身赶火车？

第五章动词定式（二）

动词定式种常见结构

A．定式复合结构

动词定式逻辑语（定式动作执行者）通常句子语宾语果定式逻辑语句子语时般for+名词（代词）+定式构成定式复合结构种复合结构句中做语宾语表语状语定语
This box is too heavy for the little boy to carry箱子男孩搬太重
That's for you to decide决定
He stood aside for me to pass站边通
I have some books for you to read书送读

B．be+定式结构
be+定式结构表示发生动作常两种情况：
1．表示命令指示
The room is to be locked房间锁
You are not to stand here站里
2．表示计划安排
We are to begin the work next month安排月开始项工作
What's to be done next步该办？

C．疑问词+定式结构
疑问词whowhatwhichwhenwherehowwhy加动词定式构成定式短语句中作语宾语表语
I don't know whether to go to the meeting or not知道开会
The problem was how to get rid of the waste thrown by the passengers问题处理客丢弃垃圾
When to visit the Palace Museum has not been decided yet时参观宫博物院没决定

D．withwithout+名词+定式结构
withwithout+名词+定式结构句子中通常起状语作
With so much work to doI shall not be able to go to the cinema with you工作做电影
With him to stay in the houseI feel quite safe住家里感十分安全
Without anything to eathe died of hunger没东西吃饿死

E．It is+形容词+forof sb+to do结构
It is+形容词+of sb+定式结构中形容词表示物性格特征kindsillygoodunwisecleverwrongrightfoolishstupidcarelessrudeimpoliteboldthoughtfulhonestbadsensiblenaughty等It is+形容词+for sb+定式结构中形容词通常表示事物性质importantpossibleimpossiblenecessarydifficulthardreasonable等
It's kind of you to think so much of us难着想(You are kind to think so much of us)
How careless it is of him to break such a valuable vase真心贵重花瓶破
It is easy for me to see through his trick容易穿鬼戏(For me to see through his trick is easy)
It is hard for him to get rid of his bad habits难改掉坏惯
较：
It is good lf you to help me with my English真帮助学英语（强调you特征＝You are good to help me）
It is good for you to give up smoking戒烟处（强调give up smoking行＝Fof you to give up smoking is good）

F．分裂定式

动词定式to do通常拆开偶尔定式符号to动词原形间插入副词构成分裂定式
He was too ill to completely carry out that program病太重完成项目
He has made up his mind to once more try this method已定决心试试方法

G．作独立成分定式
定式短语作状语修饰整句子称插入语
To be honestwe are not sure to find the girl in the forest说老实话确保森林里找女孩
To be frankI don't agree with what you said坦率说意说话

必背：作独立成分定式
to tell you the truth说老实话
to be frank坦率说
to begin with首先
to be brief简言
to make a long story short长话短说
to be exact精确说
to say nothing of姑说
to conclude总言
to be sure诚然固然
to do him justice说句公道话
so to speak说
H．动式表示动含义定式
动词定式句中究竟动动时较复杂面种情况：

1．定式做置定语修饰名词代词构成逻辑动宾关系该句语构成逻辑谓关系时
Do you have anything to say on this question针问题什说？
He is a pleasant person to work with合作起令感愉快

2．定式作形容词宾语句子语构成逻辑动宾关系时
The book is difficult to understand书难理解
The chair is comfortable to sit on椅子坐起舒服

3．There be结构中说话考虑必须完成某件事时
There is nothing to worry about没什担心
There is nothing to fear没什害怕
较：
There is a lot of work to do许事情做（表示某必须做工作）
There is a lot of work to be done许事情做（强调许事情必须做）
She has two letters to type两封信（）
She has two letters to be typed两封信（）
I．表示虚拟语气定式完成式
I hoped to have met him at the railway stationbut he didn't turn up希火车站接未露面
We would love to have gone to the matchbut the tickets were all sold out原想场赛票已售完
The plane was to have taken off at 9but something went wrong飞机原计划九点起飞出现障

J．感叹句
定式感叹句含惊异满惋惜赞美等感情色彩
To think that he should do this想想竟然干出等事（表示惊讶）
OhGodto see her dance哦天舞蹈（表示赞美）
To think that all the money has been wasted想想钱浪费掉（表示满）
关定式符号问题

A．带to定式
1．口语中动词原形comego接带to定式
Go tell her告诉吧
Come have a glass喝杯
2．why引起问句中疑问词直接动词原形not+动词原形
Why make so much noise什发出噪音？
Why not join us什加入？

3．had betterhad bestwould ratherwould ratherthanwould soonerwould soonerthancannot butcannot choose butcannot help but等结构直接动词原形not+动词原形
You'd better listen to your teacher's opinion听听老师意见
We had best call for the doctor at once马请医生
She can't do anything but ask silly questions直问愚蠢问题
Rather than ride on a crowded bushe always prefers to ride a bicycle宁愿骑行车愿挤公汽车
He cannot but move to another streetbecause his building has to be pulled down soon搬条街住楼快推倒
We cannot help but admire his courage情禁钦佩勇气

4．定式前行动词do表语句中定式介词exceptbut定式带to
The only thing I could do was go home做唯件事回家
They could do nothing but wait for the doctor to come等医生

5．两动词定式列时避免重复面定式符号to省略
The little girl hardly knew whether to laugh or cry姑娘知道哭笑
Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 200 pm帮电话午两点开会？

6．help带to定式带to定式
Can I help(to)carry the box for you帮搬箱子？

7．固定搭配中带to定式
He let go the rope松开绳子
I hear say there will be an earthquake soon听说久次震
She made believe she was innocent假装清白

8．感官动词seehearwatchfeelnotice役动词makelethave等作宾语补足语动词定式带to
She watched the children cross the street着孩子穿马路
They made the boy apologize to his friend for being so rude男孩粗鲁朋友道歉
Don't forget to have him come earlier忘早点

B．定式符号单独
避免重复文中出现动词定式符号to代文中出现定式结构
1．助动词情态动词be going toused tohave toought tobe able tobe about to等
She must go but you don't have to必须走没必
Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor认应该医生？
YesI think you ought to想应该
2．wantdecidelikelovehopewishmeanrefusetry等动词
You may go with them if you hope to果希话起
Did you go to see the Great Wall游览长城？
I wanted tobut I was too busy想太忙
3．做宾语补足语asktellorderadvisepersuadewarnwishpermitallowforbid等动词
Don't do anything unless your father tells you to非父亲做然做事情
May I use your car汽车？
NoI forbid you to禁止
4．话答语中happygladeageranxiouswillingreadypleasedafraid等形容词
Will you lend me a hand帮忙？
I'm willing tobut I can't now愿意现行
Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow明天午参加生日聚会？
I'll be glad to乐意
提示：
果动词定式to beto have般省
Did you finish the work工作完成？
Nobut I hoped to have没希已完成

C．介词to定式符号to
to定式符号接动词原形to介词接名词动词ing形式英语中常短语带to正确判断to定式符号介词千万混淆

1．定式符号to
He made it a rule to read English aloud for half an hour every morning坚持天早晨朗读半时英语
These young lads are longing to go to watch the football match伙子极想足球赛
必背：常见带定式符号to短语
be supposed to do应该做某事
be determined to do决心做某事
fail to do未做某事
go all out to do全力赴做某事
have the nerve to do胆量做某事
have a great mind to do想做某事
make a point to do坚持做某事
make up one's mind to do决定做某事
take the trouble to do辞辛苦做某事
prepare oneself to do思想准备做某事

2．介词to
If you stick to the truthyou will have nothing to fear果坚持真理没什害怕
You must get used to getting up early必须惯早起
Isn't it time you got down to marking those papers难道没定心阅卷时间？

必背：常见带介词to短语
be used to惯
be equal to胜
be given to沉溺
be opposed to反
be related to……关
devote oneself to献身
get down to着手做
give rise to引起
lead to导致
look forward to盼
object to反
pay attention to注意
put one's mind to全神贯注
stick to坚持第6章动词ing形式

动词ing形式包括传统语法动名词（gerund）现分词（present participle）两部分动词ing形式具动词特征时具名词形容词副词特征句中作语表语定语宾语宾语补足语状语

动词ing形式特征种类

动词定式样动词ing形式具动词特征时态语态变化带状语宾语等

A动词ing形式般式
1动词ing形式般式泛指动作没特时间意义
Swimming is her favorite sport游泳喜欢体育运动
Learning is important to modern life学现代生活重
2动词ing形式般式表示谓语动词时发生动作
They went out of the classroomtalking and laughing说笑走出教室
She listened carefully to her neighbours speaking倾听邻居讲话
3动词ing形式般式时表示谓语动词动作前发生动作
I remembered sending him an email last week记星期发份电子邮件
He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday建议星期天带女动物园

B动词ing形式完成式
动词ing形式完成式表示已完成动作动作发生完成谓语动词表示动作前
Having lived in this city for three yearsshe knows it very well城市生活3年里已熟悉
I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture错振奋心演讲真遗憾
注意：
现代英语中作宾语ing形式完成式般式代
I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture错振奋心演讲真遗憾(I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture)
We remembered seeing the film记部电影(We remembered having seen the film)

C动词ing形式动形式
动词ing形式动形式表示逻辑语ing形式表示动作承受者
1．般式动形式
The question being discussed is very important正讨问题重
I can't stand being kept waiting堪久候
2．完成式动形式
I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team听说选球队教练
Having been shown the labwe were taken to see the school library带实验室带参观校图书馆
D动词ing形式否定形式
动词ing形式否定形式not加动词ing形式构成
His not coming made everyone present very disappointed没场失
I'm sorry for not being present at the meeting in time抱歉没时赴会
Not knowing his addressI could do nothing but stay at home and wait知道址家里等着
Not having studied his lessons very hardhe failed the examinations没努力学功课考试格
二动词ing形式法

A．动词ing形式作语

1．动词ing形式直接置句首作语
Seeing is believing百闻见
Collecting stamps is interesting集邮趣
Learning about a language is easier than using it学关语言知识语言容易
Being invited to the party was a great honor to the family邀请参加晚会家荣耀
2．保持句子衡通常先行词it作形式语真正语放句末
It is easy making plansbut it is difficult carrying them制定计划容易实行难
It is no use crying over spilt milk作益悔没
It's a waste of time arguing about it争事浪费时间
必背：动词ing形式作语常句型
It's no good talking to him谈话没
It is useless telephoning himHe is not willing to come电话没愿意
It's worth making an effort努力值
There is no saying when it will stop raining法断定场雨什时候会停
There is no joking about such matters种事开玩笑

B．动词ing形式作表语
动词ing形式作表语两种含义：
1．表示语容什
Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible工作量报告厅保持干净
The real question is getting to know the needs of the students真正问题解学生需
His hobby is collecting stamps爱集邮
2．表示语具特征
The problem is quite puzzling问题令困惑
It was astonishing to see the animals and plants that are found nowhere else in the world世界方找动植物真令惊讶
The food at the dinner party did not seem very inviting宴会食物似诱
较：
般说动词ing形式表示般性惯性动作抽象性动作时间概念强动词定式表示动作具体次性动作特动作
Smoking is forbidden here里禁止吸烟（泛指）
It's not good for you to smoke so much吸烟身体（具体）
They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold天冷时喜欢呆室（泛指）
Would you prefer to stay at home this evening晚想家里？（具体

C．动词ing形式作宾语
动词ing形式作物动词宾语作介词宾语
1．作动词宾语
ing形式作宾语物动词分两类类ing形式作宾语类ing形式作宾语定式作宾语
①ing形式作宾语动词
类动词ing形式作宾语定式作宾语
Fancy meeting you here想见
I suggest doing it in a different way建议种方法做件事
They didn't mind being treated like guests作宾客
They admitted smokinghaving smoked in the hall承认厅里抽烟
I regret sayinghaving said what I said悔说话
He couldn't help laughing情禁笑起
I can't imagine the boy speaking so rudely to you想男孩说话没礼貌

必背：
接动词ing形式接定式作宾语动词
admit承认
appreciate感激
avoid避免
consider考虑
delay耽搁
dislike嫌恶
enjoy喜欢
escape避免
excuse原谅
fancy想
feel like意欲
finish完成
forgive原谅
give up放弃
cannot help情禁
imagine设想
include包括
keep保持
mention提
mind介意
miss逃
put off推迟
practice练
resist抵制
risk险
②动词ing形式作宾语定式作宾语
类动词然ing形式作宾语定式作宾语法相种情况：
a动词attemptcontinuehateintendlikeloveprefer等面接动词ing形式定式区
They prefer spending to spend their summer vacation in Dalian更喜欢连度暑假
I intend to buy buying an EnglishChinese dictionary想买英汉词典
提示：应量避免接连出现两动词ing形式
I am starting to learn Russian开始学俄语
避免说：I am starting learning Russian开始学俄语
bneedrequirewant作需解时面接ing形式动形式定式动形式意义差ing形式较普通
Your composition needs correcting to be corrected作文需修改
His coat wants cleaning to be cleaned衣需洗
The old woman requires looking after carefully to be looked after carefully老娘需细心料
2．作介词宾语
动词ing形式作介词宾语固定搭配关常见种搭配形式：
①动词+介词+ing形式
Jason aims at becoming an astronaut詹森立志宇航员
I dream of being the best footballer in the school梦想成全校足球队员
较：
keep doing继续保持做某事（强调动作持续性）
News lf successes keeps pouring in捷报频传
Keep on doing继续反复做某事（强调动作反复性）
We will keep on trying andif we get anything donewill notify you
继续努力结果通知
Keep sb doing某直做某事（表示迫进行动作）
I'll try not to keep you waiting量久等
Keep sb from doing阻止某做某事（＝preventstop sb from doing）
The stone walls keep the farmer's cows from joining his neighbor's cows
石头墙农民家牛会混入邻居牛群中
②动词+名词+介词+ing形式
Please excuse me for being late起迟
What prevented you from joining us last night昨天晚什事起
Sandy wasted no time in getting to know the boss's daughter桑迪快开始老板女套
③名词+介词+ing形式
We like his way of teaching English喜欢教英语方式
He has little hope of passing the examination没什希通考试
I have no difficulty in communicating with foreigners外国交谈方面没什困难
④形容词+介词+ing形式
I'm tired of having the same food every day天天吃样东西感腻烦
Peter is angry about not being invited to the party没邀请出席聚会彼生气
Who's responsible for organizing this conference谁负责组织次会？
⑤whathow about+ing形式
What about going for a walk散步？
How about playing a game of chess now现盘棋
⑥介词to+动词ing形式
to介词定式符号中较容易混淆定式符号to接动词原形介词to需接ing形式
You must get used to washing your face with cold water必须惯冷水洗脸
John has admitted to breaking the window约翰已承认碎窗子
I'm looking forward to seeing you this summer vacation盼年暑假见
He has devoted his whole life to benefiting mankind全类利益献出生
Howeverothers strongly object to developing private cars然强烈反发展私汽车
He is equal to doing this task胜项务
The man took to drinking shortly after his wife died妻子死久开始嗜酒
Isn't it time you got down to marking those papers难道没安心阅卷时D．动词ing形式作宾语补足语
1．动词ing形式seehearnoticewatchfeelsmelllook atlisten toobservefind等表示感官心理状态动词面作宾语补足语名词代词起构成复合宾语
We heard the children shouting upstairs听见孩子楼喊
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car车时候注意男银行里跑出
I felt my heart beating violently觉心猛烈跳动
2．动词ing形式定式作宾语补语区
seehearfeelwatchnotice等感官动词动词ing形式构成复合宾语定式构成复合宾语两者间定区动词ing形式时表示动作正进行定式时表示动作发生动作全程结束
He saw a girl getting on the car见女孩汽车(She was getting on the car)
He saw a girl get on the car and drive off见女孩车开走(She got on the car and drove off)
Do you hear someone knocking at the door听见敲门？(Someone is knocking at the door)
Do you hear someone knock at the door听见敲门？(Someone knocked at the door just now)

提示：
果宾语补足语系列动作通常定式表示动词ing形式
I saw him enter the roomsit down and light a cigarette见走进房间坐点燃根香烟
3．动词ing形式havegetleavekeepsetcatch等表示致动词作宾语补足语
They should not leave us wondering what they will do next应该知道步做什
I won't have you running about in the room允许房间里跑跑
We kept the fire burning all night long火整夜燃烧着

E．动词ing形式作定语

1．单动词ing形式作前置定语般两种含义
①说明修饰名词途性
a reading rooma room which is used for reading阅览室
running shoesshoes for running跑鞋
a working methoda method of working工作方法
必背：
a sewing machine缝纫机
a swimming pool游泳池
a drawing board画板
a dining car餐车
a driving permit驾驶许证
a walking stick手杖
a singing competition歌咏赛
a waiting room候车室
②表示修饰物动作状态意思接定语句表示正进行动作表示常性动作时状态
developing countriescountries that are developing发展中国家
an ordinarylooking housea house that looks ordinary起普通房子
a puzzling problema problem that puzzles somebody困扰问题
The working people are masters of our country劳动民国家
Let sleeping dogs lie惹麻烦

必背：
a disappointing play令失戏剧
an astonishing adventure惊险
boiling water正沸腾水
a sleeping baby熟睡婴
a barking dog狂吠狗
the setting sun落日
the coming week周
failing sight逐渐衰退视力

2．作定语ing形式短语应放修饰词面
The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory装着醋瓶子应送实验室
They lived in a house facing south住南房子里
The book being discussed a lot will be published next month谈书月出版
3．情况动词ing形式作定语必须定语句
①作定语ing形式表示动作句谓语动作时发生两者时发生话需定语句
误The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture
正The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture昨天教授作讲座
②ing形式完成式般作状语作定语
误The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon
正The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon震毁坏庙宇快修建
间？F．动词ing形式作状语

动词ing形式作状语修饰动词句中表示时间原结果条件步行方式伴情况等ing形式作时间原条件步状语时位句首作结果伴情况状语时常位句末
1．表示时间相时间状语句
Seeing those picturesshe remembered her childhood画想起童年（When she saw those pictures）
Having made full preparationswe are ready for the examination已作充分准备现应考（After we have made full preparation）
2．表示原相原状语句
Not knowing his addressI can't send this book to him知道址书送（As I don't know his address）
Being illhe didn't go to school yesterday生病昨天没学（Since he was ill）
3．表示结果相列谓语
His father diedleaving him a lot of money父亲死留许钱（and left him a lot of money）
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the groundbreaking it into pieces非常生气玩具扔摔成碎片（and broke it into pieces）
4．表示条件相条件状语句
Going straight down the roadyou will find the department store着条路直走会发现家百货商店（If you go straight down the road）
Working hard at your lessonsyou will succeed果努力学定成功（If you work hard at your lessons）
5．表示步相步状语句
Knowing all thisthey made me pay for the damage知道切情况赔偿损失（Although they knew all this）
Working hard as he didhe was still unable to earn enough money to buy a car然努力干然挣够买车钱（Though he worked hard as he did）
6．表示行方式伴情况补充说明相列结构
He lay on the grassstaring at the sky for a long time躺草长时间着天空（and stared at the sky for a long time）
She came into the housecarrying a lot of books捧着许书走进房间（and carried a lot of books）

三动词ing形式逻辑语

A．作语ing形式
ing形式作语时逻辑语谈话双方言喻
Reading aloud is very helpful朗读处（Reading aloud逻辑语泛指需表达出）
提示：
果作语ing形式需逻辑语时般物代词名词格（名词加's）
His father's falling ill worried him greatly父亲生病着急（his fatherfalling ill逻辑语）
Your coming to work with us will be a great encouragement to us道工作鼓舞（youcoming to work with us逻辑语）

B．作表语ing形式
ing形式作表语时逻辑语句子中语作表语ing形式带逻辑语
What worries me most is Julia's staying too late every night担心天天晚熬夜熬太迟（staying too late every night逻辑语Julia）
The main problem is your not having practiced a lot问题缺乏量练（not having practiced a lot逻辑语you）

C．作定语ing形式
ing形式作定语时逻辑语修饰名词
an interesting book意思书a book that interests its readers
a running stream条奔流溪a stream that is running
果ing形式逻辑语动作承受者ing形式动式
The meeting being held in Beijing now is of great importance正北京召开会议非常重（逻辑语the meeting举行间关系动being held

D．作宾语ing形式
ing形式作宾语时逻辑语常句子中语明确动作执行者ing形式前加名词代词表示逻辑语
I can't imagine John's giving a speech in front of so many people想约翰会前面发言(Johngiving a speech逻辑语)
He was awakened by someone knocking at the door某敲门声吵醒(someoneknocking at the door逻辑语)
The boss understood himhis wanting to leave老板明白什离职（wanting to leave逻辑语）
较：
He insisted on doing it himself坚持做（doing it逻辑语句子语）
He insisted on my doing it坚持做（doing it逻辑语）
Would you mind opening the window请窗子开？（opening the window逻辑语）
Would you mind my opening the window介意窗子开？（opening the window逻辑语）

E．作宾语补足语ing形式
动词ing形式作逻辑语时逻辑语前面宾语
We often hear her singing this song常听见唱首歌（singing this song逻辑语）
We often hear this song(being)sung常听见首歌唱（逻辑语this song宾语补足语唱关系动ing形式动式ed分词）

F．作状语动词ing形式

1．动词ing形式作状语时逻辑语般应句子语保持致
Entering the classroomI found nobody in it走进教室发现里面没（entering逻辑语I相when I entered the classroomI found nobody in it）
ing形式表示动作句中语发出承受误种着ing形式语法称垂悬分词
误Looking out through the windowthe garden was beautiful（looking out through the window逻辑语the garden显然）
正Looking out through the windowwe saw a beautiful garden窗户出见漂亮花园
误Reading the evening newspapera dog started barking（逻辑语dog会晚报）
正I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking着晚报时候狗开始起
2．句子中语保持致该ing形式必须逻辑语通常名词代词担
The last bus having gonewe had to walk home末班车已开走走回家（having gone逻辑语the last buswe）
Time permittingthe football match will be played on Friday天气允许话足球赛周五举行（permitting逻辑语timethe football match）
注意：
高中阶段固定ing形式短语generally speakingjudging fromconsideringtalking ofsupposing等逻辑语句子语致种ing短语作插入语
Generally speakingboys are more interested in science than girls般说男孩女孩科学更感兴趣
Judging from his accenthe must come from Canada口音定加
Considering how poor he waswe decided to let him attend the concert for free考虑穷决定免费听音乐会
Supposing it rains what will you do假雨会办呢？
分词
第7章动词分词形式
动词ed形式非谓语动词种具动词特点时具形容词副词句法功句中作表语定语状语宾语补足语等

动词ed形式特征
A．动词ed形式动词分词构成
动词ed形式种形式传统语法中分词绝部分动词ed形式动词原形加ed构成动词ed形式规
1．规动词ed形式
limit→limited（限制）
pretend→pretended（假装）
escape→escaped（逃脱）
provide→provided（提供）
refer→referred（提交）
drag→dragged（拖）
pray→prayed（祈祷）
supply→supplied（供应）
2．规动词ed形式
cast→cast（投掷）
spread→spread（传播）
bite→bitten（咬）
forgive→forgiven（原谅）
spit→spat（吐）
wear→worn（穿）
fight→fought（搏斗）
lose→lost（丢失）
3．少数动词ed形式作定语时读音般分词
learned a learned professor位知识渊博教授
aged an aged man老
beloved his beloved computer心爱计算机

B．动词ed形式否定形式
动词ed形式否定形式notnever加动词ed形式构成
Not allowed to go inhe had to wait outside允许进外面等着
Never invited to his partyshe got angry with him未邀请聚会生气
C．动词ed形式特征
动词ed形式动意思时表示完成动作
1．动词ed形式表示已完成动作
作形容词ed形式外动词ed形式带完成意义时带动意义
Born and brought up in the countrysidehe was interested in biology农村出生长生物感兴趣
One of the glasses was found broken发现中杯子破
The bookswritten by Lu Xunare popular with many Chinese people鲁迅写书受许中国喜爱
2．物动词ed形式般表示动意思
Given more timeI could have solved that riddle充足时间猜出谜语（句子语I动词give间动关系）
When you speak Englishbe sure to make yourself understood说英语时候定懂意思（动词make宾语yourself宾语补足语understand间动关系）
The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study军队获验学帮助
3．物动词ed形式表示完成意思带动含义
an escaped prisoner逃犯（a prisoner who has escaped）
a retired worker退休工（a worker who has retired）
a newly arrived guest新客（a guest who has just arrived）
We should bring in advanced technology from developed countries from time to time应该时发达国家引进先进技术
People should pay attention to the changed situation应该注意变化形势
二动词ed形式法

动词ed形式句中起形容词副词作作定语表语状语补语

A．动词ed形式作表语
1．ed形式连系动词作表语说明语状态
The students are fully prepared学生已做充分准备
When we got therethe shop was closed时商店已关门
She felt satisfied with her performance on the highandlow bars高低杠表现感满意
The land remained unexploited片土尚未开发
Hearing the newshe looked disappointed听消息起非常失
The top of the mountain is covered with snow all through the year山顶终年积雪覆盖
较：
ed形式作表语动语态区开作表语ed形式表示状态动语态中ed形式表示动动作
All the doors are locked门锁着（ed形式作表语表示状态）
All the doors were locked by the guard门卫兵锁（动语态表示动作）
Peter the Great is buried here彼帝埋葬里（ed形式作表语表示状态
Peter the Great was buried here in 1725彼帝1725年埋葬里（动语态表示动作）
2．动词ed形式ing形式作表语时区
动词ed形式作表语表示语心理感觉处状态含动意思ing形式作表语表示语具特征含动意思
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound听怕声音害怕
At the sight of the moving sceneall the people present were moved动情景场感动
提示：
述动词ed形式（pleasedtiredexciteddisappointed等）已变成形容词verytoo等副词修饰（amusedpuzzledrelaxed等）verytoo修饰much修饰
These problems are very puzzling问题令迷惑
We are much puzzled by his failure to reply回信百思解
His speech was very moving演讲非常感
All the people present were moved to tears场感动流泪
B．动词ed形式作宾语补足语
作宾语补足语动词前面宾语间动关系时般应动词ed形式作宾语补足语
1．感觉动词seehearfeelnoticewatchfind作宾语补足语
I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night昨晚听第九交响乐演奏
We found all the rivers seriously polluted发现河流严重污染
Yesterday I noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop昨天商店里注意女孩偷东西抓住
He felt his collar pulled by someone from behind感觉衣领面拉
2．役动词gethavemakeleavekeep等作宾语补足语
①动词ed形式作get宾语补足语
Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital丽丝医院坏牙拔
I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come先盘子洗然
较：
动词get接动词定式动词ing形式作宾语补足语宾语动关系
I couldn誸get the car to start this morning早法汽车发动起
He got his sister to help him with his clothes姐姐帮洗衣服
It is not hard to get him talkingthe problem is stopping him说话难难说开止住
Can you really get that old clock going again真辆旧钟走起？
②动词ed形式作make宾语补足语
He raised his voice in order to make himself heard提高嗓门听清讲话
You should make your views known to the public应该公众知道观点
注意：
动词make宾语补足语带to动词定式动词ed形式动词ing形式
误Can you make the students understanding the text
正Can you make the students understand the text学生理解篇课文？
正Can you make the text understood by the students学生理解篇课文？
③动词ed形式作keepleave宾语补足语
They all went homeleaving all the work undone工作没完成回家
The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night侦探助手整夜反锁房间里
3．动词ed形式with（without）结构中作介词宾语补足语
With everything well arrangedhe left the office切安排妥善离开办公室
She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picturebooks已回背包里塞满趣图书
Without any grain left in the housethe little girl had to go begging家里没粮食女孩出讨饭
Without any more time givenwe couldn't finish the task in three weeks果时间话三星期完成务
4．某动词（wantneedpreferwould like等）作宾语补足语定式动形式省略to be成ed形式作宾语补足语
I would like this matter(to be)settled immediately希事立解决
I'd prefer this book translated by my sister情愿妹妹翻译书
We need the work(to be)finished by Saturday需项工作周六前完成
The peasants don't want good farmland(to be)built on农民想农田建造房子
C．动词ed形式作定语
动词ed形式作定语修饰名词分前置置两类
1．前置定语
单动词ed形式作定语般放修饰名词前作前置定语
A watched pot never boils心急锅开
All the broken doors and windows have been repaired坏门窗修
When we arrivedwe each were given a printed question paper达时候发份印制试卷
提示：
表示强调单动词ed形式作置定语
Money spent is more than money earned入敷出
2．置定语
作置定语ed形式般带修饰语成分语法相定语句
We have read many novels written by this author读作家写许说（that are written by this author）
Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors邀请招会贵宾半外国（who had been invited to the reception）
The meetingattended by one thousand studentswas a success次会议获成功千名学生出席(which was attended by one thousand students)
A womandressed like a lawyercame in and took her seat as judge律师装扮女走进作法官座(who was dressed like a lawyer)
3．动词ed形式作定语ing形式作定语区
动词ed形式作定语表示动作已完成动ing形式作定语表示动作正进行动
the risen sun升起太阳
the rising sun正升起太阳
boiled water开水
boiling water正沸腾水
developed countries发达国家
developing countries发展中国家
fallen leaves落叶
falling leaves正飘落叶子
changed condition改变情况
changing condition变化着情况
动词ed形式作状语ing形式作状语样表示时间原条件步方式伴情况等
1．表示时间
动词ed形式作状语表示时间相时间状语句
Seen from the towerthe city looks beautiful塔城市显美丽（When the city is seen from the tower）
Shown the labwe were taken to see the library带参观实验室带参观图书馆（After we had been shown the lab）
Completely examined by the doctorshe went back to school right away医生彻底检查立刻回学校(After he was completely examined)
提示：
时动词ed形式前加连词whenwhile强调时间概念
When asked why she was late for class againshe hung her head in shame问什课迟时羞愧低头
Once recoveredhe went all out to do his work恢复健康全力赴干起工作
Once startedthe clock will go half a month and keep good time旦钟发条会走半月走准
2表示原
动词ed形式作状语表示原相原状语句
Moved by the heroic deedsthe children couldn't help crying孩子英雄事迹感动情禁哭起（Since they were moved by the heroic deeds）
Written in hasteher letter is very hard to read写快信难阅读（As it was written in haste）
Excited by the new discoverywe decided to go out and celebrate新发现激动万分决定出庆祝(Because we were excited by)
注意：
ed形式表示条件动词步意义更加明显加适连词
Even if invitedI won'tgo受邀请
Though beaten by the opposite teamthey did not lose heart然手败便没丧失信心
Unless invitedhe will not come back to the company非邀请然会回公司
3表示条件
动词ed形式作状语表示条件相条件状语句
Heatedwater changes into steam加热水变成蒸汽（If water is heated）
Given more timehe would be able to do better假时间会干更出色（If he was given more time）
Compared with other professorsshe was an excellent speaker教授相优秀演说家
4表示步
动词ed形式作状语表示步相thoughalthough引导步状语句
Exhausted by the runningthey went on running after the robber已跑筋疲力继续追赶着强盗（Although they were exhausted by the running）
Laughed at by many peoplehe continued his research许嘲笑继续研究（Even if he was laughed by many people）
Questioned many times a dayAndrew kept silent over the murder天盘问次安德鲁然件谋杀案保持沉默
提示：
时动词ed形式作状语动词ing形式动式作状语没区互换
Suddenly seized with a high feverhe was unable to attend school突然发热学
Being suddenly seized with a high feverhe was unable to attend school突然发热学
Brought up in the countrysidehe found it hard to get used to town life农村长感难适应城市生活
Having been brought up in the countrysidehe found it hard to get used to town life农村长感难适应城市生活
5．表示行方式伴情况补充说明
动词ed形式作状语表示行方式伴情况补充说明时通常位句子面相列分句
The teacher stood theresurrounded by the students老师站学生围住（and he was surrounded by the students）
He went into the officefollowed by some children走进办公室面着孩子(and he was followed by some children)
They turned around and stood in the middle of the roomcompletely astonished转身站房间中央完全惊呆
She accepted the giftdeeply moved接受礼物深深感动
注意：
动词ed形式句中作语宾语
误Invited to the state banquet is a great honour
正To be invited to the state banquet is a great honour邀请出席国宴极荣耀
误I cannot stand laughed at
正I cannot stand being laughed at容忍嘲笑
三动词ed形式逻辑语
A．动词ed形式句中作状语表语时逻辑语般说句子语ed形式语间动关系
Locked uphe had no way to escape锁起没办法逃跑
Lost in thoughthe almost ran into the car in front of him陷入沉思撞前面汽车
She became discouraged at the news听消息泄气
Though it was 1000 amthe door of the shop remained locked已午10点商店门然锁着
B．动词ed形式句中作定语时逻辑语修饰名词名词间动关系
The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century第批编写出作英语教材课16世纪出版
The computer centeropened last yearis very popular among the students in this school年开办计算机中心深受学校学生喜爱
A lighted candle lit up the cellar支点燃蜡烛亮室
C．动词ed形式句中作宾语补语语补语时逻辑语句子语宾语间关系动关系
Vivien got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain薇薇恩手指卡行车链条里（trapped逻辑语句子宾语fingers）
The valuable vase was found stolen珍贵花瓶发现盗（stolen逻辑语句子语vase）
We got home only to find the whole house turned upside downThieves obviously had broken in回家发现整幢房子翻乱七八糟明显偷闯进
D．动词ed形式时独立逻辑语常作状语（详见第8章独立格结构）
Everything donewe went home切事情做完回家
All our money run outHenry had to find another job钱完亨利找份工作
He was lying on the grasshis hands crossed under his head躺草头枕着双手
All things consideredthe planned trip will have to be called off考虑情况原计划旅行取消
E．动词ed形式作独立成分
动词ed形式固定词组句中作独立成分受逻辑语限制
Put franklyI don't agree with what he said坦白说意说
Given the general state of his healthit may take him a while to recover from the operation考虑般身体状况手术恢复需段时间

D．动词ed形式作状语
独立格结构
第八章独立格结构
非谓语动词作状语时逻辑语应该句子语时非谓语动词带语结构语发生关系称独立格结构（Absolute Construction）实谓独立格结构非真正独立种属结构

非谓语动词独立格结构

独立格结构中非谓语动词前面名词代词存着逻辑谓关系
Such an able man to help youyou will surely succeed sooner or later
干帮迟早定会成功（such an able manto help you间存着谓关系）
Since such an able man will help youyou will surely succeed sooner or later
He seating himself at the deskhis mother began to tell him a story
书桌旁坐母亲开始讲事（seating himself at the desk拥逻辑语he注意格）
When he seated himself at the deskhis mother began to tell him a story
The key to the bike losthe had to walk to school
丢行车钥匙步行学校（lost逻辑语the keylost完成式having been lost）
Because the key to the bike had been losthe had to walk to school

A．定式独立格结构

逻辑语+动词定式结构中动词定式前面名词代词存着逻辑谓关系种结构句列分句表达

1．动词定式动形式
独立格结构中动词定式前面名词代词存着逻辑谓关系
His mother to come tonighthe is busy preparing the dinner
母亲晚正忙着准备饭菜（As his mother is to come tonighthe is busy preparing the dinner）
——will you go to the comcert tonight晚听音乐会？
——sorrySo many exerisebooks to checkI rially can't afford any time
起作业批真抽出时间
（＝Because I shall check so many exercisebooks tonightI really can't afford any time）
The four of us agreed on a division of laboureach to translate a quarter of the book
四意分工干翻译全书四分
（＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book）
Many treesflowersand grass to be plantedour newlybuilt school will look even more beautiful种许树花草新建学校更美(If many treesflowersand grass are plantedour newlybuilt school will look even more beautiful)

B．ing形式独立格结构

动词ing形式作状语时逻辑语般应句子语保持致
Being illhe went home
生病回家（As he was very illhe went home）
Seating himself at the deskhe began to read a magazine
课桌旁坐开始杂志（When he had seated himself at the deskhe began to read a magazine）
1．表示时间ing形式作独立格结构
Everyone being readythe teacher began his class
准备老师开始课（相时间状语句When everyone was
ready)
The chairman began the meetingeveryone being seated
坐席开始开会（相时间状语句after everyone was seated）
2．表示原ing形式作独立格结构
The boy leading the waywe had no trouble finding the strange cave男孩带路没困难找奇怪洞（相原状语句Because the boy led the way）
Many eyes watching himhe felt a bit nervous许眼睛着感点紧张（相原状语句As many eyes were watching him）
必背：
含being独立格结构
It being National Day todaythe streets are very crowded天国庆节街拥挤
As it is National Day todaythe streets are very crowded
There being no further business to discusswe all went home没事讨回家
As there was no further business to discusswe all went home
3．表示条件ing形式作独立格结构
Time permittingwe will have a picnic next week
时间允许话星期进行次野炊（相条件状语句If time
permits)
My health allowingI will work far into the night
健康许话愿工作深夜（相条件状语句If my health allows）
4．表示方式ing形式作独立格结构
The students are walking in the school happilyeach wearing a card in front of his chest
学生快乐学校里走着胸前带着张卡（相列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）
The boy lay on the grasshis eyes looking at the sky
男孩躺草眼睛着天空（相列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）

C．ed形式独立格结构
逻辑语+动词ing形式样果ed形式逻辑语句子语致话需ed形式独立格结构
The book written in simple EnglishEnglish beginners were able to read it
该书简单英语写英语初学者懂
As the book was written in simple EnglishEnglish beginners were able to read it
The workers worked still hardertheir living conditions greatly improved
工生活条件提高工作更起劲
As their living conditions were greatly improvedthe workers worked still harder
He was listening attentively in classhis eyes fixed on the blackboard
课专心听讲眼睛紧盯着黑板
He was listening attentively in classand his eyes were fixed on the blackboard
The task completedhe had two months'leave
务完成休两月假（When the task had been completedhe had two months'leave）
较：
动词定式表示动作没发生发生动词ed形式表示动作已结束动词ing形式表示动作正进行
The manager looks worriedmany things to settle理着急事情处理（事情没处理理处理定式to settle）
The manager looks relaxedmany things settled许事情已处理理轻松（事情已处理动词ed形式settled表示动作已结束）
The food being cookedthe boy was watching TV孩边做饭边电视（两动作时进行）
The food cookedthe boy went to bed饭做孩睡（两动作先饭已做孩睡觉）
动词独立格结构

逻辑语+being+独立格结构中逻辑语+动词ing形式种形式种结构中being省种省being结构称动词独立格结构

A．逻辑语+名词
Ten students entered for the competitionthe youngest a boy of 12
十学生报名参加次竞赛年纪12岁男孩（the youngesta boy of 12间省being）
注意：
独立格结构中being列两种情况般省略There being+名词结构中二逻辑语代词情况
There being no buswe had to walk home没公汽车走回家
It being Sundayall the offices are closed星期日办公室关门
B．逻辑语+形容词
He turned to mehis eyes sleepy
睡眼惺忪转（his eyessleepy间省being）
He turned to meand his eyes were sleepy
He stood therehis mouth wide open
站里嘴张（his mouthwide open间省being）
He stood thereand his mouth was wide open
C．逻辑语+副词
School overwe all went home
放学回家（schoolover间省being）
School was overand we all went home
He sat at his deskhis shoes off
坐课桌旁没穿鞋子（his shoesoff间省being）
He sat at his desk and his shoes were off
D．逻辑语+介词短语
He is standing in front of the blackboardhis back towards us
站黑板面前背着
He was standing in front of the blackboardand his back was towards us
The new teacher came ina smile on her face
新老师面带微笑走进
The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face
The teacher came into the classrooma rule in his hand
老师走进教室手里着直尺
The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand
提示：
逻辑语+介词短语构成独立格结构里果名词单数冠词时介词短语里限定词省略
The music teacher stood at the doorviolin in hand
音乐老师站门口手里着提琴（The music teacher stood at the doora violin in his hand）

二withwithout引导独立格结构

介词withwithout+宾语+宾语补足语构成独立格结构面讨独立格结构种情况结构中体现
A．with+名词代词+形容词
He doesn誸like to sleep with the windows open
喜欢开着窗子睡觉
He doesn誸like to sleep when the windows are open
He stood in the rainwith his clothes wet
站雨中衣服湿透
He stood in the rainand his clothes were wet
注意：
with+名词代词+形容词构成独立格结构中已形容词化ing形式ed形式
With his son so disappointingthe old man felt unhappy
子令失老感快乐
With his father wellknownthe boy didn誸want to study
父亲出名子想读书
B．with+名词代词+副词
Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on
灯开时学校更美
Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on
The boy was walkingwith his father ahead
父亲前孩走着
The boy was walking and his father was ahead
C．with+名词代词+介词短语
He stood at the doorwith a computer in his hand
He stood at the doorcomputer in hand
站门口手里着部电脑
He stood at the doorand a computer was in his hand
Vincent sat at the deskwith a pen in his mouth
Vincent sat at the deskpen in mouth
文森特坐课桌前嘴里衔着支笔
Vincent sat at the deskand he had a pen in his mouth
D．with+名词代词+动词ed形式
With his homework donePeter went out to play
作业做彼出玩
When his homework was donePeter went out to play
With the signal giventhe train started
信号发出火车开始起动
After the signal was giventhe train started
I wouldn誸dare go home without the job finished
工作没完成敢回家
I wouldn誸dare go home because the job was not finished
E．with+名词代词+动词ing形式
The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him
孩子坐周围男子感高兴
The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was
女孩盒子藏起没知道里
The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was
Without anyone noticinghe slipped through the window趁没注意时候窗口溜走
When no one was noticinghe slipped through the window
F．with+名词代词+动词定式
The little boy looks sadwith so much homework to do
家庭作业做男孩开心
The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit
名胜参观孩激动
The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit
提示：
withwithout复合结构中数情况with省略without省略
Without a word more spokenshe left the meeting room
没四独立格结构句法功

独立格结构句中充原状语时间状语条件状语伴状语外作定语形式独立格结构位句首句中句尾通常逗号句隔开
A．作状语
独立格结构作状语功相状语句列分句
1．表示时间
Night coming onwe put ourselves up in a small hotel夜幕降家旅馆住
（When night came onwe put ourselves up in a small hotel）
All the guests seatedthey began their dinner
客坐开始吃饭
（When all the guests were seatedthey began their dinner）
With everything she needed boughtGrace took a taxi home
需买格雷斯回家
（After everything she needed was boughtGrace took a taxi home）
2．表示原
With a lot of difficult problems to settlethe newlyelected president is having a hard time
许难题解决新选总统日子
（As he has a lot of difficult problems to settlethe newlyelected president is having a hard time）
There being no means of transportationhe had to walk home at midnight
半夜没交通工具步行回家
(As there was no means of transportationhe had to walk home at midnight)
3．表示条件
Weather permittingwe will hold our yearly sports meeting next week
果天气允许话星期举行年次运动会
（If weather permitswe will hold our yearly sports meeting next week）
All the work doneyou can have a rest
工作做休息
（As long as all the work is doneyou can have a rest）
Everything taken into considerationthe plan seems to be more practical果方面考虑计划似更实际
（If everything is taken into considerationthe plan seems to be more practical）
提示：
表示时间原条件独立格结构般放句首保留连词
误When class being overthe students left their classroom
正Class(being)overthe students left their classroom课学生离开教室
误The moon appearing and they continued their way
正The moon appearingthey continued their way月亮出继续赶路
4．表示伴情况补充说明
The strange man was walking down the streetwith a stick in his hand
奇怪男街走着手里着根手杖
（The strange man was walking down the streetand he carried a stick in his hand）
The murderer was brought inwith his hands tied behind his back
杀犯带进手捆背
（The murderer was brought inand his hands were tied behind his back）
Two hundred people died in the accidentmany of them children
两百事中丧生中许童
（Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children）
B．作定语
独立格结构作定语功相定语句
He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled(with复合结构作定语修饰the student)
许问题解决
He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled
You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off(with复合结构作定语修饰bottle)
颈砍掉塑料瓶
You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off
He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides
走条两边没路灯马路(without复合结构作定语修饰the road)
He was walking along the road that didn誸have any street lights on its both sides
提示：
里讨连词连接两句子改独立格结构情况需提示连词方改独立格结构
If you stand on the top of the mountainthe park looks more beautiful
果站山顶公园更美（改独立格结构）
If you check your test paper carefullysome mistakes can be avoided
果仔细检查试卷话错误避免（改独立格结构）
说什话离开会议室（without省略）
名词性句
第九章名词性句

句句构成句子复合句名词性句复合句中起名词作包括语句宾语句表语句位语句四类句中分作语宾语表语位语

引导名词性句关联词

A．that
连词that身没意义句中担句子成分宾语句中时省略
I hear(that)he has joined the football club听说已加入足球俱乐部
That light travels in straight line is known to all众周知光直线传播
It so happens that I know the man碰巧认识
Is it certain that they will win定会赢

B．whetherif
连词whetherif身意义（解释否）句中省略
1．whether连接名词性句if引导宾语句
I didn't know whether he would attend the concert知道否参加音乐会（宾语句if代whether）
The question is whether it s worth trying问题值值试试（表语句if代whether）
Whether she comes or not makes no difference没关系（语句if代whether）
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not必须回答否意事样问题（位语句if代whether）
2．whether引导宾语句作介宾语if
It all depends on whether they will support us完全取决否支持(if)
Ryan was worrying about whether he had hurt her feelings瑞恩担心否伤害感情
3．if引导语句引导宾语句果if会引起歧义应避免ifwhether
Please let me know if you want to join us请告诉否想加入（if引导句成宾语句if表示否）
Please let me know if you want to join us果想加入话请告诉声（if引导句成条件状语句if表示果）
Please let me know whether you want t join us请告诉否想加入（避免引起歧义whether表示否）

C．whowhomwhosewhatwhich
连接代词whowhomwhosewhatwhich等句中起连接作时担语宾语定语表语等成分
No one knows who he was waiting for没知道时等谁
We are worrying about what we should do next正步该办烦恼
Tell me whos house it is告诉谁家
Let me know which train you will be arriving on告诉列火车达
D．wherewhenhowwhy
连接副词wherewhenhowwhy等句中连接词作状语
I don't know where we are going to have the meeting知道开会
She always thinks of how shecan work well总想样工作做
What I am anxious to know is when we can visit the museum急知道什时候参观博物馆
较：
when引导时间状语句名词性句中时态
Please lt me know when you arrive时候请告诉声（when引导时间状语句句中般现时表示）
Please let me know when you will arrive请告诉什时候（when引导宾语句句中般时）

E．whoeverwhomeverwhateverwhicheverwhosever
连接代词whoeveranyone who谁whateveranything that什whicheveranything thatwhomeveranyone whom（whoever宾格形式）
Whoever comes to the club is welcome谁参加俱乐部欢迎
Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well值做值做
They ate whatever they could find o the deserted island荒岛找什吃什
You may do whatever you will做想做事
I'll take whichever book interests me愿买感兴趣书
Whosever book is overdue will be fined谁书期未罚款
较：
连接代词whoever宾语句中作语whomever作宾语句中宾语
You may offer he book to whoever wants it书想（句中whomeverwhoever宾语句中作wants it语）
You may offer the book to whomever you like书喜欢（whomever宾语句中作you like宾语）
表语句

表语句放连系动词充复合句中表语

A．接表语句连系动词
接表语句连系动词belookseemsoundappear等
China is no longer what she used to be日中国中国
The question remains whether they will be able to help us问题否帮
Itappears that he has a taste for music音乐定鉴赏力
At that timeit seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word anyhow时似想出恰字眼

B．asas ifthough引导表语句
He looked just as he had looked ten years before起十年前样
It sounds as ifsomeone is knocking at the door听起敲门

C．becausewhy引导表语句
I think it is because you are talking too much想话说太
That's because he didn't understand me没理解（That's because
三位语句

位语句前面名词作进步解释说明名词具体容位语句般that引导whether连接代词连接副词引导

A．位语句般名词facthopeideanewsdoubtsuggestioninformationopiniondecisiondiscoverytruthpromisestatementproblemrule等面
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick生病件事焦虑
Where did you get the idea that I could not come听说？
I have no idea whether he'll come or not知道否
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going t spend our summer vacation度暑假问题没决定
It is a question how he did it做事问题
There is no doubt that we will win毫疑问会赢
注意：
含位语句句谓语部分短时谓语动词提前位语句名词隔开避免头重脚轻现象
Word came that Mr President would come and inspect ourschool himself消息说总统先生亲视察学校

B．虚拟语气位语句
表示建议命令求名词位语句中谓语动词should+动词原形表示should省略
This is our only request that this(hould)be settled as soon as possible快解决问题唯请求
He made the suggestion that we go by train建议坐火车
第10章定语句
第10章定语句

复合句中充定语句定语句定语句作相形容词修饰句中某名词代词整句称作形容词性句定语句修饰词先行词定语句般紧修饰先行词先行词定语句间起连接作词关系词关系词关系代词关系副词两种

关系代词引导定语句

引导定语句关系代词whowhomwhosewhichthat等分代前面先行词定语句中作语宾语定语

A．who
指定语句中作语
What was the name of the man who lent you the money
钱什名字？（定语句修饰先行词the man）
He who laughs lst laughs best
谁笑谁笑（定语句修饰先行词he）
The chairman of the meetingwho spoke firstsat on my right
会议席坐右边先发言（定语句修饰先行词the chairman）

B．whom
指定语句中做宾语口语非正式文体中whom省略who代介词面非限制性定语句中whom
There are some people(whomwho)we like and others(whomwho)we dislike
喜欢讨厌（定语句分修饰先行词peopleothers）
The people whomwho I work with are all friendly
起工作友（定语句修饰先行词the people）
Mr Carterwhom I spoke to on the phone last nightis very interested in or plan
昨晚电话里卡特先生交谈计划感兴趣（非限制性定语句中who代whom）
Two menneither of whom I had ever seen beforecame into my office
两办公室前未见（介词面who）

C．whose
通常指指物定语句中做定语面紧修饰名词
There are some people whose faces you can nevr forget
脸永远难忘怀（定语句修饰先行词people）
I saw some trees whose leaves were black because of the polluted air
见树树叶空气污染发黑（定语句修饰行词trees）


D．which
1．指物定语句中做语宾语做宾语时常省略
English is a language which is easy to learn
英语门容易学语言（which定语句中作语省略）
This is a folk song which is now very popular
目前非常流行首民谣（which定语句中作语省略）
The river which flows through London is the Thames
流伦敦河泰晤士河（which定语句中作语省略）
The children like cookies(which)my wife makes
孩子喜欢夫做饼干(关系代词which作makes宾语省略)
2．which引导非限制性定语句修饰前面整句相and this
Jim passedhis driving testwhich surprised everybody
吉姆通驾驶考试家感惊讶（定语句修饰整句the driving test）
Sheila couldn't come to the partywhich was a pity
希拉参加聚会真遗憾（定语句修饰整句the party）
3．which非限制性定语句中时作定语
John stayed here for a weekdring which time we visited the West Lake together
约翰里呆星期期间起游西湖
It might snow this weekendin which case we won't go to Beijing
周末雪种情况北京

E．that
指时相whowhom指物时相which定语句中作语宾语（做宾语时常省略）
He is the man that lives next door
住隔壁（定语句修饰先行词the man作语）
I don't like stories that have unhappy endings
喜欢结尾悲伤事（定语句修饰先行词stories作语）
The dress(that)Ann boughtdoesn't fit her very well
安买衣服太合身（定语句修饰先行词the dressthat作宾语省略）
Is there anything(that)I can do for you
效劳事？（定语句修饰先行词anythingthat作宾语省略）
提示：
口语中that时作关系副词相when介词+which结构
We left the day(that)he arrived天走（thatwhen）
He doesn't see things the way(that)we see them问题方法样（that代in which）
Imagine the speed(that)he drives his car难想象开车速度快（that代at which）

F．关系代词
asbut作关系代词引导定语句

1．as
as限制性定语句非限制性定语句中作语宾语
①限制性定语句中assucsothe same修饰先行词
Such men as heard him were deeply moved
听说话会深受感动（as定语句中作heard语）
I've never heard such stories as he tells
未听讲样事（as定语句中作tell宾语）
He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift
搬起搬起石头（as定语句中lift宾语）
较：
the same
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