中英饮茶文化间差异英语毕业文
The Differences of Teadrinking Culture between China and Britain
Student：
Tutor
Abstract
China is the native place of tea and it is the first country in the world to plant drink and export teaWhen tea was discovered by Chinese it was initially used as herbAccording to records the Tang Dynasty prosperous exchanges at home and abroad tea is often used as gifts to the monks of China missionaries and foreign envoys to Chinese which is spread to the world and in seventeenth Century to the identity of the British Isles imported luxury landingAlthoughin many countriesthere have tea phenomenonbut comparing with other European countries the tea culture of Britain is the most famous and typical and it has formed its own special tea culture
The paper aims to illustrate the different of teadrinking culture between Britain and China from the four pointsthe history of the tea drinking the manner of tea drinkingthe spirits of tea ceremony and the impact of tea drinkingAt last according to the comparison the writer suggests two points to develop our own tea culture establishing the national day of tea drinking and creating our own international tea brand
Key wordsTea culture China and Britain Difference
摘
中国茶叶乡世界第种植引出口茶叶国家中国茶叶开始做药材记载记载唐时海外交繁盛茶叶常作礼品馈赠华僧侣传教士出外国中国节传播世界国17世纪奢侈舶品身份登陆英伦诸岛然海外许国家饮茶现象存英国形成独特茶文化
文四点阐述中英茶文化差饮茶历史饮茶方式茶道精神影响通较作者提出两点建议中国应该提出国饮日造茶文化国际品牌
关键词：茶文化 中国英国 差异
Contents
I Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………1
II Brief Review of Tea Drinking………………………………………………………………2
21 The history of tea drinking in China…………………………………………………2
22 The export of tea from China to Britain………………………………………………3
23 The development of tea drinking in Britain……………………………………………4
III Comparison of Teadrinking Culture between China and Britain…………………………5
31 The different manners of tea drinking………………………………………………… 5
311 The different spirits of tea ceremony………………………………………9
32 The different impacts of tea drinking……………………………………………… 10
33 The suggestions for tea drinking…………………………………………………… 12
331 Establishing the national day of tea drinking …………………………………12
332 Creating our own international brand…………………………………………13
IV Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………14
References…………………………………………………………………………………… 16
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………17
I Introduction
At present the cultural communication among countries has become more popular and frequent We have to say it is the age that culture fiercely agitates each other all countries have to face the challenge brought about by diversified and globalized society the conflict and friction between the national traditional cultures and modernization as well People like to discuss which one is much better To be honest people should judge on their own culture objectively and view culture of other countries fairly in perspective People need absorbing others cultural merits to remedy and update defects of their culture while retaining own culture feature China as is known to all is the birthplace of tea and Britain is also considered as another country of drinking tea Both of them are two big countries that have long history and strong cultural base However their respective cultures are quite different This paper will just show a tiny part of difference between Chinese and British cultures by comparing the tea cultures Tea is a kind of shrub with so fragrant white flowers and evergreen leaves The dried leaves of this plant which are plucked in different stages of growth and prepared by various processes can be used to make a hot beverage According to historical records and some legend tea has been known in China since about 2700BCpersonally I am so proud that It is Chinese who earliest discover and use tea As the homeland of tea China has long history extensive and profound tea culture In China tea is not merely one kind of drink but it a symbol of culture that refers to the Humanities and it is always considered as a mysterious but harmonious combination Furthermore it is a carrier of tea culture by which spread out various kinds of culture In fact tea culture is organic integration of tea and culture which include and reflect a certain period of material civilization and spiritual civilization in China Also it is invigorating as well as pacifying Its character is flexible in different environments For example a different tea culture would be formed only if tea goes in a different direction It also represents a state of peace peace of mind Or it is regarded as a symbol of not seeking fame and wealth of tranquility of recovering to the simple and coming to the nature At present tea culture is a very typical and important carrier of leisure
culture for Chinese When it is introduced to Britain with popularity tea combined with native
culture has gradually formed a new unique tea culture Although Britain is not a country to product tea just like China the British are absolutely and most definitely true the second largest per capita tea consumers in the world with each person consuming on average 21 kg per year In particular the ways to drink tea of them are so popular among people all around the world even include Chinese There are similarities and difference between western and eastern tea culture because of its own economic and traditional cultural background This article will do make effort to explore a comparative study on tea culture between China and Britain This paper discusses the differences between Chinese and British tea culture to understand the difference between themwe hope to enhance the status of China tea culture in the world set up the tea culture symbol has the characteristics of Chinese
II Brief Review of Tea Drinking
With a long history tea is drunk with a beverage Each year more than 80 percent of all China tea is made into green tea The ancient Chinese had lost the track of tea's true advent and were forced to imagine its beginning
With the development of history myths and legends have been handed down from generation to generation Although they are inadmissible as historical evidence myths and legends do have historical importance because they provide the only account of tea's origin According to Chinese mythology in 2737 BC the Chinese Emperor Shen Nong known as the father of agriculture and medicine suddenly tasted boiling water which was added leaves of wild tea tree When Shen Nong drank the infusion he marveled at its delicious taste and felt vigorous There is another account about this legend it was said that Shen Nong risked his life to taste hundred kinds of herbs for the subject Unfortunately he was poisoned by some of them It was the young leaves of tea that rescued him from danger Later tea drinking had been invented and the emperor drank it from that day forward recommending this health herb to other people
Today not only Chinese but also foreigners love to drink tea Drinking tea has become a part of their life especially in China and Britain The following part will be talked about teadrinking's development in these two countries
21 The history of tea drinking in China
It was recorded that tea was drunk in the western Han Dynasty during the period of the Three Kingdom Period drinking tea was very popular at least in the southern China according to the history the king Sun Hao of Wu state (the offspring of Sun Quan) firstly created tea to take place of wine in banquet at the same time tea had an equal position to wine in the palace affairs During the Wei Dynasty the Jin Dynasty and the Northern and Southern Dynasty drinking tea already became a fashion for those people with high social status to enjoy life and the literators use tea drinking to improve their thought for writing a good works The Tang Dynasty was the mature period of Chinese tea culture and drinking tea had become a common thing for ordinary people and they were fastidious about not only the tea production place the picking and making of tea but also the drinking appliance and the way of drinking tea The first book on Tea—Tea Classic circa 780AD which was written by the Chinese author Lu Yu came into being during this period it comprises three volumes and covers tea from its growth to its drinking and making as well as historical summary and the famous early tea plantation In the 805AD the Buddhist monk Zui Cheng of Japan brought the tea and seeds to his country this was the earliest record that tea transported to Japan and later the world famous tea ceremony got to be formed Drinking tea was also very popular in the Song Dynasty and the technique for making tea greatly improved By the Yuan Dynasty drinking tea was very common in everyday life and making tea was one of the seven chores for the pool housewives of that time In the Ming and Qing Dynasties people drank tea in almost the same way as do today and loose tea took place of compressed tea(before this period people usually drank compressed tea) besides China’s tea was exported to Britain during this period I will addressed in the following part
22 The export of tea from China to Britain
At the beginning of the seventeenth century tea was spread to West Europe and became the favorite drink of European people It is not exactly certain time when tea was first coming to Britain there are a lot of points on it the writer agrees with the point that China’s tea was appeared in Britain in 1657 and there China’s tea was come from Holland In 1607AD the ship of Holland which came from Java transported tea from Macao to Europe and this was the earliest record that China’s tea was directly sold to Europe Later the China’s tea was sold from Holland to Britain Most of scholars consider that tea was appeared in Britain in the midseventeenth century but they don’t ascertain the exact year that China’s tea comes to Britain It can be only confirmed that tea was sold in Britain in1657 according to the book A Social History of Tea written by Pettigrew Jane she said that China’s tea was transported to the landing of London by the Eastern India Company in the midseventeenth century assuring the selling time of China’s tea was in 1657 furthermore the advertisement about tea was appeared in the next year On the other hand Chinese scholar Chen Yuan also expressed the same view in his book of The History of Tea (茶叶通史) and he said that a coffee shop of Britain sold China’s tea from Holland during the fourteen reign of emperor Shun Zhi of Qing Dynasty(1657)
Later in 1662 the princess of Portugal Catherine married CharlesII and brought with her the preference for tea which had already become common in Europe As tea was her drink of choice it gained social acceptance among aristocracies as it replaced wine ale and spirits with tea as the court drink In an attempt to please CharlesII the Britain East India Company brought small gifts of tea from Europe for Catherine in 1664 and in 1666 other than these gifts the Britain East India Company did not consider tea to be worth importing from China until in 1668 From that time tea was selling in markets and the East India Company treated it as a part of their regular trade It was no longer only a special item brought back by a ship’s captain for special use
23 The development of tea drinking in Britain
Above all is that tea is just a fashion pursued by upper class Until the end of eighteenth century tea drinking was become prevailing in populace due to the great fall of price—Transformations of the custom policy in China and changed of the demand of tea drinking in Britain both caused a great tea import of the East India Company that made the tea price play down Before that time tea was very expensive for ordinary people for example in 1658 the fifth Earl of Beford county Woburn Abbey paid all staff in manor a total of only 600 pounds and these staff included temporary and full time maid cook butler doorman gardeners lawyers etc at that time an annual income of an estate lawyer was only 20 pounds and the salary of butler was 2~6 pounds if a butler buys a pound of tea he would have paid a whole year’s salary so it is impossible for populaces to have it
Besides a great number of smuggling tea from other European countries before 1785 also made the tea price play down and the performance of the Commutation Act after 1785 declined the tea price too then some private trade decreased the price The other main reason is that British love tea very much and another interesting evidence pointed out by an Italian who was travelling to Britain in1755 illustrates the last reason he said that even if a common maid must drink tea twice each day showing her status and she must write the condition to her bond In addition the characters in the famous British novel Pride and Prejudice written by Jane Austen often take a cup of tea and drink As time is going Britain has formed its own culture of tea drinking and the following part will discuss the different teadrinking culture between China and Britain
III Comparison of Teadrinking Culture between China and Britain
China is the homeland of tea Of the three major beverages of the world—tea coffee and cocoa tea is consumed by the large number of people in the world especially in Britain China had tea plants as early as five to six thousand year ago and human drinking of tea dates back to two thousand year British have and drink tea for three to four hundred year that is far more behind us however it has already shaped its own special culture and habit of tea drinking It is said that Britain averagely drink eight cups of beverage everyday and among them tea possesses five cups That is to say about two thousand cups of tea will be drunk by British in a whole year According to the report of newspaper of Times in London one percent of British do not drink tea twentythree percent of British who are called Heavy drinker drink above six cups of tea thirtyeight percent of British named Middle drinker drink four to five cups of tea and the rest of thirtynine percent called Light drinker drink below three cups of tea A typical English man at least has six times to drink tea everyday Apart from three times of drinking tea at breakfast lunch and supper first when he wakes up in the morning and leans against the bed he usually drinks a cup of tea—early morning tea The second is the Elevenses which drinks tea at 11am At this time he has gone through long time of hard working and he needs to have a break and relax himself At last it is the Afternoon tea at 45pm
31 The different manners of tea drinking
Before discussing the manner of tea drinking the types of tea are analysed first Tea comes in more varieties than you may suspect However based on the way the leaves are processed all teas are divided into four basic types green black oolong and the very rare white
Green tea is the variety which keeps the original color of the tea leaves without fermentation during processing It is quickly dried preserving the healthful flavonoids and grassy flavors This category of Chinese green tea is longing of Zhejiang province Maofeng of Huanshang mountain in Anhui province and Biluochun produced in Jiangsu The British green teas include Lung Ching Bancha and Sencha
Black tea undergoes a full fermentation process which darkens the leaves and produces a robust tea with higher caffeine content It is a later variety developed on the base of green tea The best brands of Chinese black tea are Qihong of Anhui Dianhong of Yunnan Suhong of Jiangsu Chuanhong of Sichuan and Huhong of Hunan The Earl Grey English Breakfast and Darjeeling are some examples of English black teas
Oolong tea represents a variety half way between the green and the black tea retaining the healthful qualities of green tea and robustness of black tea It is a speciality from China’s southern coast Fujian Guangdong and Taiwan Tieguanyin and Rougui of Fujian are this type of Chinese oolong teas And Black Dragon and Orange Blossom are a couple of British oolong tea
White tea is produced from young leaves that are steamed and sundried rather than fermented creating a subtle and sweet quality with minimal caffeine content Snowflakes and Noble Beauty are a type of English white teas
Next the Chinese tea drinking can be classified into mixed drinking and nonmixed drinking and the first one is categorized by the personal favor with salt sugar milk green onion orange peel mint and longan etc It derives from the method of boiling tea in the mid Tang Dynasty from the point of eatable aspect people cook with fresh leaves or dried leaves into a soup or drink often adding salt to modulate the flavor from the point of medicinal aspect fresh leaves and dried leaves accompanied by ginger pepper orange peel and mint boil down into a soup for people drinking And now this way was mainly concentrated in ethnic minority areas for instance Tibetan’s Suyoucha(酥油茶) is brick tea with salt butter milk and so on and the Ganwancha(盖碗茶) of Hui nationality is tea brewed with longan and rock sugar commonly known as Sanxiangcha(三香茶)
The second one is non mixed drinking known as Qingyin(清饮) in Han nationality that is the tea does not include any ingredients destroyed the fragrance and the flavor of tea just making tea soup with boiling water It inherits the tradition of Ming and Qing Dynasties
Initially British were drinking green tea Later they changed it for drinking robust black tea with nutrient content It was said that green teas were not easy to store and mutable to mildew but the black teas which were full fermentation just compensated its shortage besides the more credible reason was that green teas were habitual to grow in cold climate but the black teas grew in warm climate The British Isles surrounded by the sea are cold and humid throughout the year So weather determines people’s choice and lets more time for people staying home to enjoy tea British imports black tea from China India Sri Lanka etc were added by milk and sugar in order to get rid of there bitter flavor similarly changing the bitter coffee from equatorial countries into the sweet arome of coffee In addition they also add honey whiskey egg butter and whatever they want to join into the tea this is quite different from the flavor of Chinese tea On the other hand British invent the tea bag instead of the end piece of tea leaves known as instant tea Putting the bag into the cup a bag is only for a cup of tea Home teapot has filter to separate tea bag from water and it is dissimilar from the way of putting whole leaves into the boiling water in China
311 The different spirits of tea ceremony
Genuine Chinese art is respectfully called Cha Tao (tea ceremony) meaning the Way of Tea Tea is the only gastronomic art to attain the title of Dao in Chinese culture Dao refers to the source of universe the process of change and the path to achieve harmony virtue and enlightenment When the tea ceremony is understood and practiced to foster harmony in humanity promote harmony with nature discipline the mind quiet the heart and attain the purity of enlightenment the art of tea becomes the Way of Tea China’ tea drinking pays attention to tea ceremony that is called the Four essences purity respect joy and truth
Purity means quiet pure and uncluttered The art of tea requires clear surroundings especially the immediate surrounding like the table but more importantly a clear and uncluttered mind The mind should focus on the pleasant aroma and taste of tea
Respect is the root of everything on the earth for people respect embodies honesty in both attitude and actions toward each other When drinking tea together the host and the guests’ mind must be synchronized
Joy means pleased happy and content Harmony is in forms and manners but joy is in the spirit and heart When we drink tea we can taste the pleasure of living thus training one’s heart to be generous
Truth means knowledge and a holy mind combines truth with the spiritual unknown In a word we should make use of the scientific way to embrace the sincerity of all things The essence of drinking tea can enlighten our capacity and consciousness to achieve greatness and direction
Generally speaking purity is the basic method of cultivating Chinese tea ceremony respect is the philosophical idea of it also is the soul of it joy is the sensory feelings of it and truth is supreme pursuit of it So it can be known that Chinese is not only for entertainment and relaxation but also for the inspiration of spirit and deposit of emotion however the British tea ceremony is lack of this factor
Being different from the Chinese tea ceremony the emphasis of British tea drinking is on presentation conversation and a kind of elegant style Victorian Afternoon Tea is the core content of British tea culture as a comprehensive art it is simple but not pool beautiful but not vulgar The tradition of the Afternoon Tea goes back many years to the late seventeenth century At that time there were two main meals—breakfast and dinner Dinner was served very late in the evening so there was a very long time between meals The duchess of Bedford Anna complained about a sinking feeling in the late afternoon and the Afternoon Tea was her invention to keep her going until dinner She would invite friends to join her for tea at 5pm Other hostess quickly imitated her ideal
Traditionally the hostess must use the best room and the chinaware welcomes guests The Darjeeling black tea and the exquisite snack act the leading role of the Afternoon Tea Under the warm sunlight following the melodious classical music people are relaxing their body and mind in this kind of comfortable environment In the Victoria era man was in a tuxedo and lady was in a robe Now the formal Afternoon Tea will be held every year at Buckingham Palace in the United Kingdom male guests are still wearing tuxedoes caps and holding umbrellas the hats stuck in variety of feather is a beautiful landscape Commonly it is hostess worn formal dress that serves for the guests maids cannot but be in special occasions so as to show respect for the guests Food at tea includes such things as sandwiches (customarily cucumber egg and cress fish paste ham and smoked salmon) scones (with clotted cream and jam see cream tea) cakes and pastries (eg fruit cake)
A formal Afternoon Tea is nowadays usually taken as a treat in hotel cafe or tea shop In everyday life many British take much simpler refreshment consisting of tea and biscuits at teatime On the other hand different versions of Afternoon Tea can be found worldwide especially in commonwealth countries
32 The different impacts of tea drinking
Drinking tea has already deeply rooted in Chinese people’s traditional customs Since the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty tea has been one of seven family chores firewood rice oil salt sauce vinegar and tea It can’t separate from populace’s everyday life Today no matter where you are in southern China northern China or even in foreign countries there are Chinese there is tea drinking custom Tea is always offered immediately to a guest in a Chinese home Serving a cup of tea is more than a matter of mere politeness it is a symbol of togetherness a sharing of something enjoyable and a way of showing respect to visitors To not take at least a sip might be considered rude in some areas This custom was maintained even though the very hard years when families offered white tea that is a cup of boilinghot water The hostess will freshen up the cup with more tea from the pot Some Chinese people used to consider refilling the pot and offering a third cup the signal that was time to leave but this custom does not apply among close friends and many people pay no attention to it today Another fact is that offering tea is considered to be a sense of etiquette in marriage in ancient time It is said that tea can not be transplanted only to plant by sowing seeds Then the seeds sprout large trees so it has seen as a symbol of loyalty Today this custom still exists in some area of China
China is a multiethnic country even if each nationality locates in different geographical environment having the same hobby drinking tea for instance as the proverb runs in Naxi minority nationality of Yunnan a cup of morning tea refreshing mind and getting away with pain With the development of China’ tea culture tea has become a national beverage the necessities of material life and a symbol of traditional culture
When the tea enters into the culture of Britain there is nothing which can divide up the tea and the Britain once a dramatist said while there is tea there is hope The English open tea drinking do not become more proficient in one’s profession compare to it in China but the Afternoon Tea of Victoria adds new blood and energy to the culture of world
Discussing the impact of tea drinking in Britain it can be researched from the following points Firstly tea drinking brings special tea culture in Britain As it was referred before British like add milk and sugar into the tea often accompanying with a special silver scoop It turns a bitter tea beverage into a sweet one making it full of protein fat carbohydrate and vitamin thus tea has changed into a robust beverage with nutrient content Tea sets also have English style At first they were transported from China with no handles with the uprising of tea set industry Britain began to manufacture tea sets basing on the imitation of China’s besides they improved them according to their need adding handles and taking away of the cover of cup also because chinaware was too ponderous they created exquisite silver tea sets
Secondly tea drinking changes dietary structure of English men and builds their corporeity up Before Chinese tea transported to Britain British had no healthy beverage for thirstiness and people usually drank wine everyday In the family which can afford wine people drank all kinds of wine every meal With the development of industry whiskey had become more and more popular in Scotland However wine was not for thirstiness what’s more it cultivated men’s fighting and rude characters and drinking too much wine was harmful for people’s health People began to drink tea instead of wine on table for tea is not only for thirstiness but also good for health It can make people full of energy clear one’s mind and behave civility On the other hand drinking tea also changes the time and habit for meal In the early seventeenth century rich people had breakfast at 600 or 700 and the food was meat fish cheese and beer At the end of seventeenth century drinking tea had become a part of family everyday life and tea began to appear on table together with butter bread coffee or chocolate Until to the end of eighteenth century the time for breakfast changed at 900 so that people had more time to drink tea and enjoy breakfast Similarly the Afternoon Tea also altered the time for dinner from 45pm to78pm
Finally tea drinking is beneficial to achieve equal status for men and women From the end of the seventeenth century to the beginning of the eighteenth century the coffee house in Britain began to sell tea (mainly the China’s Wuyicha) The famous was Tom’s coffee house created by Thomas Twining in 1706 This was the first coffee house opened for women before that women were forbidden to enter in coffee house Later drinking tea was very popular among women and coffee house became the only place for single females to date friends and their reputations were not destroyed so this measure that coffee house was open for women in some sense promoted the equalization between men and women
33 The Suggestions for Tea Drinking in China
One is the biggest tea drinking country in the east the other one is the biggest tea drinking in the west and both of them have better formed their own tea culture After the comparison of tea culture between the two the following will be talked about two suggestions establishing the national day of tea drinking and creating our own international brand
331 Establishing the national day of tea drinking
Whereas the experience of the Afternoon Tea in Britain China should build the realization of healthy tea drinking among people demonstrating the less of smoking and drinking wine by contrast more of drinking tea and sponsoring tea culture simultaneously builds people’s corporeity up The association of tea drinking with good health transcends recorded history to the very legends upon which the origins of tea are based Within a medical book called Shennong’s Herbal Classic and in another called Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing there are references which credit tea with being good for tumors or abscesses that come about the head or for ailments of the bladder In addition there are also references which state It dissipates heat caused by the phlegm’s or inflammation of the chest it quenches thirst it lessens desire for sleep it pleases and cheers the heart Recently research tea has potential in the prevention or associated treatment of several diseases including cancer cardiovascular disease and obesity
Of course tea has regarded as national drink starting from government enterprises and institutions and it can take tea banquet or tea party as the premium etiquette Besides the national day of tea drinking should have multifunctions such as entertainment knowledge impartment and art cultivation During the period it can hold calligraphy exhibition tea party and all kinds of social and cultural activities making more and more people love this festival and spontaneously taking part in it At last hoping the relevant activities about this ideal can get the understanding supporting and respecting of people
332 Creating our own international brand
The Lipton tea brand in Britain created by Thomas J Lipton in 1890 wins the worldwide fame it is the world’s bestknown and bestselling brand of tea with sales of nearly￡3 billion today Lipton is the global market leader in both leaf and readytodrink tea with a global market share nearly three times larger than its nearest rival available in over 110 countries Lipton is particularly popular in Europe North America and the Middle East and part of Asia Almost people buy Lipton tea in their life one lesson for its continues success in the market was mainly because of Lipton positioning itself in the middle of the price spectrum for tea other than their original black leaf teas Lipton has also created large range of other varieties for example Lipton Iced Tea Lipton Green Tea and other soft drinks Nowadays it is not only represented the expert of tea but also the symbol of international fashion and metropolitan life
Next on the base of Lipton brand some ideals about creating our own international brand will be discussed Firstly let tea become the real necessity of ordinary people With the progression of society and the promotion of people’ life level the opinion of life necessity is changeable Comparing with the role of tea drinking in Britain China is not enough and doesn’t shape the real habit of tea drinking The writer suggests that we should consider tea drinking as a part of every day life Secondly we should positively demonstrate that tea is good for health attributing to enrich people’s material and spiritual life so that it can promote the consuming of tea and the national drink of tea is not far away and the necessity of people’s life is on the way Thirdly the series of tea products in Lipton unifies the quality and taste in the world We can learn from it that is the pursuit of stability and high quality of tea besides we should put the security and hygiene of tea at the first place Last but not the least the creating of our own brand must learn from the successful experience of Lipton but also implement under the condition of our country
IV Conclusion
The paper has researched a theme of the different cultures of tea drinking between China and Britain China and Britain are the world’s greatest tea drinking nations each represents the different cultural charming of tea drinking From the paper it is known that early British tea is directly or indirectly transported from China Initially British imitated Chinese to begin to drink tea with the transportation of tea from China to Britain it also brought China’s tea set to Britain later more and more people in Britain learned about the health effect of tea and they started to love this eastern beverage—tea together with some changes which were different from China’s habit of tea drinking The changes have been discussed from the four points the different manners of tea drinking the different spirits of tea ceremony the different cultures of tea house and the different impacts of tea drinking However throughout the evolution of the history of tea drinking between China and Britain though the time of beginning to drink tea is several thousand years apart we can still discover some similarities about tea drinking in these two countries On the one hand both of them begin to drink tea under the condition of realizing the tea’s medicinal value and gradually tea has become a common beverage among ordinary people On the other hand the custom of tea drinking similarly penetrates every aspect of economy social life and literature and it has a certain effect on them
As to research of the culture of tea drinking between China and Britain it includes many aspects and the paper has just contained some of them It is the only little suggestion that the culture of tea drinking can be researched from the two aspects the tea ritual and literature about it
Nowadays we are in multiculture era with the rapid development of science and technology the competition between countries are more and more intense if we don’t want to fall behind others we should learn from the advantages of them and better develop our own culture China has the history of possessing tea as early as five thousand year ago We should grasp this opportunity to show our tea culture to the world so that let the world better understand of China
References
[1] Chen Yuan The Relationship of Tea Culture between England and China [OL] Science & TechnologyInformation200822 March 2010
[2] The Dao of Tea [OL] China Flair Tea 2006 < httpwwwchinaflairteacomdaoofteahtml > 20 March 2010
[3] Tea House [OL] Wikipedia June 2008 18 March 2010
[4] Lipton [OL] Wikipedia 25 March 201020 March 2010
[5] Pettigrew Jane A Social History of Tea London National Trust Enterprises Ltd 2001
[6] Pratt JN Tea Lover’s Treasury San Francisco 101 Production 1982
[7] The Spirit of Tea [OL] FML 200118 March 2010
[8] 陈橼 茶业通史 农业出版社1984
[9] 黄忠良徐波 中国茶文化 杭州浙江学出版社2000
[10] 梁朵 茶道 成 成时代出版社 2007
[11] 林行止 英伦采风 林行止60篇 海 文汇出版社 2007
[12] 陆羽 萧晴编译 茶 北京 中国市场出版社 2005
[13] 南国嘉木 茶道生 北京 中国市场出版社2000
[14] 杨静萍 1718世界中国茶英国[D] 浙江师范学2007
[15] 余敏 魏剑超 刘艳 浅析中西方茶文化差异[J] 江师范学院院报2008
[16] 张忠良毛先颉 中国世界茶文化 北京 时事出版社2005
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to supervisor other teachers and my friends who had helped me in completing this thesis
Special thanks go to my supervisor Tang Xiangqian for her constant encouragement great support and patience during the whole process of my thesis writing I was deeply moved when seeing my first draft was read and corrected by Miss Wang I am also grateful to the end every single grammatical mistake was corrected by Miss Wang I am also grateful to all the teacher from Foreign Language department who had taught during the four years of study for their help support and instructions
Last but not least I would like to thank my parents my friends who have given me a perfect life which I am enjoying and will enjoy all my life long
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The Differences of Teadrinking Culture between China and Britain
Student：
Tutor
Abstract
China is the native place of tea and it is the first country in the world to plant drink and export teaWhen tea was discovered by Chinese it was initially used as herbAccording to records the Tang Dynasty prosperous exchanges at home and abroad tea is often used as gifts to the monks of China missionaries and foreign envoys to Chinese which is spread to the world and in seventeenth Century to the identity of the British Isles imported luxury landingAlthoughin many countriesthere have tea phenomenonbut comparing with other European countries the tea culture of Britain is the most famous and typical and it has formed its own special tea culture
The paper aims to illustrate the different of teadrinking culture between Britain and China from the four pointsthe history of the tea drinking the manner of tea drinkingthe spirits of tea ceremony and the impact of tea drinkingAt last according to the comparison the writer suggests two points to develop our own tea culture establishing the national day of tea drinking and creating our own international tea brand
Key wordsTea culture China and Britain Difference
摘
中国茶叶乡世界第种植引出口茶叶国家中国茶叶开始做药材记载记载唐时海外交繁盛茶叶常作礼品馈赠华僧侣传教士出外国中国节传播世界国17世纪奢侈舶品身份登陆英伦诸岛然海外许国家饮茶现象存英国形成独特茶文化
文四点阐述中英茶文化差饮茶历史饮茶方式茶道精神影响通较作者提出两点建议中国应该提出国饮日造茶文化国际品牌
关键词：茶文化 中国英国 差异
Contents
I Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………1
II Brief Review of Tea Drinking………………………………………………………………2
21 The history of tea drinking in China…………………………………………………2
22 The export of tea from China to Britain………………………………………………3
23 The development of tea drinking in Britain……………………………………………4
III Comparison of Teadrinking Culture between China and Britain…………………………5
31 The different manners of tea drinking………………………………………………… 5
311 The different spirits of tea ceremony………………………………………9
32 The different impacts of tea drinking……………………………………………… 10
33 The suggestions for tea drinking…………………………………………………… 12
331 Establishing the national day of tea drinking …………………………………12
332 Creating our own international brand…………………………………………13
IV Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………14
References…………………………………………………………………………………… 16
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………17
I Introduction
At present the cultural communication among countries has become more popular and frequent We have to say it is the age that culture fiercely agitates each other all countries have to face the challenge brought about by diversified and globalized society the conflict and friction between the national traditional cultures and modernization as well People like to discuss which one is much better To be honest people should judge on their own culture objectively and view culture of other countries fairly in perspective People need absorbing others cultural merits to remedy and update defects of their culture while retaining own culture feature China as is known to all is the birthplace of tea and Britain is also considered as another country of drinking tea Both of them are two big countries that have long history and strong cultural base However their respective cultures are quite different This paper will just show a tiny part of difference between Chinese and British cultures by comparing the tea cultures Tea is a kind of shrub with so fragrant white flowers and evergreen leaves The dried leaves of this plant which are plucked in different stages of growth and prepared by various processes can be used to make a hot beverage According to historical records and some legend tea has been known in China since about 2700BCpersonally I am so proud that It is Chinese who earliest discover and use tea As the homeland of tea China has long history extensive and profound tea culture In China tea is not merely one kind of drink but it a symbol of culture that refers to the Humanities and it is always considered as a mysterious but harmonious combination Furthermore it is a carrier of tea culture by which spread out various kinds of culture In fact tea culture is organic integration of tea and culture which include and reflect a certain period of material civilization and spiritual civilization in China Also it is invigorating as well as pacifying Its character is flexible in different environments For example a different tea culture would be formed only if tea goes in a different direction It also represents a state of peace peace of mind Or it is regarded as a symbol of not seeking fame and wealth of tranquility of recovering to the simple and coming to the nature At present tea culture is a very typical and important carrier of leisure
culture for Chinese When it is introduced to Britain with popularity tea combined with native
culture has gradually formed a new unique tea culture Although Britain is not a country to product tea just like China the British are absolutely and most definitely true the second largest per capita tea consumers in the world with each person consuming on average 21 kg per year In particular the ways to drink tea of them are so popular among people all around the world even include Chinese There are similarities and difference between western and eastern tea culture because of its own economic and traditional cultural background This article will do make effort to explore a comparative study on tea culture between China and Britain This paper discusses the differences between Chinese and British tea culture to understand the difference between themwe hope to enhance the status of China tea culture in the world set up the tea culture symbol has the characteristics of Chinese
II Brief Review of Tea Drinking
With a long history tea is drunk with a beverage Each year more than 80 percent of all China tea is made into green tea The ancient Chinese had lost the track of tea's true advent and were forced to imagine its beginning
With the development of history myths and legends have been handed down from generation to generation Although they are inadmissible as historical evidence myths and legends do have historical importance because they provide the only account of tea's origin According to Chinese mythology in 2737 BC the Chinese Emperor Shen Nong known as the father of agriculture and medicine suddenly tasted boiling water which was added leaves of wild tea tree When Shen Nong drank the infusion he marveled at its delicious taste and felt vigorous There is another account about this legend it was said that Shen Nong risked his life to taste hundred kinds of herbs for the subject Unfortunately he was poisoned by some of them It was the young leaves of tea that rescued him from danger Later tea drinking had been invented and the emperor drank it from that day forward recommending this health herb to other people
Today not only Chinese but also foreigners love to drink tea Drinking tea has become a part of their life especially in China and Britain The following part will be talked about teadrinking's development in these two countries
21 The history of tea drinking in China
It was recorded that tea was drunk in the western Han Dynasty during the period of the Three Kingdom Period drinking tea was very popular at least in the southern China according to the history the king Sun Hao of Wu state (the offspring of Sun Quan) firstly created tea to take place of wine in banquet at the same time tea had an equal position to wine in the palace affairs During the Wei Dynasty the Jin Dynasty and the Northern and Southern Dynasty drinking tea already became a fashion for those people with high social status to enjoy life and the literators use tea drinking to improve their thought for writing a good works The Tang Dynasty was the mature period of Chinese tea culture and drinking tea had become a common thing for ordinary people and they were fastidious about not only the tea production place the picking and making of tea but also the drinking appliance and the way of drinking tea The first book on Tea—Tea Classic circa 780AD which was written by the Chinese author Lu Yu came into being during this period it comprises three volumes and covers tea from its growth to its drinking and making as well as historical summary and the famous early tea plantation In the 805AD the Buddhist monk Zui Cheng of Japan brought the tea and seeds to his country this was the earliest record that tea transported to Japan and later the world famous tea ceremony got to be formed Drinking tea was also very popular in the Song Dynasty and the technique for making tea greatly improved By the Yuan Dynasty drinking tea was very common in everyday life and making tea was one of the seven chores for the pool housewives of that time In the Ming and Qing Dynasties people drank tea in almost the same way as do today and loose tea took place of compressed tea(before this period people usually drank compressed tea) besides China’s tea was exported to Britain during this period I will addressed in the following part
22 The export of tea from China to Britain
At the beginning of the seventeenth century tea was spread to West Europe and became the favorite drink of European people It is not exactly certain time when tea was first coming to Britain there are a lot of points on it the writer agrees with the point that China’s tea was appeared in Britain in 1657 and there China’s tea was come from Holland In 1607AD the ship of Holland which came from Java transported tea from Macao to Europe and this was the earliest record that China’s tea was directly sold to Europe Later the China’s tea was sold from Holland to Britain Most of scholars consider that tea was appeared in Britain in the midseventeenth century but they don’t ascertain the exact year that China’s tea comes to Britain It can be only confirmed that tea was sold in Britain in1657 according to the book A Social History of Tea written by Pettigrew Jane she said that China’s tea was transported to the landing of London by the Eastern India Company in the midseventeenth century assuring the selling time of China’s tea was in 1657 furthermore the advertisement about tea was appeared in the next year On the other hand Chinese scholar Chen Yuan also expressed the same view in his book of The History of Tea (茶叶通史) and he said that a coffee shop of Britain sold China’s tea from Holland during the fourteen reign of emperor Shun Zhi of Qing Dynasty(1657)
Later in 1662 the princess of Portugal Catherine married CharlesII and brought with her the preference for tea which had already become common in Europe As tea was her drink of choice it gained social acceptance among aristocracies as it replaced wine ale and spirits with tea as the court drink In an attempt to please CharlesII the Britain East India Company brought small gifts of tea from Europe for Catherine in 1664 and in 1666 other than these gifts the Britain East India Company did not consider tea to be worth importing from China until in 1668 From that time tea was selling in markets and the East India Company treated it as a part of their regular trade It was no longer only a special item brought back by a ship’s captain for special use
23 The development of tea drinking in Britain
Above all is that tea is just a fashion pursued by upper class Until the end of eighteenth century tea drinking was become prevailing in populace due to the great fall of price—Transformations of the custom policy in China and changed of the demand of tea drinking in Britain both caused a great tea import of the East India Company that made the tea price play down Before that time tea was very expensive for ordinary people for example in 1658 the fifth Earl of Beford county Woburn Abbey paid all staff in manor a total of only 600 pounds and these staff included temporary and full time maid cook butler doorman gardeners lawyers etc at that time an annual income of an estate lawyer was only 20 pounds and the salary of butler was 2~6 pounds if a butler buys a pound of tea he would have paid a whole year’s salary so it is impossible for populaces to have it
Besides a great number of smuggling tea from other European countries before 1785 also made the tea price play down and the performance of the Commutation Act after 1785 declined the tea price too then some private trade decreased the price The other main reason is that British love tea very much and another interesting evidence pointed out by an Italian who was travelling to Britain in1755 illustrates the last reason he said that even if a common maid must drink tea twice each day showing her status and she must write the condition to her bond In addition the characters in the famous British novel Pride and Prejudice written by Jane Austen often take a cup of tea and drink As time is going Britain has formed its own culture of tea drinking and the following part will discuss the different teadrinking culture between China and Britain
III Comparison of Teadrinking Culture between China and Britain
China is the homeland of tea Of the three major beverages of the world—tea coffee and cocoa tea is consumed by the large number of people in the world especially in Britain China had tea plants as early as five to six thousand year ago and human drinking of tea dates back to two thousand year British have and drink tea for three to four hundred year that is far more behind us however it has already shaped its own special culture and habit of tea drinking It is said that Britain averagely drink eight cups of beverage everyday and among them tea possesses five cups That is to say about two thousand cups of tea will be drunk by British in a whole year According to the report of newspaper of Times in London one percent of British do not drink tea twentythree percent of British who are called Heavy drinker drink above six cups of tea thirtyeight percent of British named Middle drinker drink four to five cups of tea and the rest of thirtynine percent called Light drinker drink below three cups of tea A typical English man at least has six times to drink tea everyday Apart from three times of drinking tea at breakfast lunch and supper first when he wakes up in the morning and leans against the bed he usually drinks a cup of tea—early morning tea The second is the Elevenses which drinks tea at 11am At this time he has gone through long time of hard working and he needs to have a break and relax himself At last it is the Afternoon tea at 45pm
31 The different manners of tea drinking
Before discussing the manner of tea drinking the types of tea are analysed first Tea comes in more varieties than you may suspect However based on the way the leaves are processed all teas are divided into four basic types green black oolong and the very rare white
Green tea is the variety which keeps the original color of the tea leaves without fermentation during processing It is quickly dried preserving the healthful flavonoids and grassy flavors This category of Chinese green tea is longing of Zhejiang province Maofeng of Huanshang mountain in Anhui province and Biluochun produced in Jiangsu The British green teas include Lung Ching Bancha and Sencha
Black tea undergoes a full fermentation process which darkens the leaves and produces a robust tea with higher caffeine content It is a later variety developed on the base of green tea The best brands of Chinese black tea are Qihong of Anhui Dianhong of Yunnan Suhong of Jiangsu Chuanhong of Sichuan and Huhong of Hunan The Earl Grey English Breakfast and Darjeeling are some examples of English black teas
Oolong tea represents a variety half way between the green and the black tea retaining the healthful qualities of green tea and robustness of black tea It is a speciality from China’s southern coast Fujian Guangdong and Taiwan Tieguanyin and Rougui of Fujian are this type of Chinese oolong teas And Black Dragon and Orange Blossom are a couple of British oolong tea
White tea is produced from young leaves that are steamed and sundried rather than fermented creating a subtle and sweet quality with minimal caffeine content Snowflakes and Noble Beauty are a type of English white teas
Next the Chinese tea drinking can be classified into mixed drinking and nonmixed drinking and the first one is categorized by the personal favor with salt sugar milk green onion orange peel mint and longan etc It derives from the method of boiling tea in the mid Tang Dynasty from the point of eatable aspect people cook with fresh leaves or dried leaves into a soup or drink often adding salt to modulate the flavor from the point of medicinal aspect fresh leaves and dried leaves accompanied by ginger pepper orange peel and mint boil down into a soup for people drinking And now this way was mainly concentrated in ethnic minority areas for instance Tibetan’s Suyoucha(酥油茶) is brick tea with salt butter milk and so on and the Ganwancha(盖碗茶) of Hui nationality is tea brewed with longan and rock sugar commonly known as Sanxiangcha(三香茶)
The second one is non mixed drinking known as Qingyin(清饮) in Han nationality that is the tea does not include any ingredients destroyed the fragrance and the flavor of tea just making tea soup with boiling water It inherits the tradition of Ming and Qing Dynasties
Initially British were drinking green tea Later they changed it for drinking robust black tea with nutrient content It was said that green teas were not easy to store and mutable to mildew but the black teas which were full fermentation just compensated its shortage besides the more credible reason was that green teas were habitual to grow in cold climate but the black teas grew in warm climate The British Isles surrounded by the sea are cold and humid throughout the year So weather determines people’s choice and lets more time for people staying home to enjoy tea British imports black tea from China India Sri Lanka etc were added by milk and sugar in order to get rid of there bitter flavor similarly changing the bitter coffee from equatorial countries into the sweet arome of coffee In addition they also add honey whiskey egg butter and whatever they want to join into the tea this is quite different from the flavor of Chinese tea On the other hand British invent the tea bag instead of the end piece of tea leaves known as instant tea Putting the bag into the cup a bag is only for a cup of tea Home teapot has filter to separate tea bag from water and it is dissimilar from the way of putting whole leaves into the boiling water in China
311 The different spirits of tea ceremony
Genuine Chinese art is respectfully called Cha Tao (tea ceremony) meaning the Way of Tea Tea is the only gastronomic art to attain the title of Dao in Chinese culture Dao refers to the source of universe the process of change and the path to achieve harmony virtue and enlightenment When the tea ceremony is understood and practiced to foster harmony in humanity promote harmony with nature discipline the mind quiet the heart and attain the purity of enlightenment the art of tea becomes the Way of Tea China’ tea drinking pays attention to tea ceremony that is called the Four essences purity respect joy and truth
Purity means quiet pure and uncluttered The art of tea requires clear surroundings especially the immediate surrounding like the table but more importantly a clear and uncluttered mind The mind should focus on the pleasant aroma and taste of tea
Respect is the root of everything on the earth for people respect embodies honesty in both attitude and actions toward each other When drinking tea together the host and the guests’ mind must be synchronized
Joy means pleased happy and content Harmony is in forms and manners but joy is in the spirit and heart When we drink tea we can taste the pleasure of living thus training one’s heart to be generous
Truth means knowledge and a holy mind combines truth with the spiritual unknown In a word we should make use of the scientific way to embrace the sincerity of all things The essence of drinking tea can enlighten our capacity and consciousness to achieve greatness and direction
Generally speaking purity is the basic method of cultivating Chinese tea ceremony respect is the philosophical idea of it also is the soul of it joy is the sensory feelings of it and truth is supreme pursuit of it So it can be known that Chinese is not only for entertainment and relaxation but also for the inspiration of spirit and deposit of emotion however the British tea ceremony is lack of this factor
Being different from the Chinese tea ceremony the emphasis of British tea drinking is on presentation conversation and a kind of elegant style Victorian Afternoon Tea is the core content of British tea culture as a comprehensive art it is simple but not pool beautiful but not vulgar The tradition of the Afternoon Tea goes back many years to the late seventeenth century At that time there were two main meals—breakfast and dinner Dinner was served very late in the evening so there was a very long time between meals The duchess of Bedford Anna complained about a sinking feeling in the late afternoon and the Afternoon Tea was her invention to keep her going until dinner She would invite friends to join her for tea at 5pm Other hostess quickly imitated her ideal
Traditionally the hostess must use the best room and the chinaware welcomes guests The Darjeeling black tea and the exquisite snack act the leading role of the Afternoon Tea Under the warm sunlight following the melodious classical music people are relaxing their body and mind in this kind of comfortable environment In the Victoria era man was in a tuxedo and lady was in a robe Now the formal Afternoon Tea will be held every year at Buckingham Palace in the United Kingdom male guests are still wearing tuxedoes caps and holding umbrellas the hats stuck in variety of feather is a beautiful landscape Commonly it is hostess worn formal dress that serves for the guests maids cannot but be in special occasions so as to show respect for the guests Food at tea includes such things as sandwiches (customarily cucumber egg and cress fish paste ham and smoked salmon) scones (with clotted cream and jam see cream tea) cakes and pastries (eg fruit cake)
A formal Afternoon Tea is nowadays usually taken as a treat in hotel cafe or tea shop In everyday life many British take much simpler refreshment consisting of tea and biscuits at teatime On the other hand different versions of Afternoon Tea can be found worldwide especially in commonwealth countries
32 The different impacts of tea drinking
Drinking tea has already deeply rooted in Chinese people’s traditional customs Since the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty tea has been one of seven family chores firewood rice oil salt sauce vinegar and tea It can’t separate from populace’s everyday life Today no matter where you are in southern China northern China or even in foreign countries there are Chinese there is tea drinking custom Tea is always offered immediately to a guest in a Chinese home Serving a cup of tea is more than a matter of mere politeness it is a symbol of togetherness a sharing of something enjoyable and a way of showing respect to visitors To not take at least a sip might be considered rude in some areas This custom was maintained even though the very hard years when families offered white tea that is a cup of boilinghot water The hostess will freshen up the cup with more tea from the pot Some Chinese people used to consider refilling the pot and offering a third cup the signal that was time to leave but this custom does not apply among close friends and many people pay no attention to it today Another fact is that offering tea is considered to be a sense of etiquette in marriage in ancient time It is said that tea can not be transplanted only to plant by sowing seeds Then the seeds sprout large trees so it has seen as a symbol of loyalty Today this custom still exists in some area of China
China is a multiethnic country even if each nationality locates in different geographical environment having the same hobby drinking tea for instance as the proverb runs in Naxi minority nationality of Yunnan a cup of morning tea refreshing mind and getting away with pain With the development of China’ tea culture tea has become a national beverage the necessities of material life and a symbol of traditional culture
When the tea enters into the culture of Britain there is nothing which can divide up the tea and the Britain once a dramatist said while there is tea there is hope The English open tea drinking do not become more proficient in one’s profession compare to it in China but the Afternoon Tea of Victoria adds new blood and energy to the culture of world
Discussing the impact of tea drinking in Britain it can be researched from the following points Firstly tea drinking brings special tea culture in Britain As it was referred before British like add milk and sugar into the tea often accompanying with a special silver scoop It turns a bitter tea beverage into a sweet one making it full of protein fat carbohydrate and vitamin thus tea has changed into a robust beverage with nutrient content Tea sets also have English style At first they were transported from China with no handles with the uprising of tea set industry Britain began to manufacture tea sets basing on the imitation of China’s besides they improved them according to their need adding handles and taking away of the cover of cup also because chinaware was too ponderous they created exquisite silver tea sets
Secondly tea drinking changes dietary structure of English men and builds their corporeity up Before Chinese tea transported to Britain British had no healthy beverage for thirstiness and people usually drank wine everyday In the family which can afford wine people drank all kinds of wine every meal With the development of industry whiskey had become more and more popular in Scotland However wine was not for thirstiness what’s more it cultivated men’s fighting and rude characters and drinking too much wine was harmful for people’s health People began to drink tea instead of wine on table for tea is not only for thirstiness but also good for health It can make people full of energy clear one’s mind and behave civility On the other hand drinking tea also changes the time and habit for meal In the early seventeenth century rich people had breakfast at 600 or 700 and the food was meat fish cheese and beer At the end of seventeenth century drinking tea had become a part of family everyday life and tea began to appear on table together with butter bread coffee or chocolate Until to the end of eighteenth century the time for breakfast changed at 900 so that people had more time to drink tea and enjoy breakfast Similarly the Afternoon Tea also altered the time for dinner from 45pm to78pm
Finally tea drinking is beneficial to achieve equal status for men and women From the end of the seventeenth century to the beginning of the eighteenth century the coffee house in Britain began to sell tea (mainly the China’s Wuyicha) The famous was Tom’s coffee house created by Thomas Twining in 1706 This was the first coffee house opened for women before that women were forbidden to enter in coffee house Later drinking tea was very popular among women and coffee house became the only place for single females to date friends and their reputations were not destroyed so this measure that coffee house was open for women in some sense promoted the equalization between men and women
33 The Suggestions for Tea Drinking in China
One is the biggest tea drinking country in the east the other one is the biggest tea drinking in the west and both of them have better formed their own tea culture After the comparison of tea culture between the two the following will be talked about two suggestions establishing the national day of tea drinking and creating our own international brand
331 Establishing the national day of tea drinking
Whereas the experience of the Afternoon Tea in Britain China should build the realization of healthy tea drinking among people demonstrating the less of smoking and drinking wine by contrast more of drinking tea and sponsoring tea culture simultaneously builds people’s corporeity up The association of tea drinking with good health transcends recorded history to the very legends upon which the origins of tea are based Within a medical book called Shennong’s Herbal Classic and in another called Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing there are references which credit tea with being good for tumors or abscesses that come about the head or for ailments of the bladder In addition there are also references which state It dissipates heat caused by the phlegm’s or inflammation of the chest it quenches thirst it lessens desire for sleep it pleases and cheers the heart Recently research tea has potential in the prevention or associated treatment of several diseases including cancer cardiovascular disease and obesity
Of course tea has regarded as national drink starting from government enterprises and institutions and it can take tea banquet or tea party as the premium etiquette Besides the national day of tea drinking should have multifunctions such as entertainment knowledge impartment and art cultivation During the period it can hold calligraphy exhibition tea party and all kinds of social and cultural activities making more and more people love this festival and spontaneously taking part in it At last hoping the relevant activities about this ideal can get the understanding supporting and respecting of people
332 Creating our own international brand
The Lipton tea brand in Britain created by Thomas J Lipton in 1890 wins the worldwide fame it is the world’s bestknown and bestselling brand of tea with sales of nearly￡3 billion today Lipton is the global market leader in both leaf and readytodrink tea with a global market share nearly three times larger than its nearest rival available in over 110 countries Lipton is particularly popular in Europe North America and the Middle East and part of Asia Almost people buy Lipton tea in their life one lesson for its continues success in the market was mainly because of Lipton positioning itself in the middle of the price spectrum for tea other than their original black leaf teas Lipton has also created large range of other varieties for example Lipton Iced Tea Lipton Green Tea and other soft drinks Nowadays it is not only represented the expert of tea but also the symbol of international fashion and metropolitan life
Next on the base of Lipton brand some ideals about creating our own international brand will be discussed Firstly let tea become the real necessity of ordinary people With the progression of society and the promotion of people’ life level the opinion of life necessity is changeable Comparing with the role of tea drinking in Britain China is not enough and doesn’t shape the real habit of tea drinking The writer suggests that we should consider tea drinking as a part of every day life Secondly we should positively demonstrate that tea is good for health attributing to enrich people’s material and spiritual life so that it can promote the consuming of tea and the national drink of tea is not far away and the necessity of people’s life is on the way Thirdly the series of tea products in Lipton unifies the quality and taste in the world We can learn from it that is the pursuit of stability and high quality of tea besides we should put the security and hygiene of tea at the first place Last but not the least the creating of our own brand must learn from the successful experience of Lipton but also implement under the condition of our country
IV Conclusion
The paper has researched a theme of the different cultures of tea drinking between China and Britain China and Britain are the world’s greatest tea drinking nations each represents the different cultural charming of tea drinking From the paper it is known that early British tea is directly or indirectly transported from China Initially British imitated Chinese to begin to drink tea with the transportation of tea from China to Britain it also brought China’s tea set to Britain later more and more people in Britain learned about the health effect of tea and they started to love this eastern beverage—tea together with some changes which were different from China’s habit of tea drinking The changes have been discussed from the four points the different manners of tea drinking the different spirits of tea ceremony the different cultures of tea house and the different impacts of tea drinking However throughout the evolution of the history of tea drinking between China and Britain though the time of beginning to drink tea is several thousand years apart we can still discover some similarities about tea drinking in these two countries On the one hand both of them begin to drink tea under the condition of realizing the tea’s medicinal value and gradually tea has become a common beverage among ordinary people On the other hand the custom of tea drinking similarly penetrates every aspect of economy social life and literature and it has a certain effect on them
As to research of the culture of tea drinking between China and Britain it includes many aspects and the paper has just contained some of them It is the only little suggestion that the culture of tea drinking can be researched from the two aspects the tea ritual and literature about it
Nowadays we are in multiculture era with the rapid development of science and technology the competition between countries are more and more intense if we don’t want to fall behind others we should learn from the advantages of them and better develop our own culture China has the history of possessing tea as early as five thousand year ago We should grasp this opportunity to show our tea culture to the world so that let the world better understand of China
References
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Acknowledgements
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to supervisor other teachers and my friends who had helped me in completing this thesis
Special thanks go to my supervisor Tang Xiangqian for her constant encouragement great support and patience during the whole process of my thesis writing I was deeply moved when seeing my first draft was read and corrected by Miss Wang I am also grateful to the end every single grammatical mistake was corrected by Miss Wang I am also grateful to all the teacher from Foreign Language department who had taught during the four years of study for their help support and instructions
Last but not least I would like to thank my parents my friends who have given me a perfect life which I am enjoying and will enjoy all my life long
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