英语（）试题 1 （ 14 页）
Section I Use of English
Directions
Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A B C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
Even if families don’t sit down to eat together as frequently as before millions
of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of the nation’s great
traditions the Sunday roast 1 a cold winter’s day few culinary pleasures can
2 it Yet as we report now the food police are determined that this 3 should
be rendered yet another guilty pleasure 4 to damage our health
The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public warning about the
risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high
temperatures This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes
reject thincrust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread But where is the evidence
to support such alarmist advice 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can
cause neurological damage in mice there is no 10 evidence that it causes
cancer in humans
Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific
proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to
follow the FSA advice 14 it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years
before the evidence was found to prove a 15
Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be 16 up on Sunday
alongside some steamed vegetables without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine But
would life be worth living 17 the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast
foods 18 but to reduce their lifetime intake However their 19 risks coming
across as being pushy and overprotective Constant health scares just 20 with no
one listening英语（）试题 2 （ 14 页）
1 [A] In [B] Towards [C] On [D] Till
2 [A] match [B] express [C] satisfy [D] influence
3 [A] patience [B] enjoyment [C] surprise [D] concern
4 [A] intensified [B] privileged [C] compelled [D] guaranteed
5 [A] issued [B] received [C] ignored [D] cancelled
6 [A] under [B] at [C] for [D] by
7 [A] forget [B] regret [C] finish [D] avoid
8 [A] partially [B] regularly [C] easily [D] initially
9 [A] Unless [B] Since [C] If [D] While
10 [A] secondary [B] external [C] conclusive [D] negative
11 [A] insufficient [B] bound [C] likely [D] slow
12 [A] On the basis of [B] At the cost of [C] In addition to [D] In contrast to
13 [A] interesting [B] advisable [C] urgent [D] fortunate
14 [A]] As usual [B] In particular [C] By definition [D] After all
15 [A] resemblance [B] combination [C] connection [D] pattern
16 [A] made [B] served [C] saved [D] used
17 [A] To be fair [B] For instance [C] To be brief [D] In general
18 [A] reluctantly [B] entirely [C] gradually [D] carefully
19 [A] promise [B] experience [C] campaign [D] competition
20 [A] follow up [B] pick up [C] open up [D] end up
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions after each text by choosing A B
C or D Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)英语（）试题 3 （ 14 页）
Text 1
A group of Labour MPs among them Yvette Cooper are bringing in the new
year with a call to institute a UK town of culture award The proposal is that it
should sit alongside the existing city of culture title which was held by Hull in 2017
and has been awarded to Coventry for 2021 Cooper and her colleagues argue that the
success of the crown for Hull where it brought in £220m of investment and an
avalanche of arts ought not to be confined to cities Britain’s towns it is true are not
prevented from applying but they generally lack the resources to put together a bid to
beat their bigger competitors A town of culture award could it is argued become an
annual event attracting funding and creating jobs
Some might see the proposal as a booby prize for the fact that Britain is no
longer able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture
a soughtafter award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008 A cynic
might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of
selfcelebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the postBrexit world after
town of culture who knows what will follow—village of culture Suburb of culture
Hamlet of culture
It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cureall A badly run year of
culture washes in and washes out of a place like the tide bringing prominence for a
spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community The really successful holders
of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in
highprofile arts events and good press for a year They transform the aspirations of
the people who live there they nudge the selfimage of the city into a bolder and
more optimistic light It is hard to get right and requires a remarkable degree of
vision as well as cooperation between city authorities the private sector community
groups and cultural organisations But it can be done Glasgow’s year as European
capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of a complex series of factors that have
turned the city into the powerhouse of art music and theatre that it remains today
A town of culture could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town’s
peculiarities—helping sustain its high street supporting local facilities and above all
celebrating its people Jeremy Wright the culture secretary should welcome this
positive hopefilled proposal and turn it into action英语（）试题 4 （ 14 页）
21 Cooper and her colleagues argue that a town of culture award could
[A] consolidate the towncity ties in Britain
[B] promote cooperation among Britain’s towns
[C] increase the economic strength of Britain’s towns
[D] focus Britain’s limited resources on cultural events
22 According to Paragraph 2 the proposal might be regarded by some as
[A] a sensible compromise
[B] a selfdeceiving attempt
[C] an eyecatching bonus
[D] an inaccessible target
23 The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it
[A] endeavours to maintain its image
[B] meets the aspiration of its people
[C] brings its local arts to prominence
[D] commits to its longterm growth
24 Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present
[A] a contrasting case
[B] a supporting example
[C] a background story
[D] a related topic
25 What is the author’s attitude towards the proposal
[A] Skeptical
[B] Objective
[C] Favourable
[D] Critical英语（）试题 5 （ 14 页）
Text 2
Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money Scientists need
journals in which to publish their research so they will supply the articles without
monetary reward Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also
for free because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production
of scientific knowledge
With the content of papers secured for free the publisher needs only find a market
for its journal Until this century university libraries were not very price sensitive
Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40 on their
operations at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis
The Dutch giant Elsevier which claims to publish 25 of the scientific papers
produced in the world made profits of more than £900m last year while UK
universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access
their own publicly funded research both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite
increasingly desperate efforts to change them
The most drastic and thoroughly illegal reaction has been the emergence of
SciHub a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers set up in 2012 which now
claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015 The success of
SciHub which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally
accessed shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be
transformed so that it works for all participants
In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding
bodies In some ways it has been very successful More than half of all British
scientific research is now published under open access terms either freely available
from the moment of publication or paywalled for a year or more so that the
publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release
Yet the new system has not yet worked out any cheaper for the universities
Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers
by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article These range
from around £500 to 5000 and apparently the work gets more expensive the more
that publishers do it A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions
and of these article preparation costs had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation
In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the
social internet labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status while huge
profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places In both cases we need
a rebalancing of power英语（）试题 6 （ 14 页）
26 Scientific publishing is seen as a license to print money partly because
[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase
[B] its marketing strategy has been successful
[C] its payment for peer review is reduced
[D] its content acquisition costs nothing
27 According to Paragraphs 2 and 3 scientific publishers like Elsevier have
[A] thrived mainly on university libraries
[B] gone through an existential crisis
[C] reviewed the publishing industry
[D] financed researchers generously
28 How does the author feel about the success of SciHub
[A] Relieved
[B] Puzzled
[C] Concerned
[D] Encouraged
29 It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms
[A] allow publishers some room to make money
[B] render publishing much easier for scientists
[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially
[D] free universities from financial burdens
30 Which of the following characterizes the scientific publishing model
[A] Trial subscription is offered
[B] Labour triumphs over status
[C] Costs are well controlled
[D] The few feed on the many英语（）试题 7 （ 14 页）
Text 3
Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level
the playing field But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtuesignaling
that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people
A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House
Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad to ensure gender parity on boards and
commissions provide a case in point
Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the stategovernment
boards are less than 40 percent female In order to ensure that elite women have more
such opportunities they have proposed imposing government quotas If the bills
become law state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of
board seats for women by 2022
The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California which last year
became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies In signing the
measure California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law which expressly
classifies people on the basis of sex is probably unconstitutional
The US Supreme Court frowns on sexbased classifications unless they are
designed to address an important policy interest Because the California law applies
to all boards even where there is no history of prior discrimination courts are likely
to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of equal protection
But are such government mandates even necessary Female participation on
corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general
population but so what
The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without
government interference According to a study by Catalyst between 2010 and 2015
the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent
Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board
membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards That is
exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota
Writing in The New Republic Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of
opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women
to serve on such boards has led to a golden skirt phenomenon where the same elite
women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards
Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity
remember that such policies are largely selfserving measures that make their
sponsors feel good but do little to help average women英语（）试题 8 （ 14 页）
31 The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will
[A] help little to reduce gender bias
[B] pose a threat to the state government
[C] raise women’s position in politics
[D] greatly broaden career options
32 Which of the following is true of the California measure
[A] It has irritated private business owners
[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court
[C] It may go against the Constitution
[D] It will settle the prior controversies
33 The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate
[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision
[B] the importance of constitutional guarantees
[C] the pressure on women in global corporations
[D] the needlessness of government interventions
34 Norway’s adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to
[A] the underestimation of elite women’s role
[B] the objection to female participation on boards
[C] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board
[D] the growing tension between labour and management
35 Which of the following can be inferred from the text
[A] Women’s need in employment should be considered
[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking
[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice
[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation英语（）试题 9 （ 14 页）
Text 4
Last Thursday the French Senate passed a digital services tax which would
impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to
consumers or users in France Digital services include everything from providing a
platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user
data and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services Many French politicians
and media outlets have referred to this as a GAFA tax meaning that it is designed
to apply primarily to companies such as Google Apple Facebook and Amazon—in
other words multinational tech companies based in the United States
The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron
who has expressed support for the measure and it could go into effect within the next
few weeks But it has already sparked significant controversy with the United States
trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against
American companies which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France
The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue
Instead the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend with countries over the
past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax
provisions They have included Britain’s DPT (diverted profits tax) Australia’s MAAL
(multinational antiavoidance law) and India’s SEP (significant economic
presence) test to name but a few At the same time the European Union Spain Britain
and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes
These unilateral developments differ in their specifics but they are all designed
to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a
right to tax even if international tax rules do not grant them that right In other words
they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the
current economy
In response to these many unilateral measures the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to
reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution Both France and
the United States are involved in the organization’s work but France’s digital services
tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the
international tax system
France’s planned tax is a clear warning Unless a broad consensus can be
reached on reforming the international tax system other nations are likely to follow
suit and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of
nations that will prove burdensome and costly英语（）试题 10 （ 14 页）
36 The French Senate has passed a bill to
[A] regulate digital services platforms
[B] protect French companies’ interests
[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals
[D] curb the influence of advertising
37 It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax
[A] may trigger countermeasures against France
[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad
[C] aims to ease international trade tensions
[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France
38 The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that
[A] redistribution of tech giants’ revenue must be ensured
[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading
[C] tech multinationals’ monopoly should be prevented
[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights
39 It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that the OECD’s current work
[A] is being resisted by US companies
[B] needs to be readjusted immediately
[C] is faced with uncertain prospects
[D] needs to involve more countries
40 Which of the following might be the best title for this text
[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions
[B] France Leads the Charge on Digital Tax
[C] France Says NO to Tech Multinationals
[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy英语（）试题 11 （ 14 页）
Part B
Directions
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable
subheading from the list AG for each of the numbered paragraphs (4145) There are
two extra subheadings Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
[A] Eye fixations are brief
[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude
[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal
[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact
[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated
[F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers
[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive
In a social situation eye contact with another person can show that you are
paying attention in a friendly way But it can also be antagonistic such as when a
political candidate turns toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye
contact that signals hostility Here’s what hard science reveals about eye contact
41
We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother’s eyes and
she will look back This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between
mother and child In adulthood looking at someone else in a pleasant way can be a
complimentary sign of paying attention It can catch someone’s attention in a
crowded room Eye contact and smile can signal availability and confidence a
commonsense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore
42
Neuroscientist Bonnie Auyeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the
amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when
the direction of their gaze was recorded This was also found in highfunctioning men
with some autistic spectrum symptoms who may tend to avoid eye contact Specific英语（）试题 12 （ 14 页）
brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researchers
using advanced methods of brain scanning
43
With the use of eyetracking technology Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy
School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of
messages depending on the situation While eye contact may be a sign of connection
or trust in friendly situations it’s more likely to be associated with dominance or
intimidation in adversarial situations Whether you’re a politician or a parent it
might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if
you’re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you said
Minson
44
When we look at a face or a picture our eyes pause on one spot at a time often
on the eyes or mouth These pauses typically occur at about three per second and the
eyes then jump to another spot until several important points in the image are
registered like a series of snapshots How the whole image is then assembled and
perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research
45
In people who score high in a test of neuroticism a personality dimension
associated with selfconsciousness and anxiety eye contact triggered more activity
associated with avoidance according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and
colleagues Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are
the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ A more direct finding
is that people who scored highly for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others
for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did
not look directly at them英语（）试题 13 （ 14 页）
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET (10
points)
Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known
as the Renaissance the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known
It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead
favoured a more humanistic approach to being Renaissance ideas had spread
throughout Europe well into the 17th century with the arts and sciences flourishing
extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition (46) With the Church’s
teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance the gap between
the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored
intellectual territories
During the Renaissance the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus Johannes
Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery
(47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more
ancient ways of thinking including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the
centre of our universe Copernicus theorised in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew
of revolved not around the Earth but the Sun a system that was later upheld by Galileo
at his own expense Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between
scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that
continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death
(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians
and rationalists more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made
at a rate that the people could no longer ignore It was with these great revelations
that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born
The Church’s longstanding dogma was losing the great battle for truth to
rationalists and scientists This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that
swept through Europe during most of the 17th century (49) As many took on the duty
of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world the
Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era – the Age of Reason
The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity Scientific
method reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged as were
ideas of liberty tolerance and progress (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to
understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase sapere
aude’ or dare to know’ after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the
Question What is Enlightenment It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to
go forth and seek out the truth which they believed to be founded in knowledge英语（）试题 14 （ 14 页）
Section III Writing
Part A
51 Directions
The Student Union of your university has assigned you to inform the international
students about an upcoming singing contest Write a notice in about 100 words
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET
Do not use your own name in the notice (10 points)
Part B
52 Directions
Write an essay of 160200 words based on the pictures below In your essay you
should
1) describe the pictures briefly
2) interpret the implied meaning and
3) give your comments
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET (20 points)
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Section I Use of English
Directions
Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A B C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
Even if families don’t sit down to eat together as frequently as before millions
of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of the nation’s great
traditions the Sunday roast 1 a cold winter’s day few culinary pleasures can
2 it Yet as we report now the food police are determined that this 3 should
be rendered yet another guilty pleasure 4 to damage our health
The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public warning about the
risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high
temperatures This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes
reject thincrust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread But where is the evidence
to support such alarmist advice 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can
cause neurological damage in mice there is no 10 evidence that it causes
cancer in humans
Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific
proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to
follow the FSA advice 14 it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years
before the evidence was found to prove a 15
Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be 16 up on Sunday
alongside some steamed vegetables without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine But
would life be worth living 17 the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast
foods 18 but to reduce their lifetime intake However their 19 risks coming
across as being pushy and overprotective Constant health scares just 20 with no
one listening英语（）试题 2 （ 14 页）
1 [A] In [B] Towards [C] On [D] Till
2 [A] match [B] express [C] satisfy [D] influence
3 [A] patience [B] enjoyment [C] surprise [D] concern
4 [A] intensified [B] privileged [C] compelled [D] guaranteed
5 [A] issued [B] received [C] ignored [D] cancelled
6 [A] under [B] at [C] for [D] by
7 [A] forget [B] regret [C] finish [D] avoid
8 [A] partially [B] regularly [C] easily [D] initially
9 [A] Unless [B] Since [C] If [D] While
10 [A] secondary [B] external [C] conclusive [D] negative
11 [A] insufficient [B] bound [C] likely [D] slow
12 [A] On the basis of [B] At the cost of [C] In addition to [D] In contrast to
13 [A] interesting [B] advisable [C] urgent [D] fortunate
14 [A]] As usual [B] In particular [C] By definition [D] After all
15 [A] resemblance [B] combination [C] connection [D] pattern
16 [A] made [B] served [C] saved [D] used
17 [A] To be fair [B] For instance [C] To be brief [D] In general
18 [A] reluctantly [B] entirely [C] gradually [D] carefully
19 [A] promise [B] experience [C] campaign [D] competition
20 [A] follow up [B] pick up [C] open up [D] end up
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions after each text by choosing A B
C or D Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)英语（）试题 3 （ 14 页）
Text 1
A group of Labour MPs among them Yvette Cooper are bringing in the new
year with a call to institute a UK town of culture award The proposal is that it
should sit alongside the existing city of culture title which was held by Hull in 2017
and has been awarded to Coventry for 2021 Cooper and her colleagues argue that the
success of the crown for Hull where it brought in £220m of investment and an
avalanche of arts ought not to be confined to cities Britain’s towns it is true are not
prevented from applying but they generally lack the resources to put together a bid to
beat their bigger competitors A town of culture award could it is argued become an
annual event attracting funding and creating jobs
Some might see the proposal as a booby prize for the fact that Britain is no
longer able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture
a soughtafter award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008 A cynic
might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of
selfcelebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the postBrexit world after
town of culture who knows what will follow—village of culture Suburb of culture
Hamlet of culture
It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cureall A badly run year of
culture washes in and washes out of a place like the tide bringing prominence for a
spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community The really successful holders
of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in
highprofile arts events and good press for a year They transform the aspirations of
the people who live there they nudge the selfimage of the city into a bolder and
more optimistic light It is hard to get right and requires a remarkable degree of
vision as well as cooperation between city authorities the private sector community
groups and cultural organisations But it can be done Glasgow’s year as European
capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of a complex series of factors that have
turned the city into the powerhouse of art music and theatre that it remains today
A town of culture could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town’s
peculiarities—helping sustain its high street supporting local facilities and above all
celebrating its people Jeremy Wright the culture secretary should welcome this
positive hopefilled proposal and turn it into action英语（）试题 4 （ 14 页）
21 Cooper and her colleagues argue that a town of culture award could
[A] consolidate the towncity ties in Britain
[B] promote cooperation among Britain’s towns
[C] increase the economic strength of Britain’s towns
[D] focus Britain’s limited resources on cultural events
22 According to Paragraph 2 the proposal might be regarded by some as
[A] a sensible compromise
[B] a selfdeceiving attempt
[C] an eyecatching bonus
[D] an inaccessible target
23 The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it
[A] endeavours to maintain its image
[B] meets the aspiration of its people
[C] brings its local arts to prominence
[D] commits to its longterm growth
24 Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present
[A] a contrasting case
[B] a supporting example
[C] a background story
[D] a related topic
25 What is the author’s attitude towards the proposal
[A] Skeptical
[B] Objective
[C] Favourable
[D] Critical英语（）试题 5 （ 14 页）
Text 2
Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money Scientists need
journals in which to publish their research so they will supply the articles without
monetary reward Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also
for free because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production
of scientific knowledge
With the content of papers secured for free the publisher needs only find a market
for its journal Until this century university libraries were not very price sensitive
Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40 on their
operations at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis
The Dutch giant Elsevier which claims to publish 25 of the scientific papers
produced in the world made profits of more than £900m last year while UK
universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access
their own publicly funded research both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite
increasingly desperate efforts to change them
The most drastic and thoroughly illegal reaction has been the emergence of
SciHub a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers set up in 2012 which now
claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015 The success of
SciHub which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally
accessed shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be
transformed so that it works for all participants
In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding
bodies In some ways it has been very successful More than half of all British
scientific research is now published under open access terms either freely available
from the moment of publication or paywalled for a year or more so that the
publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release
Yet the new system has not yet worked out any cheaper for the universities
Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers
by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article These range
from around £500 to 5000 and apparently the work gets more expensive the more
that publishers do it A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions
and of these article preparation costs had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation
In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the
social internet labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status while huge
profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places In both cases we need
a rebalancing of power英语（）试题 6 （ 14 页）
26 Scientific publishing is seen as a license to print money partly because
[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase
[B] its marketing strategy has been successful
[C] its payment for peer review is reduced
[D] its content acquisition costs nothing
27 According to Paragraphs 2 and 3 scientific publishers like Elsevier have
[A] thrived mainly on university libraries
[B] gone through an existential crisis
[C] reviewed the publishing industry
[D] financed researchers generously
28 How does the author feel about the success of SciHub
[A] Relieved
[B] Puzzled
[C] Concerned
[D] Encouraged
29 It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms
[A] allow publishers some room to make money
[B] render publishing much easier for scientists
[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially
[D] free universities from financial burdens
30 Which of the following characterizes the scientific publishing model
[A] Trial subscription is offered
[B] Labour triumphs over status
[C] Costs are well controlled
[D] The few feed on the many英语（）试题 7 （ 14 页）
Text 3
Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level
the playing field But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtuesignaling
that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people
A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House
Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad to ensure gender parity on boards and
commissions provide a case in point
Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the stategovernment
boards are less than 40 percent female In order to ensure that elite women have more
such opportunities they have proposed imposing government quotas If the bills
become law state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of
board seats for women by 2022
The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California which last year
became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies In signing the
measure California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law which expressly
classifies people on the basis of sex is probably unconstitutional
The US Supreme Court frowns on sexbased classifications unless they are
designed to address an important policy interest Because the California law applies
to all boards even where there is no history of prior discrimination courts are likely
to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of equal protection
But are such government mandates even necessary Female participation on
corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general
population but so what
The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without
government interference According to a study by Catalyst between 2010 and 2015
the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent
Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board
membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards That is
exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota
Writing in The New Republic Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of
opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women
to serve on such boards has led to a golden skirt phenomenon where the same elite
women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards
Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity
remember that such policies are largely selfserving measures that make their
sponsors feel good but do little to help average women英语（）试题 8 （ 14 页）
31 The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will
[A] help little to reduce gender bias
[B] pose a threat to the state government
[C] raise women’s position in politics
[D] greatly broaden career options
32 Which of the following is true of the California measure
[A] It has irritated private business owners
[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court
[C] It may go against the Constitution
[D] It will settle the prior controversies
33 The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate
[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision
[B] the importance of constitutional guarantees
[C] the pressure on women in global corporations
[D] the needlessness of government interventions
34 Norway’s adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to
[A] the underestimation of elite women’s role
[B] the objection to female participation on boards
[C] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board
[D] the growing tension between labour and management
35 Which of the following can be inferred from the text
[A] Women’s need in employment should be considered
[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking
[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice
[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation英语（）试题 9 （ 14 页）
Text 4
Last Thursday the French Senate passed a digital services tax which would
impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to
consumers or users in France Digital services include everything from providing a
platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user
data and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services Many French politicians
and media outlets have referred to this as a GAFA tax meaning that it is designed
to apply primarily to companies such as Google Apple Facebook and Amazon—in
other words multinational tech companies based in the United States
The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron
who has expressed support for the measure and it could go into effect within the next
few weeks But it has already sparked significant controversy with the United States
trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against
American companies which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France
The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue
Instead the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend with countries over the
past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax
provisions They have included Britain’s DPT (diverted profits tax) Australia’s MAAL
(multinational antiavoidance law) and India’s SEP (significant economic
presence) test to name but a few At the same time the European Union Spain Britain
and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes
These unilateral developments differ in their specifics but they are all designed
to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a
right to tax even if international tax rules do not grant them that right In other words
they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the
current economy
In response to these many unilateral measures the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to
reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution Both France and
the United States are involved in the organization’s work but France’s digital services
tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the
international tax system
France’s planned tax is a clear warning Unless a broad consensus can be
reached on reforming the international tax system other nations are likely to follow
suit and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of
nations that will prove burdensome and costly英语（）试题 10 （ 14 页）
36 The French Senate has passed a bill to
[A] regulate digital services platforms
[B] protect French companies’ interests
[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals
[D] curb the influence of advertising
37 It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax
[A] may trigger countermeasures against France
[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad
[C] aims to ease international trade tensions
[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France
38 The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that
[A] redistribution of tech giants’ revenue must be ensured
[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading
[C] tech multinationals’ monopoly should be prevented
[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights
39 It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that the OECD’s current work
[A] is being resisted by US companies
[B] needs to be readjusted immediately
[C] is faced with uncertain prospects
[D] needs to involve more countries
40 Which of the following might be the best title for this text
[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions
[B] France Leads the Charge on Digital Tax
[C] France Says NO to Tech Multinationals
[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy英语（）试题 11 （ 14 页）
Part B
Directions
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable
subheading from the list AG for each of the numbered paragraphs (4145) There are
two extra subheadings Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
[A] Eye fixations are brief
[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude
[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal
[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact
[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated
[F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers
[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive
In a social situation eye contact with another person can show that you are
paying attention in a friendly way But it can also be antagonistic such as when a
political candidate turns toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye
contact that signals hostility Here’s what hard science reveals about eye contact
41
We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother’s eyes and
she will look back This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between
mother and child In adulthood looking at someone else in a pleasant way can be a
complimentary sign of paying attention It can catch someone’s attention in a
crowded room Eye contact and smile can signal availability and confidence a
commonsense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore
42
Neuroscientist Bonnie Auyeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the
amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when
the direction of their gaze was recorded This was also found in highfunctioning men
with some autistic spectrum symptoms who may tend to avoid eye contact Specific英语（）试题 12 （ 14 页）
brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researchers
using advanced methods of brain scanning
43
With the use of eyetracking technology Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy
School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of
messages depending on the situation While eye contact may be a sign of connection
or trust in friendly situations it’s more likely to be associated with dominance or
intimidation in adversarial situations Whether you’re a politician or a parent it
might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if
you’re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you said
Minson
44
When we look at a face or a picture our eyes pause on one spot at a time often
on the eyes or mouth These pauses typically occur at about three per second and the
eyes then jump to another spot until several important points in the image are
registered like a series of snapshots How the whole image is then assembled and
perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research
45
In people who score high in a test of neuroticism a personality dimension
associated with selfconsciousness and anxiety eye contact triggered more activity
associated with avoidance according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and
colleagues Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are
the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ A more direct finding
is that people who scored highly for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others
for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did
not look directly at them英语（）试题 13 （ 14 页）
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET (10
points)
Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known
as the Renaissance the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known
It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead
favoured a more humanistic approach to being Renaissance ideas had spread
throughout Europe well into the 17th century with the arts and sciences flourishing
extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition (46) With the Church’s
teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance the gap between
the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored
intellectual territories
During the Renaissance the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus Johannes
Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery
(47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more
ancient ways of thinking including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the
centre of our universe Copernicus theorised in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew
of revolved not around the Earth but the Sun a system that was later upheld by Galileo
at his own expense Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between
scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that
continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death
(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians
and rationalists more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made
at a rate that the people could no longer ignore It was with these great revelations
that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born
The Church’s longstanding dogma was losing the great battle for truth to
rationalists and scientists This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that
swept through Europe during most of the 17th century (49) As many took on the duty
of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world the
Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era – the Age of Reason
The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity Scientific
method reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged as were
ideas of liberty tolerance and progress (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to
understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase sapere
aude’ or dare to know’ after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the
Question What is Enlightenment It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to
go forth and seek out the truth which they believed to be founded in knowledge英语（）试题 14 （ 14 页）
Section III Writing
Part A
51 Directions
The Student Union of your university has assigned you to inform the international
students about an upcoming singing contest Write a notice in about 100 words
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET
Do not use your own name in the notice (10 points)
Part B
52 Directions
Write an essay of 160200 words based on the pictures below In your essay you
should
1) describe the pictures briefly
2) interpret the implied meaning and
3) give your comments
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET (20 points)
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