2010年考研英语
Section I Use of English
Directions
Read the following textChoose the best word(s) for each numbered blankand mark[A][B][C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephoneparts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago It hoped they would learn how stopfloor lighting __1__ workers productivity Insteadthe studies ended__2__ giving their name to the Hawthorne effect the extremely influential idea the very__3__to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior
The idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plantAccording to __5__of the experiments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased but also when it was dimmed It did not __6__what was done in the experiment __7__something was changed productivity rose A(n) __8__ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be __9__to alter workers＇ behavior __10__ itself
After several decadesthe same data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on recordno systematic __13__was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting
It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happened__15__lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday workers __19__to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any casebefore __20__a plateau and then slackening off This suggests that the alleged Hawthorne effect is hard to pin down
1[A] affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored
2 [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off
3 [A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof
4 [A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous
5 [A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments
6 [A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work
7 [A]as far as [B]for fear that [C]in case that [D]so long as
8 [A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion
9 [A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant
10 [A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by
11 [A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed
12 [A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]peculiar to
13[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source
14[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading
15[A]In contrast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual
16 [A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly
17 [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued
20[A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitting
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions：
Read the following four textsAnswer the questions below each text by choosing[A][B][C]or[D]Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1(40 points)
Text 2
Over the past decade thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methodsAmazon com received one for itsoneclickonline payment system Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategyOne inventor patented a technique for lying a box
Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale hack on businessmethod patents which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago In a move that has intellectualproperty lawyers abuzz the US court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use particular case to conduct a broad review of businessmethod patents In re Bilski as the case is known is a very big deal says Dermis＇D Crouch of the University of Missouri School of lawIt has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents
Curbs on businessmethod claims would be a dramatic aboutface because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the socalled state Street Bank case approving a patent on a way of pooling mutualfund assets That ruling produced an explosion in businessmethod patent filings initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pints to specific types of online transactions Later move established companies raced to add such patents to their files if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch In 2005 IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 businessmethod patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them Similarly some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice
The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges rather than a typical panel of three and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should reconsider its state street Bank ruling
The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders Last April for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for inventions that are obvious The judges on the Federal circuit are reaction to the antipatent trend at the supreme court says Harole C Wegner a par tend attorney and professor at Washington University Law School
26 Businessmethod patents have recently aroused concern because of
[A] their limited value to business [B] their connection with asset allocation
[C] the possible restriction on their granting [D] the controversy over authorization
27 Which of the following is true of the Bilski case
[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions [B] It involves a very big business transaction
[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit [D] It may change the legal practices in the US
28 The word aboutface(Line 1 Paro 3)most probably means
[A] loss of good will [B]increase of hostility
[C]change of attitude [D] enhancement of disunity
29We learn from the last two paragraphs that businessmethod patents
[A] are immune to legal challenges [B] are of ten unnecessarily issued
[C] lower the esteem for patent holders [D] increase the incidence of risks
30Which of the following would be the subject of the text
[A]A looming threat to businessmethod patents
[B]Protection for businessmethod patent holders
[C]A legal case regarding businessmethod patents
[D] A prevailing tread against businessmethod patents
Text 3
In his book The Tipping Point Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals often called influentials who are unusual informed persuasive or we connect The idea is intuitively compelling but it doesn＇t explain how ideas actually spread
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the towstep flow of communication Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else Marketers have embraced the twostep flow became it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials those select people will do most of the work for them The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people was wearing promoting or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people call drive trends
In their recent work however some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed In fact they don’t seem to be required of all The researchers＇ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfreywhose outsize presence is primarily a function of media not interpersonal influenceeven the most influential members of a population simply don＇t interact with that many others Yet it is precisely these noncelebrating influentials who according to the twostepflow theory are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly For a social epidemic to occur however each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances who must in turn influence theirs and so on and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant for example from the initial influential prove resistant for example the cascade of change won＇t propagate very far or affect many people
Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be
31 By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to
[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics
[B] discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas
[C] exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics
[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials
32 The author suggests that the twostepflow theory
[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems
[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends
[C] has won support from influentials
[D] requires solid evidence for its validity
33 What the researchers have observed recently shows that
[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions
[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media
[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public
[D]most celebritiea enjoy wide media attention
34 The underlined phrase these people in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who
[A]stay outside the network of social influence
[B]have little contact with the source of influence
[C]are influenced and then influence others
[D] are influenced by the initial influential
35 What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence
[A]The eagerness to be accepted [B]The impulse to influence others
[C]The readiness to be influenced [D]The inclination to rely on others
Text 4
Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public Behind the scenes they have been taking aim at someone else the accounting standardsetters Their rules moan the banks have forced them to report enormous losses and it’s just not fair These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch
Unfortunately banks’ lobbying now seems to be working The details may be unknowable but the independence of standardsetters essential to the proper functioning of capital markets is being compromised And unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers reviving the banking system will be difficult After a bruising encounter with Congress America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long0term assets in their income statement Bob Herz the FASB’s chairman cried out against those who question our motives Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls the use of judgment by management
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong Charlie McCreevy a European commissioner warned the IASB that it did not live in a political vacuum but in the real word and the Europe could yet develop different rules
It was banks that were on the wrong planet with accounts that vastly overvalued assets Today they argue that market prices overstate losses because they Largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets not the likely extent of bad debts The truth will not be known for years But bank’s shares trade below their book value suggesting that investors are skeptical And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains
To get the system working again losses must be recognized and dealt with America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive Successful markets require independent and even combative standardsetters The FASB and IASB have been exactly that cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions for example against hostility interests But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions
36 Bankers complained that they were forced to
[A]follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules [B]collect payments from third parties
[C]cooperate with the price managers [D]reevaluate some of their assets
37According to the author the rule changes of the FASB may result in
[A]the diminishing role of management [B] the revival of the banking system
[C]the bank’s longterm asset losses [D]the weakening of its independence
38 According to Paragraph 4 McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to
[A] keep away from political influences [B] evade the pressure from their peers
[C] act on their own in rulesetting [D]take gradual measures in reform
39The author thinks the banks wereon the wrong planetin that they
[A]misinterpreted market price indicators
[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets
[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts
[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets
40The author’s attitude towards standardsetters is one of
[A]satisfaction [B]skepticism [C]objectiveness [D]sympathy
Part B
Directions
For Questions 4145choose the most suitable paragraphs from the first AG and fill them into the numbered boxes to from a coherent text Paragraph E has been correctly placed There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1(10 points)
[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005 This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year Europe compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent Meanwhile as the recession is looming large people are getting anxious They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative
[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow Most leading retailers have already tried ecommerce with limit success and expansion abroad But almost all have ignored the big profitable opportunity in their own backyard the wholesale food and drink trade which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need
[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market Definitely not The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers In other words it is up to the buyer rather than the seller to decide what to buy At any rate this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an evergrowing number of both domestic and international consumers regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold
[D] All in all this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits there by At least that is how it looks as a whole Closer inspection reveals import differences among the biggest national markets especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too
[E] Despite variations in detail wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France Germany Italy and Spain—are made out of same building blocks Demand comes mainly from two sources independent mornandpop grocery stores which unlike large retail chains are two small to buy straight from producers and food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures but most of these businesses are known in the trade as horeca：hotels restaurants and cafes Overall Europe’s retail wholesale market but the figures when added together masks two opposing trends
[F] For example wholesale food and drink sales come to 268 billion in France Germany Italy Spain and the United Kingdom in 2000more than 40 percent of retail sales Moreover average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to considerate
[G] However none of these requirements should deter large retails and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers from trying their hand for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains
41 → 42 → 43 → 44 → E → 45
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2(10 Points)
One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly one economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and if its stability depends on its intensity they are entitled to continuance
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and if we happen to love it We invert excuses to give it economic importance At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing(46)Scientists jumped to the rescure with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect the insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them the evidence had to be cambric in order to be valid
It is painful to read these round about accounts today We have no land ethic yet (47)but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right regardless of the presence of absence of economic advantage to us
A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fisheating birds(48)Time was when biologists somewhat over worded evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak or that they prey only on worthless species
Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economic –minded foresters they grow too slowly or have too low a sale vale to pay as imeber crops (49)In Europe where forestry is ecologically more advanced the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community to be preserved as such within reason
To sum up a system of conservation based solely on economic selfinterest is hopelessly lopsided (50)It tends to ignore and thus eventually to eliminate many elements in the land community that lack commercial value but that are essential to its healthy functioning Without the uneconomic pats
Section III Writing
Part A
51Directions
You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative
You should write about 100 words Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter Use postgraduate association instead
Part B
52Directions
Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing In your essay you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended meaning and then
3) give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET2(20 points)
2010英语真题参考答案
完型填空
1A 2B 3C 4B 5C 6 B 7D 8A 9C 10D
11C 12A 13A 14D 15B 16A 17D 18C 19B 20D
二阅读理解
Text2 CDCBD
Text3 BDACC
Text4 AACCD
三新题型
41B 42F 43D 44G 45A
四翻译
46科学家贸然出似站住脚证补救意：鸟类控制害虫话害虫会类吃掉
47少承认样种观点鸟类生存否济利益生俱生存权利
48时生物学家总重申样事实：生物通捕食弱生物维系健康生物链者说捕食价值物种
49欧洲生态林业较发达商业价值树种视天然森林群落成员应该合理保护
50种体系通常忽视终导致陆物种灭绝物种没商业价值陆生态系统健康运行关重
五Writing
作文
An Announcement
Jan 9 2010
International Conference on Globalization from March 3rd to 10th will be held at Tsinghua University We the Postgraduates’ Association are entitled to organize this conference Thus we are badly in need of volunteers to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs including reception distribution of documents technical support etc
Students who have previous experience as volunteers are preferred Basic knowledge in computer fluent oral English and an amicable personality are some of the qualities we desire Volunteers shall be available for at least 3 days without absence during the conference
If you are interested and willing to have a whole new experience in this semester please do not hesitate to send your resume to liming@hotmailcom before Jan 20th Your applications are welcome
Postgraduates’ Association
作文
As is vividly betrayed in the drawing above a hotpot is boiling with various forms of both domestic and alien cultures which could be categorized as literature moral values and performing arts What is indicated in the drawing does reflect a fact and is most thoughtprovoking
The connotation of the drawing can be interpreted as following China launched Reform and Openingup in 1978 which has promoted the rapid growth of national economy The development of economy has brought about the great changes of culture especially the traditional culture At present Chinese and Western cultures conflict with each other but also merge into a unique form to a certain degree In the highlyintegrated world today no country is an isolated island Every nation is faced with miscellaneous alien culture China needs to assimilate a good deal of foreign progressive culture
As far as I am concerned some necessary measures should be taken On one hand more efforts must be made to popularize cultures worldwide On the other hand a nationwide education campaign should be launched among people especially the young so as to cultivate an appropriate sense of cultural concept Only in these ways can we make greater contributions to the world cultural heritage
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Section I Use of English
Directions
Read the following textChoose the best word(s) for each numbered blankand mark[A][B][C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephoneparts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago It hoped they would learn how stopfloor lighting __1__ workers productivity Insteadthe studies ended__2__ giving their name to the Hawthorne effect the extremely influential idea the very__3__to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior
The idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plantAccording to __5__of the experiments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased but also when it was dimmed It did not __6__what was done in the experiment __7__something was changed productivity rose A(n) __8__ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be __9__to alter workers＇ behavior __10__ itself
After several decadesthe same data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on recordno systematic __13__was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting
It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happened__15__lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday workers __19__to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any casebefore __20__a plateau and then slackening off This suggests that the alleged Hawthorne effect is hard to pin down
1[A] affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored
2 [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off
3 [A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof
4 [A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous
5 [A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments
6 [A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work
7 [A]as far as [B]for fear that [C]in case that [D]so long as
8 [A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion
9 [A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant
10 [A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by
11 [A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed
12 [A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]peculiar to
13[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source
14[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading
15[A]In contrast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual
16 [A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly
17 [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued
20[A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitting
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions：
Read the following four textsAnswer the questions below each text by choosing[A][B][C]or[D]Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1(40 points)
Text 2
Over the past decade thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methodsAmazon com received one for itsoneclickonline payment system Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategyOne inventor patented a technique for lying a box
Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale hack on businessmethod patents which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago In a move that has intellectualproperty lawyers abuzz the US court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use particular case to conduct a broad review of businessmethod patents In re Bilski as the case is known is a very big deal says Dermis＇D Crouch of the University of Missouri School of lawIt has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents
Curbs on businessmethod claims would be a dramatic aboutface because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the socalled state Street Bank case approving a patent on a way of pooling mutualfund assets That ruling produced an explosion in businessmethod patent filings initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pints to specific types of online transactions Later move established companies raced to add such patents to their files if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch In 2005 IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 businessmethod patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them Similarly some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice
The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges rather than a typical panel of three and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should reconsider its state street Bank ruling
The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders Last April for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for inventions that are obvious The judges on the Federal circuit are reaction to the antipatent trend at the supreme court says Harole C Wegner a par tend attorney and professor at Washington University Law School
26 Businessmethod patents have recently aroused concern because of
[A] their limited value to business [B] their connection with asset allocation
[C] the possible restriction on their granting [D] the controversy over authorization
27 Which of the following is true of the Bilski case
[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions [B] It involves a very big business transaction
[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit [D] It may change the legal practices in the US
28 The word aboutface(Line 1 Paro 3)most probably means
[A] loss of good will [B]increase of hostility
[C]change of attitude [D] enhancement of disunity
29We learn from the last two paragraphs that businessmethod patents
[A] are immune to legal challenges [B] are of ten unnecessarily issued
[C] lower the esteem for patent holders [D] increase the incidence of risks
30Which of the following would be the subject of the text
[A]A looming threat to businessmethod patents
[B]Protection for businessmethod patent holders
[C]A legal case regarding businessmethod patents
[D] A prevailing tread against businessmethod patents
Text 3
In his book The Tipping Point Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals often called influentials who are unusual informed persuasive or we connect The idea is intuitively compelling but it doesn＇t explain how ideas actually spread
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the towstep flow of communication Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else Marketers have embraced the twostep flow became it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials those select people will do most of the work for them The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people was wearing promoting or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people call drive trends
In their recent work however some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed In fact they don’t seem to be required of all The researchers＇ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfreywhose outsize presence is primarily a function of media not interpersonal influenceeven the most influential members of a population simply don＇t interact with that many others Yet it is precisely these noncelebrating influentials who according to the twostepflow theory are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly For a social epidemic to occur however each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances who must in turn influence theirs and so on and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant for example from the initial influential prove resistant for example the cascade of change won＇t propagate very far or affect many people
Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be
31 By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to
[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics
[B] discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas
[C] exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics
[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials
32 The author suggests that the twostepflow theory
[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems
[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends
[C] has won support from influentials
[D] requires solid evidence for its validity
33 What the researchers have observed recently shows that
[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions
[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media
[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public
[D]most celebritiea enjoy wide media attention
34 The underlined phrase these people in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who
[A]stay outside the network of social influence
[B]have little contact with the source of influence
[C]are influenced and then influence others
[D] are influenced by the initial influential
35 What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence
[A]The eagerness to be accepted [B]The impulse to influence others
[C]The readiness to be influenced [D]The inclination to rely on others
Text 4
Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public Behind the scenes they have been taking aim at someone else the accounting standardsetters Their rules moan the banks have forced them to report enormous losses and it’s just not fair These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch
Unfortunately banks’ lobbying now seems to be working The details may be unknowable but the independence of standardsetters essential to the proper functioning of capital markets is being compromised And unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers reviving the banking system will be difficult After a bruising encounter with Congress America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long0term assets in their income statement Bob Herz the FASB’s chairman cried out against those who question our motives Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls the use of judgment by management
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong Charlie McCreevy a European commissioner warned the IASB that it did not live in a political vacuum but in the real word and the Europe could yet develop different rules
It was banks that were on the wrong planet with accounts that vastly overvalued assets Today they argue that market prices overstate losses because they Largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets not the likely extent of bad debts The truth will not be known for years But bank’s shares trade below their book value suggesting that investors are skeptical And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains
To get the system working again losses must be recognized and dealt with America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive Successful markets require independent and even combative standardsetters The FASB and IASB have been exactly that cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions for example against hostility interests But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions
36 Bankers complained that they were forced to
[A]follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules [B]collect payments from third parties
[C]cooperate with the price managers [D]reevaluate some of their assets
37According to the author the rule changes of the FASB may result in
[A]the diminishing role of management [B] the revival of the banking system
[C]the bank’s longterm asset losses [D]the weakening of its independence
38 According to Paragraph 4 McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to
[A] keep away from political influences [B] evade the pressure from their peers
[C] act on their own in rulesetting [D]take gradual measures in reform
39The author thinks the banks wereon the wrong planetin that they
[A]misinterpreted market price indicators
[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets
[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts
[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets
40The author’s attitude towards standardsetters is one of
[A]satisfaction [B]skepticism [C]objectiveness [D]sympathy
Part B
Directions
For Questions 4145choose the most suitable paragraphs from the first AG and fill them into the numbered boxes to from a coherent text Paragraph E has been correctly placed There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1(10 points)
[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005 This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year Europe compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent Meanwhile as the recession is looming large people are getting anxious They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative
[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow Most leading retailers have already tried ecommerce with limit success and expansion abroad But almost all have ignored the big profitable opportunity in their own backyard the wholesale food and drink trade which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need
[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market Definitely not The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers In other words it is up to the buyer rather than the seller to decide what to buy At any rate this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an evergrowing number of both domestic and international consumers regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold
[D] All in all this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits there by At least that is how it looks as a whole Closer inspection reveals import differences among the biggest national markets especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too
[E] Despite variations in detail wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France Germany Italy and Spain—are made out of same building blocks Demand comes mainly from two sources independent mornandpop grocery stores which unlike large retail chains are two small to buy straight from producers and food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures but most of these businesses are known in the trade as horeca：hotels restaurants and cafes Overall Europe’s retail wholesale market but the figures when added together masks two opposing trends
[F] For example wholesale food and drink sales come to 268 billion in France Germany Italy Spain and the United Kingdom in 2000more than 40 percent of retail sales Moreover average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to considerate
[G] However none of these requirements should deter large retails and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers from trying their hand for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains
41 → 42 → 43 → 44 → E → 45
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2(10 Points)
One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly one economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and if its stability depends on its intensity they are entitled to continuance
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and if we happen to love it We invert excuses to give it economic importance At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing(46)Scientists jumped to the rescure with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect the insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them the evidence had to be cambric in order to be valid
It is painful to read these round about accounts today We have no land ethic yet (47)but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right regardless of the presence of absence of economic advantage to us
A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fisheating birds(48)Time was when biologists somewhat over worded evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak or that they prey only on worthless species
Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economic –minded foresters they grow too slowly or have too low a sale vale to pay as imeber crops (49)In Europe where forestry is ecologically more advanced the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community to be preserved as such within reason
To sum up a system of conservation based solely on economic selfinterest is hopelessly lopsided (50)It tends to ignore and thus eventually to eliminate many elements in the land community that lack commercial value but that are essential to its healthy functioning Without the uneconomic pats
Section III Writing
Part A
51Directions
You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative
You should write about 100 words Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter Use postgraduate association instead
Part B
52Directions
Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing In your essay you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended meaning and then
3) give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET2(20 points)
2010英语真题参考答案
完型填空
1A 2B 3C 4B 5C 6 B 7D 8A 9C 10D
11C 12A 13A 14D 15B 16A 17D 18C 19B 20D
二阅读理解
Text2 CDCBD
Text3 BDACC
Text4 AACCD
三新题型
41B 42F 43D 44G 45A
四翻译
46科学家贸然出似站住脚证补救意：鸟类控制害虫话害虫会类吃掉
47少承认样种观点鸟类生存否济利益生俱生存权利
48时生物学家总重申样事实：生物通捕食弱生物维系健康生物链者说捕食价值物种
49欧洲生态林业较发达商业价值树种视天然森林群落成员应该合理保护
50种体系通常忽视终导致陆物种灭绝物种没商业价值陆生态系统健康运行关重
五Writing
作文
An Announcement
Jan 9 2010
International Conference on Globalization from March 3rd to 10th will be held at Tsinghua University We the Postgraduates’ Association are entitled to organize this conference Thus we are badly in need of volunteers to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs including reception distribution of documents technical support etc
Students who have previous experience as volunteers are preferred Basic knowledge in computer fluent oral English and an amicable personality are some of the qualities we desire Volunteers shall be available for at least 3 days without absence during the conference
If you are interested and willing to have a whole new experience in this semester please do not hesitate to send your resume to liming@hotmailcom before Jan 20th Your applications are welcome
Postgraduates’ Association
作文
As is vividly betrayed in the drawing above a hotpot is boiling with various forms of both domestic and alien cultures which could be categorized as literature moral values and performing arts What is indicated in the drawing does reflect a fact and is most thoughtprovoking
The connotation of the drawing can be interpreted as following China launched Reform and Openingup in 1978 which has promoted the rapid growth of national economy The development of economy has brought about the great changes of culture especially the traditional culture At present Chinese and Western cultures conflict with each other but also merge into a unique form to a certain degree In the highlyintegrated world today no country is an isolated island Every nation is faced with miscellaneous alien culture China needs to assimilate a good deal of foreign progressive culture
As far as I am concerned some necessary measures should be taken On one hand more efforts must be made to popularize cultures worldwide On the other hand a nationwide education campaign should be launched among people especially the young so as to cultivate an appropriate sense of cultural concept Only in these ways can we make greater contributions to the world cultural heritage
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