(1)
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS KING CHOLERA
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world _1_________ a British doctor John Snow showed how it could be overcome This illness causes severe diarrhoea dehydration and even death In the early 19th century when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe millions of people died from the disease As a young doctor John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera In time he _2_____(rise) to become a famous doctor and even attended_3_______ Queen Victoria when she gave birth However he never lost his desire _4_____________ (destroy) cholera once and for all
In general doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread One theory was that bad air caused the disease Another was that cholera was caused by an infection _5______ germs in food or water Snow subscribed _6______ the second theory It was correct but he still needed proof Consequently when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854 Snow began to investigate He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was _7________ severe that more than 500 people died in ten days He was determined to find out _8_________
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places _9_____________ all those who died had lived There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16 37 38 and 40) _10_____________ some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water _11_________ the pump Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame What is more in another part of London a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it _12_____________ (deliver) to her house every day As a result of this evidence John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs _13_____________ (according) he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used Through this intervention the disease was stopped in its tracks
The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump _14_____________ (infect) by waste Moreover Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste The people who drank this water were much _15_____________ (likely) to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water
Through Snow＇s _16_____________ (tire) efforts water companies began to sell clean water and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease However cholera is still a problem Each year millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it _17_____________ (fortunate) we now know how to prevent cholera thanks to the work of John Snow Moreover in his use of maps and statistics Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases For this reason Snow _18_____________ (consider) the father of modern epidemiology
(2)
THE FATHER OF CHINA＇S AEROSPACE
Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact _1_________ China＇s aerospace science than Qian Xuesen Described by the authors of the Story of Qian Xuesen as a man with great scientific thought and scientific spirit who was patriotic and served his homeland with effort achievement and devotion Qian was an _2_____________ (extreme) wellrespected man
Born in Hangzhou in 1911 Qian attended schools in Beijing and then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical Engineering _3_____________ after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932 Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country
Qian went to the United States in 1935 to pursue his graduate studies Over the course of the 1930s and 1940s Qian became a pioneer in American jet and rocket technology _4______ a graduate assistant at the California Institute of Technology during the 1930s Qian helped conduct important research into rocket propulsion and in the 1940s he and several other people _5_____________ (found) the Jet Propulsion Laboratory now one of NASA＇s leading spaceexploration centres
After overcoming some difficulties during his final few years in the US Qian returned to China in 1955 He received a hero＇s welcome from his homeland and was put _6_______ charge of not only developing China＇s rocket science but also its space and missile programme At that time China was poor and its rocket science was undeveloped No institute or university in China _7_____________ (offer) rocket science as a major and there were no talents or experts in this field in China Nevertheless Qian did not let that discourage him from taking on the challenge When _8_____________ (ask) Can we Chinese possibly make missiles his reply was a _9_____________ (determine) Why not We Chinese are able to make the same things that other people make
Under Qian＇s leadership China developed the Dongfeng missiles _10_____________ (follow) by the first generation of Long March rockets In 1970 China successfully launched its first manmade satellite Dong Fang Hong I from a Long March rocket Because much of the technology behind the Shenzhou rockets can also _11_____________ (trace) back to Qian＇s research Qian earned the name of the father of China＇s aerospace
Qian read a lot and was extremely _12_____________ (knowledge) especially in the area of frontier science research However what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest _13_________ other things such as music and drawing His deep appreciation _14_________ art often gave him _15_____________ (inspire) in his scientific research
On 31 October 2009 the whole country _16_____________ (sadden) by Qian＇s death and people honoured and remembered him in different ways
(3)
A WORLD OF PURE THOUGHT
Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and _1_____________ (gift) scientists in physics Most people are familiar with images of him in his wheelchair unable to move and _2_____________ (use) a computer to talk Since he came down _3__________ a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles his world became one of abstract thought
Hawking first achieved fame when he was still healthy enough to walk as a graduate student in physics at Cambridge University in 1964 In general there were two main theories _4________ the origin of the universe The first was the steady state theory which holds that the universe has no beginning or end The other was the big bang theory _5__________ holds that the universe began at a single point in time and space The biggest champion of the steady state concept was Fred Hoyle a professor at Cambridge During the question and answer period after one of Hoyle＇s _6_____________ (lecture) Hawking stood up and pointed out that Hoyle had made a mistake in his maths Once the maths was corrected it showed that the big bang theory and not the steady state theory was true Hawking＇s own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by astronomers with telescopes A star was born
So what made Stephen Hawking a genius Besides being brilliant he was brave though sometimes careless in what he said or did He was willing to say what others were afraid to say and to dream of _7_____________ others were afraid to dream about Furthermore he was quite determined This had helped him as a scientist and had helped him even more in his fight _8__________ his disease Above all Hawking was willing to admit his faults This odd _9_____________ (combine) of characteristics had made him one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries
(4)
AI AND HUMAN BEINGS
Is it possible to make machines think like humans This is one question in research in the field of Artificial Intelligence or Al To think like a human it involves feelings morality hopes and dreams Humans are capable _1________ making decisions by themselves without input from others and they can learn from experience In addition humans are able to create things from their own inspiration for their own pleasure The question is _2____________ machines can ever really think in all these aspects
The idea of a computer that is allpowerful and can think and make decisions for _3_______ (it) terrifies many people In some films Al even decides that all humans must be killed Many people are also concerned that Al will be used to replace humans
Yet others are comforted by the thought of Al Maybe with Al robots can be made to replace loved ones who _4_____________ (die) Today the creation of an allpowerful computer capable of human thought is still in progress We have companion robots and it is likely that they will grow more important in our lives as time _5_____________ (go) by However the need for such robots does not seem to be as critical as our need for intelligent machines that can solve problems by learning from their observations and experience
For example Al is already being used with great success in Internet search engines and _6_______ a personal assistant in our smartphones It learns from our habits to help us find what we want and like Al is also used to diagnose problems and suggest solutions Researchers are also experimenting with the use of Al in _7_____________ (driver) cars which can sense their surroundings and decide _8_______ the best way to reach a destination It is also being used in education particularly in online courses Furthermore industries that use robots for repetitive or dangerous work often turn to Al to manage these electronic workers In addition virtual assistants are also being used in some homes today In the near future _9________ is likely that Al will be used to manage smart homes and handle an even greater _10_________ (various) of tasks such as setting out favourite clothes and helping us with our personal grooming
The Al of today has already proven its superiority to humans in many areas Do you think that we can create a robot that thinks like a human or one that is even _11_____________ (intelligent) If so is there _12_____________ (true) a difference between Al and a human
(5)
DA VINCI＇S WORLD
Everyone is quiet as they enter the narrow room The crowd ignores the many beautiful paintings on the walls and pushes to the room＇s far end There they gaze _1_______ a single small painting of a smiling woman So many people have crowded in to have a look at the painting that most can only get a quick look at it Then they _2_____________ (force) to move on
This painting is the Mona Lisa created in the early 16th century by the Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci It was kept away from the public until 1797 3_______ it was put on display at the Louvre Museum in Paris Art critics only first began to notice the painting in the 1850s Then in 1911 the painting was stolen By the time the painting was finally recovered in 1914 it _4___________ (become) an international sensation Many agreed that it was one of the greatest paintings ever made by one of the world＇s greatest painters
Even as a young boy da Vinci showed promise as an artist When he was fourteen years old he was sent to learn art in Florence Italy He trained for seven years and then _5_________ (strike) out on his own working for wealthy men throughout Italy and later for the king of France Even though Leonardo began his career as a painter he most often worked as an engineer One reason was that he painted very slowly and sometimes did not even finish his work Another reason was that Italy was at war and people needed engineers to help build city defences more than they needed artists _6__________ even though da Vinci worked as an engineer he still found time to paint creating some of his greatest artworks during this period
After da Vinci＇s death _7_____ was discovered that he had kept many notebooks describing and illustrating his work his inventions and his scientific research While his notebooks were collected and prized by the kings of Europe none of _8___________ were published until the late 19th century Until then few people had had any idea _9___________ they contained
_10_____ it turned out his notebooks are an amazing treasure box of drawings of people animals plants and fantastic inventions such as airplanes tanks robots and diving equipment Then there are accurate studies of the human body _11_____________ (show) bones and muscles with such detail that would not be seen elsewhere for four hundred years Along with these drawings are notes describing his work _12_____________ (odd) many of these notes are written backwards You have to hold them up to the mirror in order to read them Many of these notes are scientific in nature _13_____________ (involve) his research in many different fields His notebooks show that he was not only the greatest artist of his time but the greatest scientist as well
This raises the question What was more important to da Vinci science or art Da Vinci once said Practice must always _14_____________(found) on sound theory The painter who draws merely by practice and by eye without any reason is like a mirror which copies everything placed in front of it but does not know those things exist Here reason means an understanding of what is being painted In da Vinci＇s mind before he could paint something he had to examine it take it apart and even see _15_______ it worked Thus his scientific research served his art
Yet this is too simple of a picture of the man Da Vinci was always full of _16_____________ (excite) to explore to discover and to create He saw no division between art invention and science they were all a part of his wonderful new world of discovery Thus some of da Vinci＇s paintings were really science experiments in that they used new chemicals and processes from his research At the same time his scientific drawings are considered beautiful pieces of art in their own right _17_________ many of them were created to help him understand what he was painting Da Vinci＇s desire to create and his interest in the world around him drove both his art and his science
So what can we learn from this Few of us will ever be _18________ gifted and intelligent as da Vinci Yet all of us can learn from his spirit We can produce things of beauty create new inventions and increase our scientific knowledge Furthermore we can be creative in solving difficult problems _19___________ none of us may ever be able to paint something as beautiful as the Mona Lisa we can all do our small part to make the world a better place
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JOHN SNOW DEFEATS KING CHOLERA
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world _1_________ a British doctor John Snow showed how it could be overcome This illness causes severe diarrhoea dehydration and even death In the early 19th century when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe millions of people died from the disease As a young doctor John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera In time he _2_____(rise) to become a famous doctor and even attended_3_______ Queen Victoria when she gave birth However he never lost his desire _4_____________ (destroy) cholera once and for all
In general doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread One theory was that bad air caused the disease Another was that cholera was caused by an infection _5______ germs in food or water Snow subscribed _6______ the second theory It was correct but he still needed proof Consequently when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854 Snow began to investigate He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was _7________ severe that more than 500 people died in ten days He was determined to find out _8_________
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places _9_____________ all those who died had lived There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16 37 38 and 40) _10_____________ some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water _11_________ the pump Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame What is more in another part of London a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it _12_____________ (deliver) to her house every day As a result of this evidence John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs _13_____________ (according) he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used Through this intervention the disease was stopped in its tracks
The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump _14_____________ (infect) by waste Moreover Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste The people who drank this water were much _15_____________ (likely) to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water
Through Snow＇s _16_____________ (tire) efforts water companies began to sell clean water and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease However cholera is still a problem Each year millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it _17_____________ (fortunate) we now know how to prevent cholera thanks to the work of John Snow Moreover in his use of maps and statistics Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases For this reason Snow _18_____________ (consider) the father of modern epidemiology
(2)
THE FATHER OF CHINA＇S AEROSPACE
Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact _1_________ China＇s aerospace science than Qian Xuesen Described by the authors of the Story of Qian Xuesen as a man with great scientific thought and scientific spirit who was patriotic and served his homeland with effort achievement and devotion Qian was an _2_____________ (extreme) wellrespected man
Born in Hangzhou in 1911 Qian attended schools in Beijing and then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical Engineering _3_____________ after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932 Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country
Qian went to the United States in 1935 to pursue his graduate studies Over the course of the 1930s and 1940s Qian became a pioneer in American jet and rocket technology _4______ a graduate assistant at the California Institute of Technology during the 1930s Qian helped conduct important research into rocket propulsion and in the 1940s he and several other people _5_____________ (found) the Jet Propulsion Laboratory now one of NASA＇s leading spaceexploration centres
After overcoming some difficulties during his final few years in the US Qian returned to China in 1955 He received a hero＇s welcome from his homeland and was put _6_______ charge of not only developing China＇s rocket science but also its space and missile programme At that time China was poor and its rocket science was undeveloped No institute or university in China _7_____________ (offer) rocket science as a major and there were no talents or experts in this field in China Nevertheless Qian did not let that discourage him from taking on the challenge When _8_____________ (ask) Can we Chinese possibly make missiles his reply was a _9_____________ (determine) Why not We Chinese are able to make the same things that other people make
Under Qian＇s leadership China developed the Dongfeng missiles _10_____________ (follow) by the first generation of Long March rockets In 1970 China successfully launched its first manmade satellite Dong Fang Hong I from a Long March rocket Because much of the technology behind the Shenzhou rockets can also _11_____________ (trace) back to Qian＇s research Qian earned the name of the father of China＇s aerospace
Qian read a lot and was extremely _12_____________ (knowledge) especially in the area of frontier science research However what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest _13_________ other things such as music and drawing His deep appreciation _14_________ art often gave him _15_____________ (inspire) in his scientific research
On 31 October 2009 the whole country _16_____________ (sadden) by Qian＇s death and people honoured and remembered him in different ways
(3)
A WORLD OF PURE THOUGHT
Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and _1_____________ (gift) scientists in physics Most people are familiar with images of him in his wheelchair unable to move and _2_____________ (use) a computer to talk Since he came down _3__________ a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles his world became one of abstract thought
Hawking first achieved fame when he was still healthy enough to walk as a graduate student in physics at Cambridge University in 1964 In general there were two main theories _4________ the origin of the universe The first was the steady state theory which holds that the universe has no beginning or end The other was the big bang theory _5__________ holds that the universe began at a single point in time and space The biggest champion of the steady state concept was Fred Hoyle a professor at Cambridge During the question and answer period after one of Hoyle＇s _6_____________ (lecture) Hawking stood up and pointed out that Hoyle had made a mistake in his maths Once the maths was corrected it showed that the big bang theory and not the steady state theory was true Hawking＇s own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by astronomers with telescopes A star was born
So what made Stephen Hawking a genius Besides being brilliant he was brave though sometimes careless in what he said or did He was willing to say what others were afraid to say and to dream of _7_____________ others were afraid to dream about Furthermore he was quite determined This had helped him as a scientist and had helped him even more in his fight _8__________ his disease Above all Hawking was willing to admit his faults This odd _9_____________ (combine) of characteristics had made him one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries
(4)
AI AND HUMAN BEINGS
Is it possible to make machines think like humans This is one question in research in the field of Artificial Intelligence or Al To think like a human it involves feelings morality hopes and dreams Humans are capable _1________ making decisions by themselves without input from others and they can learn from experience In addition humans are able to create things from their own inspiration for their own pleasure The question is _2____________ machines can ever really think in all these aspects
The idea of a computer that is allpowerful and can think and make decisions for _3_______ (it) terrifies many people In some films Al even decides that all humans must be killed Many people are also concerned that Al will be used to replace humans
Yet others are comforted by the thought of Al Maybe with Al robots can be made to replace loved ones who _4_____________ (die) Today the creation of an allpowerful computer capable of human thought is still in progress We have companion robots and it is likely that they will grow more important in our lives as time _5_____________ (go) by However the need for such robots does not seem to be as critical as our need for intelligent machines that can solve problems by learning from their observations and experience
For example Al is already being used with great success in Internet search engines and _6_______ a personal assistant in our smartphones It learns from our habits to help us find what we want and like Al is also used to diagnose problems and suggest solutions Researchers are also experimenting with the use of Al in _7_____________ (driver) cars which can sense their surroundings and decide _8_______ the best way to reach a destination It is also being used in education particularly in online courses Furthermore industries that use robots for repetitive or dangerous work often turn to Al to manage these electronic workers In addition virtual assistants are also being used in some homes today In the near future _9________ is likely that Al will be used to manage smart homes and handle an even greater _10_________ (various) of tasks such as setting out favourite clothes and helping us with our personal grooming
The Al of today has already proven its superiority to humans in many areas Do you think that we can create a robot that thinks like a human or one that is even _11_____________ (intelligent) If so is there _12_____________ (true) a difference between Al and a human
(5)
DA VINCI＇S WORLD
Everyone is quiet as they enter the narrow room The crowd ignores the many beautiful paintings on the walls and pushes to the room＇s far end There they gaze _1_______ a single small painting of a smiling woman So many people have crowded in to have a look at the painting that most can only get a quick look at it Then they _2_____________ (force) to move on
This painting is the Mona Lisa created in the early 16th century by the Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci It was kept away from the public until 1797 3_______ it was put on display at the Louvre Museum in Paris Art critics only first began to notice the painting in the 1850s Then in 1911 the painting was stolen By the time the painting was finally recovered in 1914 it _4___________ (become) an international sensation Many agreed that it was one of the greatest paintings ever made by one of the world＇s greatest painters
Even as a young boy da Vinci showed promise as an artist When he was fourteen years old he was sent to learn art in Florence Italy He trained for seven years and then _5_________ (strike) out on his own working for wealthy men throughout Italy and later for the king of France Even though Leonardo began his career as a painter he most often worked as an engineer One reason was that he painted very slowly and sometimes did not even finish his work Another reason was that Italy was at war and people needed engineers to help build city defences more than they needed artists _6__________ even though da Vinci worked as an engineer he still found time to paint creating some of his greatest artworks during this period
After da Vinci＇s death _7_____ was discovered that he had kept many notebooks describing and illustrating his work his inventions and his scientific research While his notebooks were collected and prized by the kings of Europe none of _8___________ were published until the late 19th century Until then few people had had any idea _9___________ they contained
_10_____ it turned out his notebooks are an amazing treasure box of drawings of people animals plants and fantastic inventions such as airplanes tanks robots and diving equipment Then there are accurate studies of the human body _11_____________ (show) bones and muscles with such detail that would not be seen elsewhere for four hundred years Along with these drawings are notes describing his work _12_____________ (odd) many of these notes are written backwards You have to hold them up to the mirror in order to read them Many of these notes are scientific in nature _13_____________ (involve) his research in many different fields His notebooks show that he was not only the greatest artist of his time but the greatest scientist as well
This raises the question What was more important to da Vinci science or art Da Vinci once said Practice must always _14_____________(found) on sound theory The painter who draws merely by practice and by eye without any reason is like a mirror which copies everything placed in front of it but does not know those things exist Here reason means an understanding of what is being painted In da Vinci＇s mind before he could paint something he had to examine it take it apart and even see _15_______ it worked Thus his scientific research served his art
Yet this is too simple of a picture of the man Da Vinci was always full of _16_____________ (excite) to explore to discover and to create He saw no division between art invention and science they were all a part of his wonderful new world of discovery Thus some of da Vinci＇s paintings were really science experiments in that they used new chemicals and processes from his research At the same time his scientific drawings are considered beautiful pieces of art in their own right _17_________ many of them were created to help him understand what he was painting Da Vinci＇s desire to create and his interest in the world around him drove both his art and his science
So what can we learn from this Few of us will ever be _18________ gifted and intelligent as da Vinci Yet all of us can learn from his spirit We can produce things of beauty create new inventions and increase our scientific knowledge Furthermore we can be creative in solving difficult problems _19___________ none of us may ever be able to paint something as beautiful as the Mona Lisa we can all do our small part to make the world a better place
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《香当网》用户分享的内容，不代表《香当网》观点或立场，请自行判断内容的真实性和可靠性！
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