高中英语复习


高中英语复
第1章 谓致
概念
谓致指：
1） 语法形式致单复数形式谓语致
2） 意义致语意义单复数谓语单复数形式致
3） 原谓语动词单复形式取决词语
　　 般说数名词动词单数数名词复数动词复数例：
　 There is much water in the thermos
　　 数名词前表示数量复数名词时谓语动词复数形式例：
　 Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year
二相关知识点精讲
1列结构作语时谓语复数例：
　 Reading and writing are very important 读写重
　 注意：语and连结时果表示单概念指物时谓语动词单数and 时连接两词前冠词例：
　 The iron and steel industry is very important to our life 钢铁工业生活重意义
典型例题
　 The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting
A is　　B was　 C are　 D were
答案B 注： 先时态考虑发生事情应时先排AC题易误选DThe League secretary and monitor 象两仔细辨monitor 前没the英语中兼数职时第职务前加定冠词面职务and 相连样题语应选B
2 谓致中原
1)there be 句型语系列事物时谓语应邻语保持致例：
　There is a pen a knife and several books on the desk 桌支笔刀书
　There are twenty boystudents and twentythree girlstudents in the class班二十男孩二十三女孩
2）either… or… neither… nor连接两语时谓语动词邻语保持致果句子here there引导语止时谓语通常邻语致例：
　Either you or she is to go
　Here is a pen a few envelops and some paper for you 笔信封纸
3谓语动词前面语致
语with together with like except but no less than as well as 等词组成短语时谓语动词前面语部分致例：
　 The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory 教师学生参观工厂
　 He as well as I wants to go boating想划船
4 谓语需单数情况
1）代词eachevery some no any等构成复合代词作语时语中含each every时 谓语需单数例：
　 Each of us has a taperecorder 录音机
　 There is something wrong with my watch 表坏
2）语书条格言时谓语动词常单数例：
　 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English 天方夜谭英语爱者熟悉书
　3）表示金钱时间价格度量衡复合名词作语时通常名词作整体谓语般单数例：
　 Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations 三星期做准备
　 Ten yuan is enough 十元够
5指代意义决定谓语单复数
1）代词what which who none some any more most all等词单复数指代词单复数决定例：
All is right　切利
All are present　齐
2）集体名词作语时谓语数根语意思决定family audience crew crowd class company committee等词谓语动词复数形式时强调集体中成员单数时强调该集体整体例：
　　 His family isn＇t very large 家成员
　　 His family are music lovers　家音乐爱者
　 集合名词people police cattle poultry等情况复数形式例：
　　 Are there any police around 附警察？
3）名词variety number population proportion majority 等时作单数时作复数例：
　 A number of +名词复数+复数动词
　 The number of +名词复数+单数动词
　 A number of books have lent out
　 The majority of the students like English
6接名词代词保持致情况
1）half of most of none of heaps of lots of plenty of 等引起语时谓语动词通常of面名词代词保持致例：
　 Most of his money is spent on books 部分钱化书
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports 部分学生积极参体育运动
2）a portion of a series of a pile of a panel of 等引起语时谓语动词通常单数例： A series of accidents has been reported 媒体报道连串事
A pile of lots was set beside the hearth 炉边堆木柴
3） many a more than one 修饰短语作语时谓语动词单数形式more than… of 作语时动词应名词代词保持致例：
　 Many a person has read the novel　许读书
　 More than 60 percent of the students are from the city百分六十学生城市
三巩固练
（ ） 1 The number of people invited ______ fifty but a number of them _______ absent for different reasons
A were was B was was
C was were D were were
（ ） 2 Email as well as telephones ________ an important part in daily communication
A is playing B have played
C are playing D play
（ ） 3 ______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and grass
A Two fifth is B Two fifth are
C Two fifths is D Two fifths are
（ ） 4 Ten minutes ______ a long time for one who waits
A seem B seems
C seemed D are seemed
（ ） 5 Eric is the only one of the boys who _____ a driving license
A has B have
C is having D are having’
（ ） 6 Joy and Sorrow _____ nextdoor neighbours
A is B are C were D be
（ ）7 In my opinion some of the news _____ unbelievable
A are B is C has been D have been
（ ）8 When ______ the United Nations founded
A is B are C was D were
（ ）9 Every possible means _____
A has tried B has been tried
C was tried D were tried
（ ） 10 What she says and does _____ nothing to do with me
A was B were C has D have
（ ）11 There _____ a dictionary and several books on the desk
A are B must C have been D is
（ ）12 Nobody ______ seen the film It’s a pity
A but Tom and Jack have B except Tom and Jack have
C but my friends has D but I have
（ ）13 No teacher and no student ______．
A are admitted B is admitted
C are admitting D is admitting
（ ）14 All but one ______ here just now
A is B was C has been D were
（ ）15 When and where to build the new factory _____ yet
A is not decided B are not decided
C has not decided D have not decided
（ ） 16 The writer and singer ______ here
A is B are C were D do
（ ） 17 As I have a meeting at four ten minutes _____ all that I can spare to talk with you
A are B was C is D were
（ ） 18 In those days John with his classmates _____ kept busy preparing for the exam
A is B are
C was D were
（ ） 19 —— ____ your clothes
——No mine _____ hanging over there
A Is it is B Are these are
C Is it are D Are these is
（ ） 20 The Smith’s family which ____ rather a large one ____ very fond of their old houses
A were were B was was
C were was D was were
（ ） 21 What the teacher and the students want to say _____ that either of the countries ____ beautiful
A are are B is is
C are is D is are
（ ） 22 He is the only one of the students who _____ a winner of scholarship for three years
A is B are
C have been D has been
（ ） 23 _____ of my brothers are reporters Covering events meetings or sports meetings ______ their duty
A Each are B Both is
C Neither are D None is
（ ） 24 —— What do you think of the ______ of the coat
—— It’s rather high You can buy a cheaper one in that shop
A value B cost C price D use
（ ） 25 —— Are the two answers correct
—— No ______ correct
A no one is B both are not
C neither is D either is not
（ ） 26 The wind together with rain and fog _____ making sailing difficult
A have been B was
C D are
四答案
1C 2 A 3 C 4 B 5 A 6 B 7 B 8 C 9 B 10 C 11 D 12 C 13 B 14 D 15 A 16 A 17 C 18 C 19 B 20 D 21 B 22 D 23 B 24 C 25 C 26 B

第2章 动词时态
概念
时态英语谓语动词种形式表示动作发生时间处状态英语中时态通动词形式身变化实现英语16种时态中学阶段较常十种般现时般时般时时现进行时进行时进行时完成时英完成时现完成进行时
二相关知识点精讲
1般现时法
1） 常性惯性动作常表示频腮度时间状语连时间状语： every… sometimes　at… on Sunday例：
　　 I leave home for school at 7 every morning 天早七点离开家
2） 客观真理客观存科学事实例：
　 The earth moves around the sun 球绕太阳转动
　 Shanghai lies in the east of China 海位中国东部
3） 表示格言警句例：
　 Pride goes before a fall　骄者必败
　 注意：法果出现宾语句中句时句谓语般现时
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round 哥伦布证实球圆
4） 现时刻状态力性格性例：
　 I don＇t want so much
　 Ann writes good English but does not speak well 安英语写错讲行
较：Now I put the sugar in the cup 糖放入杯子
　　　 I am doing my homework now 正做功课
　　第句般现时操作演示指导说明示范性动作表示言行瞬间动作第二句中now进行时标志表示正进行动作客观状况句般现时
2 般时法
1）确定时间里发生动作存状态例：时间状语：yesterday last week an hour ago the other day in 1982等例：
　 Where did you go just now 刚？
2）表示段时间常性惯性动作例：
　 When I was a child I often played football in the street 孩子时候常马路踢足球
Whenever the Browns went during their visit they were given a warm welcome
时布朗家什时候受热烈欢迎　　　　　
3）句型：It is time for sb to do sth　 ……时间　 该……例：It is time for you to go to bed　 该睡觉
　 It is time that sb did sth 时间已迟　 早该…… 例It is time you went to bed　　　早该睡觉
　 　 would （had） rather sb did sth　表示＇宁愿某做某事＇例：I＇d rather you came tomorrow明天吧
4） wish wonder think hope 等时作试探性询问请求建议等般时表示动作状态已成现已复存例：I thought you might have some 想
较：Christine was an invalid all her life（含义：已间）
　　 Christine has been an invalid all her life（含义：现活着）
　　 Mrs Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years （含义：达太太已住肯塔基州）
　　 Mrs Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years （含义：现住肯塔基州指刚离）
注意： 时表示现表示委婉语气
1）动词want hope wonder think intend 等例：
　　　 Did you want anything else 您什？
　　　 I wondered if you could help me 帮
2）情态动词 could would例：
　　　 Could you lend me your bike 行车？
3般时
1）　shall第称常will 代will 陈述句中称征求意见时常第二称例：
　　 Which paragraph shall I read first？ 先读段呢？
　　 Will you be at home at seven this evening 晚七点回家？
2）　be going to +定式表示
　 a 语意图做某事例：What are you going to do tomorrow 明天算作什呢？
　 b 计划安排发生事例：The play is going to be produced next month出戏月开播
　 c 迹象发生事例：Look at the dark clouds there is going to be a storm 乌云快雨
　3）　be +定式表计划正式安排发生事例：
　　 We are to discuss the report next Saturday星期六讨份报告
4）　 be about to +定式意马做某事例：
　　 He is about to leave for Beijing 马北京
　 注意：be about to do tomorrow next week 等表示明确时时间状语连
4 般现时表
1）列动词come go arrive leave start begin return般现时表示表示时间已确定安排事情例：
　　　The train leaves at six tomorrow morning 火车明天午六点开
　　　When does the bus star It stars in ten minutes 汽车什时候开？十分钟
2）here there等开始倒装句表示动作正进行例：
　　　 Here comes the bus The bus is coming 车
　　　 There goes the bell The bell is ringing 铃响
3）时间条件句中例：
　　　 When Bill comes （will come） ask him to wait for me 尔等
　　　 I＇ll write to you as soon as I arrive there 里写信
4）动词hope take care that make sure that等宾语句中例：
　　　 I hope they have a nice time next week 希星期玩开心
　　　 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room 离开房间前务必窗户关
 5 现进行时表示
　 列动词come go arrive leave start begin return等现进行时表示例：
　 I＇m leaving tomorrow 明天走
　 Are you staying here till next week 会呆周？
6 现完成时
　　现完成时表示前已发生完成动作状态结果影响现存表示持续现动作状态构成：have （has） +分词
7 较般时现完成时
1）般时表示某时发生动作单纯叙述事情强调动作现完成时发生强调事情现影响强调影响
2）般时常具体时间状语连现完成时通常模糊时间状语连时间状语
般时时间状语：yesterday last week…ago in1980 in October just now等皆具体时间状语
现完成时时间状语：for since so far ever never just yet tilluntil up to now in past years always等皆确定时间状语
时间状语：this morning tonight this April now already recently lately 等
3）现完成时表示持续现动作状态动词般延续性live teach learn work study know
　 般时常非持续性动词come go leave start die finish become get married等例：
I saw this film yesterday （强调动作发生）
I have seen this film （强调现影响电影容已知道）
Why did you get up so early （强调起床动作已发生）
Who hasn＇t handed in his paper （强调卷子未交疑公竞争）
He has been in the League for three years （团状态延续）
He has been a League member for three years （团员状态持续）
　　 句子中时时间副词（yesterday last week in 1960）时现完成时时
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night
（）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night
8 现完成时句型
1）It is the first second time that…结构中句部分现完成时例：
It is the first time that I have visited the city 第次访问城市
This is the first time （that） I＇ve heard him sing　第次听唱歌
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late
2）This is +形容词高级+that…结构that 句现完成时例：
This is the best film that I＇ve （ever） seen 电影　
9完成时
1） 概念：表示
|||> 构成had +分词构成
时前　 时　 现　　　　　　
2） 法
　 a told said knew heard thought等动词宾语句例：
　　 She said （that）she had never been to Paris 告诉巴黎
　 b 状语句
　　 时间发生两动作中发生先完成时发生般时例：
　　 When the police arrived the thieves had run away 警察达时偷早跑
　 c 表示意动词hope wish expect think intend mean suppose等完成时表示原…未…例：
　　 We had hoped that you would come but you didn＇t 时希没
3）　完成时时间状语before by until when after once as soon as例：
　 He said that he had learned some English before 说前学英语
　 By the time he was twelve Edison had began to make a living by himself 十二岁年爱迪生开始谋生
　 Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party
汤姆失达晚会时部分客已走
10 般时代完成时
1）　两动作序发生强调先thenandbut 等连词时般时例：
　　 When she saw the mouseshe screamed 老鼠起
　　 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it 姑妈顶帽子丢
2 ） 两动作相继发生般时第动作需干时间完成完成时例：
　　 When I heard the news I was very excited
3）　叙述历史事实完成时般时例：
　　 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492
11完成时
　1） 构成will have done
　2） 概念　
a 状态完成：表示某事继续某时止直状态例：
They will have been married for 20 years by then 时结婚二十年
　　b 动作完成：表示某时动作前已完成动作获验例：
　　　You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow 明天时已达海
12现进行时
　 现进行时基法：
　 a 表示现（指说话说话时）正发生事情例：
　　 We are waiting for you 正等
　 b 惯进行：表示长期重复性动作说话时动作未必正进行例：
　　 Mr Green is writing another novel　写部说（说话时未写处写作状态）
　　c 表示渐变样动词：get grow become turn run go begin等例：
　　 The leaves are turning red 叶子变红
　　 It＇s getting warmer and warmer 天越越热
　 d always constantly forever 等词连表示反复发生动作持续存状态带说话观色彩例：
　　 You are always changing your mind 老改变意
13 进行时
1）概念：表示某时正进行状态动作
2）进行时法描述件事发生背景长动作延续时候短动作发生
3） 常时间状语this morning the whole morning all day yesterday from nine to ten last evening when while等例：
　　 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself　 兄弟骑车时摔受伤
　　 It was raining when they left the station 离开车站时正着雨
　　 When I got to the top of the mountain the sun was shining　达山顶时阳光灿烂
14 进行时
1） 概念：表示某时进行状态动作预测会发生事情例：
　　　She＇ll be coming soon 会快
　　　I＇ll be meeting him sometime in the future 定见
注意：进行时表示意志说 I＇ll be having a talk with her
2）常时间状语soon tomorrow this eveningon Sunday by this timetomorrow in two days tomorrow evening等例：By this time tomorrow I＇ll be lying on the beach 明天时正躺海滩呢
15 般现时代般时
When while before after till once as soon as so long as by the time if in case （that） unless even if whether the moment the minute the day the year immediately等引导时间状语句条件句中般现时代时例：
　He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing 北京姨妈
16 般现时代般时
1 ） 书说报纸说等例：
　 The newspaper says that it＇s going to be cold tomorrow 报纸说明天会冷
　2） 叙述事生动例：
Napoleon＇s army now advances and the great battle begins破仑军队正前挺进战开始
17 般现时代现完成时
1） 动词般现时代完成时hear tell learn write understand forget know find say remember等例：
　 I hear （ have heard） he will go to London 听说伦敦
　 I forget （have forgotten） how old he is 忘
2） 句型 It is … since…代It has been … since …例：
It is （ has been） five years since we last met 次见面五年
18 般现时代现进行时
Here comes…There goes…等句型里般现时代现进行时例：
　 There goes the bell 铃响
19 现进行时代时
1） 表示发生预定中计划活动例：
　　 Are you staying with us this weekend 起度周末
　　 We are leaving soon　 马走
2） 渐变动词get run grow become begin瞬间动词die等例：
　　 He is dying 死
20时态致
　 1） 果句叙述真理相变事实现时例：
　 At that time people did not know that the earth moves 时知道球动
　 He told me last week that he is eighteen 星期告诉十八岁
　 2） 宾语句中助动词ought need must dare 时态变例：
　 He thought that I need not tell you the truth 认必告诉真相
三巩固练
1I’ ll give the book to him as soon as he ________ back
2Has the baby ________ crying yet (stop)
3I don’ t know whether Mother __________ me to Beijing next month(take)
4She _______ on her coat and went out (put)
5 What are they doing  They __________ ready for the sports meeting (get)
6The boy asked his mother ________him go and play basketball(let)
7I’m sorry to keep you ____________ for a long time (wait)
8It ________ (take) him half an hour _______ (finish) his homework yesterday
9If it ________ an interesting film we’ll see it tomorrow (be)
10They usually ________ (do) their homework after supper
11Listen Who _____________(sing) in the next room now
12__________(be) your parents in Shanghai last year
13Mr Yu _____________(teach) us maths since 1982
14They will have a trip to the Great Wall if it _________ (not rain) tomorrow

15Li Ming often _________ (listen) to the radio in the morning
16A Father may I go out and play football B _____you ____(do) your homework
17All the people in the town are glad ______(hear) that a famous musician       ___ a concert this Saturday evening( give)
18Our teacher told us if it _____(not snow) we would visit the Science Museum the next day
19They often   _______ (play) football in the afternoon
20A What’re you doing Dad B I _______ (mend) the radio
21Let’s _______(carry) the boxes to the house
22Yesterday she ______ (want) very much to see the film but she couldn’t   __(get) a ticket
23I _________(write) to you as soon as I get to Shanghai
24Mike ___________(visit) several places since he came to Beijing
25He ___________ (write) four letters to his wife every month
26Don’ t make any noise Grandma  ___________  (sleep)
27His aunt ___________ (do) some cooking when he came in
28When they   ___________ (reach) the station the train had already left
29There   ___________ (be) a meeting next Monday
30We ___________ (know) each other since our boyhood
31Sometimes my father ___________ (come) back home late
32They ___________ (have) an English evening next week
33I’m very glad___________ (hear) that
34Wei Fang isn’t here She ___________ (go) to the readingroom
35The story ___________ (happen) long ago
36They ___________ (visit) the History Museum last week
37Zhang Hong ___________ (make) many friends since she came to Paris
38She ___________ (go) to the cinema with her classmates tomorrow evening
39Stay here bag Don’t go out It ___________(rain) now
40Li Ping___________ (write) a composition every week

41The scientist ___________ (give) us a talk yesterday
42My parents ___________ (live) in Beijing since 1949
43Look The young worker___________ (show) the students around the factory now
44They ___________ (build) a new bridge over the river next year
45The students___________ (clean) their classroom tomorrow
46The windows of our lab ___________ (clean) once a week
47Our teacher ___________ (join) the party twenty years ago
48The boys___________ (have) a basketball match now Let’s ___(go) and _____(watch)
49She___________ (work) in this factory for ten years
50 What makes you ___________ (think) I’m a farmer the Frenchman asked
四答案
1 comes
2 stopped
3 will take
4 put
5 are getting
6 to let
7 waiting
8 took … to finish
9 is
10 do
11 is singing
12 Was
13 has taught
14 doesn’t rain
15 listens
16 Have … done
17 to hear … will give
18 didn’t snow
19 play
20 am mending
21 carry
22 wanted get
23 will write
24 has visited
25 writes
26 is sleeping
27 was doing
28 reached
29 will be
30 have known
31 comes
32 will have
33 to hear
34 has gone
35 happened
36 visited
37 has made
38 will go
39 is raining
40 writes
41 gave
42 have lived
43 is showing
44 will build
45 will clean
46 is cleaned
47 joined
48 are having go … watch
49 has worked
think
第三章 动词语态
概念
动词语态动词种形式表示语谓语间语法语义关系英语语态两种动语态动语态动语态动句表示语动作执行者动语态动句表示语动作承受者动语态构成方式动词时态相动语态 助动词be+分词 构成称数时态变化
二 相关知识点精讲
1 let 法
　1）let单音节动词变动语态时带to 定式例：
They let the strange go放陌生走
> The strange was let go
　2）let 宾补较长时let 通常动语态allowpermit 代例：
　　 The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital 护士探住院学
　　 > I was allowed permitted to see my classmate in the hospital
2短语动词动语态
　 短语动词整体丢掉面介词副词例：
　　My sister will be taken care of by Grandma 妹妹奶奶顾
　　Such a thing has never been heard of before 样事闻未闻
3 表示说相信 词组基believe consider declare expect feel report say see suppose think understand等组成例：
　　It is said that…　　 说　　
It is reported that… 报道　　　
It is believed that…　家相信　　　　　
It is hoped that…　家希
It is well known that… 众周知　　
It is thought that…　家认
It is suggested that…　建议　　　　　
It is taken granted that…　 视然　
It has been decided that… 家决定　　
It must be remember that… 务必记住
4 动语态情况
　1） 物动词物动词短语appear die disappear end（vi 结束） fail happen last lie remain sit spread stand break out come true fall asleep keep silence lose heart take place等没动语态例：
　 After the fire very little remained of my house 火家烧剩
　 较：rise fall happen物动词raise seat物动词
　　想正确动语态须注意动词物物特词义动词两种法解决问题唯学程中留意积累
　 2） 动语态物动词动词短语fit have hold marry own wish cost notice watch agree with arrive at in shake hands with succeed in suffer from happen to take part in walk into belong to等例：
　This key just fits the lock 钥匙配锁
　 Your story agrees with what had already been heard 说听说致
　 3） 系动词动语态appear be become fall feel get grow keep look remain seem smell sound stay taste turn等例：It sounds good 听错
　 4） 带源宾语物动词diedeath dreamdream livelife等反身代词相互代词动语态例：
She dreamed a bad dream last night 昨晚做恶梦
　 5） 宾语定式时少动语态例：
　　 （） She likes to swim
　　 （错） To swim is liked by her
5 动形式表示动意义
　1）wash clean cook iron look cut sell read wear feel draw write sell等例：
　　 The book sells well　　书销路
　　 This knife cuts easily　 刀子
　2）blame let（出租） remain keep rent build等例：
　　 I was to blame for the accident 事发生该受指责
　　 Much work remains 许活干
　3） need require want worth （形容词） deserve动名词必须动形式例：
　　 The door needs repairing The door needs to be repaired 门该修
　　 This book is worth reading　书值读
4）特殊结构：make sb heard understood （听见理解）等例：
Explain it clearly and make yourself understood 解释清楚理解话
6 动形式表示动意义 be determined be pleased be graduated （from） be prepared （for） be occupied （in） get married等例：
　　He is graduated from a famous university 毕业名学
　　注意：表示某结婚marry sb get married to sb均例：
　　He married a rich girl 富妞结婚
　　He got married to a rich girl
7needwantrequireworth
　　 need want require be worth面接doing时表示动意义例：
　　　 Your hair wants cutting　头发该理
　　　 The floor requires washing 板需洗
三巩固练
1 I___________ (teach) here for ten years since I finished school
2 Would you mind me __________ (use) your bike
3 The students of Class Two___________ (sweep) their classroom now
4 The Whites____________ (not listen) to the radio at that time
5 It＇s better to give than__________ (receive)
6 How long ______you_______ (live) in this town
7 You _______ (come) here last year ______ you
8 When ______ you______ (see) him
I______ (see) him last Sunday
9 She said that the car___________ (use) the next week
10 I didn＇t know what __________ (happen) to China in a century
11 When I got to the station the train ____ already ______ (leave)
12 The stone bridge______________ (build) in our hometown for ten years
13 The desk must ______ (clean) once a day
14 The dog _________ (lie) on the floor when I came in
15 It _________(rain) heavily when I got home
16 Her mother____________ (cook) at this time yesterday
17 The students _____________ (do) their homework __________ (not make) any noise
18 ______ you ever_______ (be) to Beijing Yes I________ (go) there last week
19 He＇ll telephone us as soon as he _________ (arrive) there
20 Jiefang trucks____________ (make) in Changchun
21 A pen is used for__________ (write)
22 All that must ________ (do)
23 My friend can＇t decide which pair of trousers____________ (choose) So she asked me to go shopping with her
24 They find it useful__________ (learn) English
25 The old man often_________ (tell) the children a story in the evening This evening he ________ (tell) two stories
26 The radio__________ (use) once in a week in our class  It____________ (not use) yesterday because there was something wrong with it
27 Would please tell us how___________ (make) the watch ________ (work)
28 She doesn＇t know what_________ (do) and where__________ (go)
四答案

1 have taught
2 using
3 are sweeping
4 weren’t listening
5 to receive
6 have … lived
7 came … didn’t
8 did … see saw
9 would be used
10 would happen
11 had … left
12 have been built
13 be cleaned
14 was lying
15 was raining
16 was cooking
17 are doing Don’t make
18 have … beeen went
19 arrives
20 are made
21 writing
22 be done
23 to choose
24 to learn
25 tells will tell

第四章 动词语气
概念
语气三种陈述语气祈语气虚拟语气语气表示说话劝词示示动作处状态持态度法
二相关知识点精讲
1辨if 引导真实条件句if引导虚拟条件句区
If he has time he will go with us Probably he has time and will go with us
If he had time he would go with usBut in fact he has no time
2虚拟条件句中句句谓动词构成形式表

if条件句中谓动词
句谓动词
现事实相反

1 行动词did 形式
2 be动词were
should
would
could + 动词原形
might
事实相反

had + done
should
would
could + have + done
might
事实相反
1 行动词did
2 should + 动词原形
3 were to + 动词原形
should
would
could + 动词原形
might
3混合时间虚拟语气
果条件句中动作句动作时发生句句谓语动词形式应分根表示时间加调整
1)0If I had received the passport yesterday I would start today
2)If he had telephoned me last night I would see him now
3)If he had followed the doctor’s advice he would be all right now
4)If China had not been liberated the working people would still be leading a miserable life
4should could might ought to + have done 表示应该做实际没做
needn’t have done 表示没必作实际做
5虚拟语气中倒装句
果虚拟语气条件句谓语动词中含were had could should时if省条件句语置were had should could
Had you invited us we would have come to your party
Were I you I would do more practice after class
Could she lend us a helping hand she would do so
6wish 面宾语句谓语动词应虚拟语气 表示惜…… 悔该… 愿…
句谓语
句谓语
wish
时态
谓语动词形式
现时
表示wish时发生
动词时
be动词were
时
表示wish前发生动作
动词had done
behad been
时
表示wish发生动作
动词would do should do
be would be should be
1)I wish I knew the key to the answer
2)I wish I were ten years younger
3)I wish that I had gone to the football match last week
4)I wish that you had been here yesterday
5)He wishes that we would visit the old school
7表示命令建议动词suggest insist propose desire demand request order command 宾语句中应虚拟 should +动词原形 should would 代 句动词时态限
8suggest 建议做… 命令…句should + do
说明 暗示 句时完成时
1) The doctor suggested that I should take the medicine three times a day
2) The doctor suggested that my grandmother had caught a bad cold
9insist 坚持做…坚持应该做句should + do坚持表明坚持说解释 句时完成时
10虚拟语气表语句语句中表示间接命令求请求建议决定等句语通常suggestion proposal request order idea 等表语句中谓语动词should +动词原型should 省略
11语句中句表示惊奇相信惋惜等句谓语动词需拟语气形式谓语动词时should + 动词原型 should 省略
三巩固练
1 If there were no subjunctive mood English _________ much easier
A will be B would have been
C could have been D would be
2 If I _____ you I’d join the army
A am B was C were D would be
3 If he _______ tomorrow he would find Mr Wang in the office
A comes B will come C should come D come
4 If it _______ next week the crops would be saved
A rains B will rains C would rain D should rain
5 If I _______ it I would do it in a different way
A were to do B do C had done D was to do
6 Supposing the weather ________ bad where would you go
A is B will be C were D be
7 If he had worked harder he _________
A would succeed B had succeeded
C should succeed D would have succeeded
8 If he ________ he _________ that food
A was warned would not take
B had been warned would not have taken
C would be warned had not taken
D would have been warned had not taken
9 If my lawyer _________ here last Saturday he _______ me from going
A had been would have prevented
B had been would prevent
C were would prevent
D were would have prevented
10 If he ______ it he _______ it
A had seen could have believed B saw couldn’t believe
C saw couldn’t have believed D has seen had believed
11 —Do you think the thief entered through the window
—No if he had I don’t believe _______ broken the livingroom’s window
A he would have B he must have
C he had D should he have
12 —Did you go swimming last Sunday
 —No We would have gone ______ nicer
A if the weather was
B would the weather have been
C had the weather been
D should the weather be
13 ______ it ______ for your help I couldn’t have made any progress
A Had not been B Should not been
C Did not been D Not been
14 _______ today he would get there by Friday
A Would have left B Was he leaving
C Were he to leave D If he leaves
15 It is ordered that a new bridge ______ over the wide river
A should be built B would built
C will be built D built
四答案
1D 2C 3C 4D 5A 6C 7D 8B 9A 10A 11D 12C 13A 14C 15A

第5章 助动词
概念
助动词帮助动词构成种时态语态语气否定疑问结构动词助动词分时态助动词结构助动词两种
二相关知识点精讲
1 助动词be法
1） be +现分词构成进行时态例：
They are having a meeting　正开会
English is becoming more and more important 英语现越越重
2）　be + 分词构成动语态例：
The window was broken by Tom　窗户汤姆碎
English is taught throughout the world　世界教英语
3） be + 动词定式表示列容：
　 a 表示未计划安排例：
　　 He is to go to New York next week　周纽约
　　 We are to teach the freshmen　教新生
　　 说明： 种法说成种时态表达法
　 b 表示命令例：
　　 You are to explain this　做出解释
　　 He is to come to the office this afternoon　天午办公室
　 c　征求意见例：
　　 How am I to answer him　该样答复？
　　 Who is to go there　谁该呢？
　 d 表示相约商定例：
　　 We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning　明天早晨7点校门口集合
2 助动词have法
1）have +分词构成完成时态例：
　　 He has left for London　已伦敦
　　 By the end of last month they had finished half of their work　 月未止已完成工作半
　　2）have + been +现分词构成完成进行时例：
　 I have been studying English for ten years 直学英语已达十年久
　 3）have +been +分词构成完成式动语态例：
　 English has been taught in China for many years 中国教英语已年
3助动词do 法
1）构成般疑问句例：
　 Do you want to pass the CET　想通学英语测试？
　 Did you study German　学德语？
2）do + not 构成否定句例：
　 I do not want to be criticized　 想挨批评
　 He doesn＇t like to study　 想学
　 In the past many students did not know the importance of English　
学生知道英语重性
3） 构成否定祈句例：
　 Don＇t go there　里
　 Don＇t be so absentminded　心焉
说明： 构成否定祈句dodiddoes
4）放动词原形前加强该动词语气例：
　 Do come to my birthday party　定参加生日宴会
　 I did go there　确实
　 I do miss you　确实想
5）倒装句例：
　 Never did I hear of such a thing　 未听说样事情
　 Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English 进学认识英语重性
说明： 引导类倒装句副词never seldom rarely little only so well等
6）作代动词例：
　 Do you like Beijing　喜欢北京？
　 Yes I do　喜欢（do作代动词代like Beijing）
　 He knows how to drive a car doesn＇t he 知道开车吧？
4 助动词shallwill法
　 shallwill作助动词动词原形起构成般时例：
　　　I shall study harder at English　 更加努力学英语
　　　He will go to Shanghai　　海
说明：语法中语法学家说shall第称will 第二第三称现尤口语中will常第称shall第称第二第三称失助动词意义已变情态动词试较
　 He shall come　必须（shall命令意味）
　 He will come　（will动词原形构成般时）
5助动词should would法
1）should词义shall形式动词原形构成时第称例：
　 I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week 昨天电话问周干什
　 较：What shall I do next week I asked 周干什？问道
　 说shall变成间接引语时变成should
2） would词义will形式动词原形构成时第二第三称例：
　　 He said he would come　 说
较：I will go he said 说：变成间接引语成He said he would come原will变成wouldgo变成come
6 短语动词
　　动词加品构成起动词作短语短语动词例：
　　Turn off the radio　收音机关（turn off短语动词）
　　短语动词构成基列种：
1）动词+副词：black out
2）动词+介词：look into
3）动词+副词+介词：look forward to构成短语动词副词介词统称品词
三巩固练
1If it is fine tomorrow we ______ a football match
a have b will have c has d shall has
2When he was at school he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast
a will rise b shall rise b should rise would rise
3In the past 30 years China ______ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist construction
a has made b have made c had made d having made
4I ______ go to bed until I ______ finished my work
a don’thad b didn’thave c didn’thad d don’thave
5______ you think he ______ back by dinner time
a Dohave come b Didwill have come c Doeswill come d Dowill have come
6He said that he dropped his bag when he ______ for the bus
a was runing b was running c were running d is running
7No sooner ______ he arrived home than he ______ to start on another journey
a haswas asked b havewere asked c hadis asked d hadwas asked
8______ you give me a room for the night I asked on arriving at the hotel
a Should b Can c Might d May
9There are nine of them so ______ get into the car at the same time
a they may not at all b all they may not c they can’t all d all they can’t
10We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday He ______ it
a mustn’t attend b cannot have attended
c would have not attended d needn’t have attended
11You realize that you were driving at 100 mph don’t you
No officer I ______ This car can’t do more than 80
a didn’t need to be b may not have been c couldn’t have been d needn’t have been
12he was a good runner so he ______ escape from the police
a might b succeeded to c would d was able to
13If they ______ our plan will fall flat
a are cooperating b had not cooperated c won’t cooperate d didn’t cooperate
14I hoped ______ my letter
a her to answer b that she would answer c that she answers d her answering
15He ______ live in the country than in the city
a prefers b likes to c had better d would rather
16______ to see a film with us today
a Did you like b Would you like c Will you like d Have you liked
17I’m sorry but I had no alternative I simply ______ what I did
a must do b had to do c ought to have done d have to do
18Time is running out______
a hadn’t we better got start b hadn’t we better get start
chadn’t we better get started d hadn’t we better not started
19No one ______ that to his face
a dares say b dares saying c dare say d dare to say
20The students in the classroom ______ not to make so much noise
a need b ought c must d dare
21You ______ last week if you were really serious about your work
a ought to come b ought to be coming c ought have come d ought to have come
22The elephants ought ______ hours ago by the keepers
a to be fed b to feed c to being fed d to have been fed
23I wonder why they’re late They ______ the train
a can have missed b could miss c may have missed d might miss
24Tom graduated from college at a very young age
He ______ have been an outstanding student
a must b could c should d might
25You ______ the examination again since you had already passed it
a needn’t have taken b didn’t need to take c needn’t take d mustn’t take
26He is really incompetent The letter ______ yesterday
a should be finished typing b must be finished typing
cmust have finished typing c should have been finished typing
27The boy told his father that he would rather ______ an astronaut
a become b to become c becoming d became
28When we reached the station the train had still not arrived so we ______
a needed not to hurry b needn’t have hurried
c need not to have hurried d didn’t need to hurry
29Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend_____ you like to have dinner with us tonight
a will b won’t c wouldn’t d do
30He was afraid what he had done ______ a disastrous effect on his career
a might have b could be c have been d shall be
四答案
110 BDACDBDBCB 1120 CDCBDBBCCB 2130 DDCABDABCA

第六章 情态动词
概念
情态动词表示力义务必须猜测等说话语气情态动词
二相关知识点精讲
1．can
1)表力
can表力时意味着体力脑力技术等甚阻力做某事
I can climb this pole 爬根杆子
He is only four but he can read 4岁已认字
Fire can’t destroy gold 火烧毁金子
can助动词连表示式时will be able to
You will be able to skate after you have practiced it two or three times
练两三次会溜冰
2)表性
否定疑问结构中肯定句中
Can the news be true 消息真？
It can’t be true 真
What can he possibly mean 什意思？
can 肯定句中表示理性（时）
A horse in the center of London can cost a lot of money
Attending the ball can be very exciting
The road can be blocked 条路会通
may 肯定句中表示现实性
The road may be blocked 条路通
3)表示允许（may意思相）常见口语
Can (May) I come in 进？
Can I smoke here 里抽烟？
2could法
1)表许（间接引语中）
At that time we thought the story could not be true
时认说事真
Father said I could swim in the river
爸爸说河里游泳
2)表力
I could swim when I was only six
刚六岁游泳
Could肯定句中表示力时常表抽象般力
He could be very naughty when he was a child
时候会顽皮
3)表允许表示委婉客气提出问题陈述法
Could I use your bike
Yes you can
会记时
I’m afraid I couldn’t give you an answer today
恐怕天回答
The teacher said you could go to the store for sweets
老师说商店买糖
3)Couldcan+have done 结构表示发生事情怀疑肯定 could 加完成式肯定句时般表完成未完成动作
Can they have won the basketball match？
赢场篮球赛？
What you referred to just now can have made her very sad
刚刚谈令伤心
You could have completed the task a little earlier
早点完成务（事实没提前完成务）
I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes
轻易通考试犯太该犯错误
表具体做某件事力时须 be able to
He was able to translate the article without a dictionary
词典翻译篇文章
Can表示贯力 be able to表示客观力通努力达力
I can’t swim But I am sure I will be able to swim through more practicing
The fire spread through the hotel but everyone was able to get out
When the boat sank he was able to swim to the bank
3may 法
1)表示请求允许
You may drive the tractor 开台拖拉机
2)回答may 引起问题时否定答语must not表示许应该行
May I come in
Yes you may
Noyou can’t
No you may not
No you mustn’t
No you’d better not
3) may might 推测性法
He may be right
He may not come today ()
He may might come tomorrow
注意 1肯定否定句中疑问句中
2 might may性更
He might get a job
He may get a job
3 may no can not
He may not come
He can’t come
3)表建议（as well 连）
You may（might）as well stay where you are
原着（may as well ……含义）
4)表祝愿
May you be happy
might
1)表允许间接引语
She said that he might take her dictionary
说词典
间接引语中外might般表示许表could表许were (was) allowed to
2)表现性may
Electric irons could be dangerous they might give you a severe shock
电熨斗会危险电着
3)may (might) + have +done 表示发生行推测含想必许意思
It may have been true 事许真
He might not have settled the question 尚未解决问题
4must 法
1)表示必须必
We must do everything step by step 必须部班做切事情
Why must you always bother me 什偏扰呢
2)must be + 表语结构通常表示猜测含定意（肯定句中）
He must be an honest boy 定诚实男孩
This must be your room 定房间
3)must 否定式两：回答must引起问题时否定答复needn’tdon’t have to 表示必须着定意义表示应该许禁止时must not
Must I go tomorrow明天必须？
Yes please请吧
No you needn’t 必
4)must +have +分词结构常肯定句中表示发生行推测含定准意思否定疑问句can
She must have studied English before前定学英语
5have to含义must接have to 较强调客观需must着重说明观法
I must clean the room（观想法）
I have to clean the room（客观需）
外have to 更时态：
We had to be there at ten 十点钟里
We will have to reconsider the whole thing
切重新加考虑
have to 否定式：don’t have to do 表示必做……意
6ought to 法
Ought to 接动词原形表义务must 样具信心：
You don’t look well You ought to go to see the doctor
气色应该病
Ought to 否定句否定形式缩略oughtn’t ：
You oughtn’t to smoke so much 应该抽烟
疑问句：
Ought you to smoke so much应该抽样烟？
Ought to 间接引语中表时形式变：
He said you ought to tell the police
说应该报告警察
7shall法
1)第称征求方意见：
What shall I wear on the journey 路穿什呢？
Shall we dance 跳舞？
2)shall 第二三称时表允诺警告命令威胁（现已少见）：
She shall get her share 份
You shall have it back tomorrow明天回
情态动词should般应认情态动词shall式法：
1)第称疑问句中询问方意愿语气较委婉温：
What should we do now 现该办？
2)表示应该必须常must 换例：
We should (must) master a foreign language at least
应少掌握门外语
3)should+be+表语结构表示推测惊奇例：
They should be back by now 现应该回吧
I am sorry that she should be so careless 感遗憾竟会样粗心
4)should+have+分词结构表示该做实际尚未做动作行否定表示发生应该发生行义结构ought to have +分词表示早应该意语气较强例：
I should have thought of that 点应想（没想）
They should not have left so soon应走早（已走）
5) It is natural (strange natural necessary surprised impossible important ) that……句型中语句中谓语动词should +动词原形表示理然奇怪必惊异等意思lest（免）for fear (that) (防)in case（备万）等should+动词原形advise sugest order demand request 等句中should+do例：
It is necessary that he(should) be sent there at once
　必马派里
It is strange that he should say so 会说样话真奇怪
Let us go at once lest we should be late for the train
　马走吧免赶火车
8willwould法
1）表示意志决心愿例：
　Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace
　定支持全世界民争取斗争
　He would not let me try it 　肯试
2）will表示常性惯性倾性would表示惯行
　He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by
会常连时坐观车辆
　He would come to see me when he was in Beijing
北京时常
3）第二称作语疑问句中表示方请求would语气will委碗
Wouldwill you kindly tell me the way to the station 请问火车站走？
4）表性
This will be the book you are looking for
找书
She eould be about 60 when she died
死时概60岁
9 needdare法
情态动词need 实义动词 need
现 You need (not) do You (don’t) need to do

时 He need (not) do He needs (doesn’t need) to do
 
You needed (didn’t need) to do

时 He needed (didn’t need) to do
 
You need (not) do You will (not) need to do

时 He need (not) do He will (not) need to do
句型 时态 动词
情态动词dare 实义动词 dare
肯定句 现时 dare to 少 daredares to do
时 dare to 少 dared to do
否定句 现时 daren’tdare not do dodoes not dare (to) do
时 dared not do did not dare (to) do
疑问句 现时 Dare he do Do youDoes he dear (to) do
时 Dared he do Did he dare (to) do
needn’t have ved 表示做某事没做必 意没必…例：
You needn’t have waken me up I don’t have to go to work today
10表推测情态动词句子反意疑问句
He mustmay be in the room isn’t he
He can’t be in the room is he？
He must have finished the work hasn’t he
He may have done the work last night didn’t he

：情态动词+行动词进行式
情态动词+行动词进行式（情态动词+ be + ving形式）表示推测评某动作现否正进行例：
1）He must be playing basketball in the room
2）She may be staying at home
11情态动词+行动词完成进行式
情态动词+行动词完成进行式（情态动词+ have been + ving 形式）表示推测评某动作否正进行直进行例：
1）They should have been meeting to discuss the problem
2）He may might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him
12used to +v be used to +vingbe used to +v
（1）used to +v意常常直be used to +ving n（名词）意惯be used to +v意（做某事）
（2）used to表示be used to +ving n表示现例：
1）He used to smoke Now he doesn’t
2）He’s quite used to hard work working hard
3）The knife is used to cut bread
13．作情态动词短语
would rather would sooner would (just) as soon had rather had better had sooner can not but may (just) as well等作情态动词例：
1）The soldier would sooner die than surrender
2）The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy
3）I’d rather walk than take a bus
4）If you don’t like to swim you may just as well stay at home
注：短语般直接动词原形would (had) rather would (had) sooner would (just) as soonthat 引导句that 常省句虚拟语气现假设时假设完成时例：
1）I would rather you came on Sunday
2）I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday
三 巩固练
1 _____ you ready
(A) Are (B) Have (C) Will (D) Can
2 ____ here early
(A) Will he (B) Was he (C) Did he be (D) Were he
3 I ___ happy about the price of eggs
(A) am＇t (B) am not (C) do not (D) won’t
4 Since last year I____ him only once
(A) have seen (B) have been seeing (C) see (D) was seeing
5 Donald ___ sixteen tomorrow
(A) is being (B) going to be (C) shall be (D) will be
6 I ___ the story at all
(A) don＇t like (B) like (C) am fond of (D) would like
7 I would rather ___ than play now
(A) to study (B)am studying (C) study (D) studied
8 I＇d rather you ___ anything about it for the time being
(A) do (B) didn＇t do (C) don＇t (D) didn＇t
9 The car___much money
(A) not cost (B) not have cost (C) isn＇t cost (D) didn＇t cost
10 I ___ like to eat fish
(A) am (B) have (C) do (D) be
11 ___ repeat the question
(A) Shall I (B) Will I (C)Would you like that I (D) Do you want that I
12 My teacher knows more than ___
(A) my uncle knows (B) my uncle does
(C) they know (D)they don＇t know
13 He___to meet us at the station but didn＇t see us
(A) did go (B) did went (C) goes (D) had
14 Not only ____us light
(A) does the sun give (B) the sun gives
(C) gives the sun (D) the sun does give
15 ____ you tell me what has happened
(A) May (B) Must (C) Can (D) Could
16 Anne___tomorrow
(A) can sing (B) can to sing (C) is going sing (D) going to sing
17 You___hand it in at once you may hand it in tomorrow
(A) needn＇t (B) may not (C) can＇t (D) must not
18 Tell the boy that he ___ in the river
(A) swims (B) swim (C) swimming (D) to swim
19 Joan___play on Saturday
(A) going to (B) can (C) is going (D) can to
20 Susan and I can go to the lecture ___
(A) but neither can Charles (B) and so Charies can
(C) but Charles can＇t (D) and Charles also can
四答案
1 (A) 2 (B) 3 (B) 4 (A) 5 (D) 6 (A) 7 (C) 8 (B) 9 (9) 10 (C)
11 (A) 12 (B) 13 (A) 14 (A) 15 (D) 16 (A) 17 (A) 18 (B) 19 (B) 20 (C)

第七章 动词定式
相关知识点精讲
1 定式作补语
1） 动词+宾语+定式结构例：
advise
allow
cause
challenge
command
compel
drive 驱
enable
encourage
forbid
force
impel
induce
instruct
invite
likelove
order
permit
make
let
have
want
get
warn
persuade
request
send
tell
train
urge
例
Father will not allow us to play on the street　 父亲街玩耍　　　　　　
The officer ordered his men to fire 长官命令士兵开火
注意：动词makehavegetwant等定式作做宾补分词作宾补现分词表达动表达正进行分词表达动
2)      动词+宾语+定式结构定式动词be定式般省例：
consider
find
believe
think
declare（声称）
appoint
guess
fancy（设想）
guess
judge
imagine
know
例：
We believe him to be guilty 相信罪
We know him to be a fool 知道笨蛋（to be 省）
典型例题
　　 Charles Babbage is generally considered　___ the first computer　
A to invent　B inventing　 C to have invented　 D having invented　
答案：C 般没consider+宾语+be外定式结构没consider+宾语+doing结构排ABDconsider动词be外定式作宾补时般求定式完成式选C
3)      动词there +to be结构例：
believe
expect
intend
like
love
mean
prefer
want
wish
understand
 
 
例：
　 We didn＇t expect there to be so many people there 没料会里
You wouldn’t want there to be another war 想外场战争发生吧
2 定式作语
定式作语it作形式语真正语定式放句子面
　 例：It＇s so nice to hear your voice 听声音真高兴
It＇s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it 车时候锁车必
　 It＇s very kind of you to help us　帮助真
　 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything　东西显太私
定式作语句子中定式作表语时It is… to…句型外样句子动名词作表语
3  It＇s for sb It＇s of sb
样句子中表语形容词性质导致定式逻辑语标志forof区
1）for sb 句型中形容词般表示事物特征特点表示客观形式形容词easy hard difficult interesting impossible等：例：
　　 It＇s very hard for him to study two languages 说学两门外语难
2）of sb句型中形容词般表示性格品德心智力表示观感情态度形容词good kind nice clever foolish right例：
　　 It＇s very nice of you to help me 帮助真太
forof 种辨方法：
　　介词forof面逻辑语作句子语介词前边形容词作表语造句子果通of通for例：
　　 You are nice　（通应of）
　　 He is hard　 （非表达意思通for）
4 定式作表语
　 定式放be动词面形成表语例：
　　 My work is to clean the room every day 工作天清扫房间
　　 His dream is to be a doctor 梦想成名医生
5 定式作定语
　 定式做定语通常放修饰词表示未发生动作例：
　　　I have a lot of work to do　许事做
　　　There was nothing to bring home that morning 天早（回家时）两手空空
6 定式作状语
1）目状语　
常结构to do only to do（仅仅） in order to do　so as to do　so（such）… as to…（…便…）例：
　　 He ran so fast as to catch the first bus　飞快跑便赶第班车
　　 I come here only to say goodbye to you　仅仅告
2）作结果状语表示没预料事愿违结果定式放句子面
I awoke to find my truck gone 醒发现箱子见
　　 He searched the room only to find nothing 搜索房间没发现什
3） 表原
I＇m glad to see you 见高兴
She wept to see the sight 情形哭
4）表示理条件
He must be a fool to say so
You will do well to speak more carefully
7作介词to
to 作介词作定式标示面to 作介词：
admit to
object to
be accustomed to
be used to
stick to
turn to开始
look forward to
be devoted to
pay attention to
contribute to
apologize to
devote oneself to
8 省to 动词定式
1） 情态动词 （ ought 外）
2） 役动词 let have make感官动词 see watch look at notice observe hear listen to smell feel find 等
注意：动语态中省to例：
　 I saw him dance 见跳舞
　 He was seen to dance
　 The boss made them work the whole night 老板整夜干活
　 They were made to work the whole night
3） would ratherhad better句型
4） Why… why no…句型
5） help 带to带to help sb （to） do sth：
6） butexceptbut前实义动词do时面出现定式带to
较：He wants to do nothing but go out 想出玩
　　 He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine 吃药什信
7） and orthan连接两定式第二to 省：
8） 通常discover imagine suppose think等词作宾补时省to be例：　
He is supposed （to be） nice　应该
9动词定式否定式
定式标志to前加not例：
　 Tell him not to shut the window关窗
　 She pretended not to see me when I passed by 走时候假装没见
10定式特殊句型too…to…
1）too…to　 太……例：
　　He is too excited to speak 太激动说出话
　 Can I help you 需帮忙
Well I＇m afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it but thank you all the same　
箱子太重恐怕搬动谢谢
2） too前否定词整句子否定词表达肯定too 词表达种委婉含义意 太例：
　 It＇s never too late to mend　 改嫌晚（谚语）
　3） too 前面only all but时意思：非常… 等very例：
　 I＇m only too pleased to be able to help you 帮助非常高兴
　 He was but too eager to get home 非常想回家
11 定式特殊句型so as to
1） 表示目否定式so as not to do例：
　　 Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job汤姆事保持沉默丢掉工作
　　　Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby轻点进惊醒婴
2）　表示结果例：
　　 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time 劳驾现点
12 定式特殊句型Why not
　 Why not +动词原形表达某提出建议翻译：什…… 干……例：
　　Why not take a holiday 干度假
13定式时态语态
1） 般式表示动词时谓语动词表示动作时发生时发生谓语动词动作例
　　 He seems to know this 似知道事
　　 I hope to see you again I hope that I＇ll see you again　希见
2） 完成式表示动作发生谓语动词表示动作前例：
　 I＇m sorry to have given you so much trouble 抱歉添麻烦
　 He seems to have caught a cold 已感
3） 进行式表示动作正进行谓语动词表示动作时发生例：
　 He seems to be eating something 正吃什东西
4） 完成进行式表示动作开始延续说话时候例：
　 She is known to have been working on the problem for many years 知道研究问题年
14 动名词定式
1）动名词定式区：
　 动名词表达： 状态性质心境抽象常性已发生
　 定式表达： 目结果原具体次性发生
2）动词continue接定式动名词作宾语意义基相
3）动词continue接定式动名词作宾语意义相径庭常见节专门讨

第八章 分词
概念
分词分现分词分词两种种非谓语动词形式
二相关知识点精讲
1现分词法：
1) 做表语：
He was very amusing
That book was rather boring
动词现分词作表语：
exciting interesting encouraging disappointing confusing touching puzzling
2) 作定语：
面出现现分词作定语 修饰名词：
That must have been a terrifying experience
I found him a charming person
现分词短语放名词面修饰名词 相定语句：
There are a few boys swimming in the river
There is a car waiting outside
3) 作状语：
现分词短语表示时发生次伴动作：
Following Tom we started to climb the mountain
Opening the drawer he took out a box
Taking a key out of his pocket he opened the door
现分词短语表示原 相原状语句：
Not knowing her address we couldn’t get in touch with her
Being unemployed he hasn’t got much money
现分词短语表示时间 相时间状语句：
Hearing the news they all jumped with joy
Returning home he began to do his homework
Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis
Be careful when crossing the road
Having found a hotel we looked for somewhere to have dinner
Having finished her work she went home
4)作宾补：
现分词动词做宾语补语：
例 see hear catch find keep have 等
I see him passing my house every day
I caught him stealing things in that shop
I smelt something burning
She kept him working all day
2分词法：
1) 作表语：
We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning
She felt confused and even frightened
They were very pleased with the girl
I’m satisfied with your answer
He is not interested in research
2) 作定语：
She has a pleased look on her face
The teacher gave us a satisfied smile
cooked food a written report
fried eggs boiled water
frozen food armed forces
required courses fallen leaves
finished products a forced smile
the risen sun new arrived visitors
What’s the language spoken in that country
They’re problem left over by history
The play put on by the teachers was a big success
Is there anybody injured
Do you know the number of books ordered
3)作状语：
Seen from the hill the city looks magnificent
Given good health I hope to finish the work this year
They came in followed by some children
Depressed he went to see his elder sister
When treated with kindness he was very amiable
4)作宾补：
分词样作宾语补语 接某动词面
I will have the clothes washed tomorrow
When they get back home they found the room robbed
三巩固练
1 __________ with the best students I still have a long way to go
A Having compared B To compare
C Compared D Compare
（ ） 2 The music of the film _________ by him sounds so ___________
A playing exciting B played excited
C playing excited D played exciting
（ ） 3 __________ against the coming hurricane they dared not leave home
A Warned B Having warned
C To warn D Warn
（ ） 4 In __________ countries you can’t always make yourself _______ by speaking English
A Englishspeaking understand B Englishspoken understand
C Englishspeaking understood D Englishspeaking understood
（ ）5 After _____________ the old man the doctor suggested that he ___________ a bad cold
A examining should catch B examined had caught
C examining had caught D examined catch
（ ） 6 _____________ Tom jumped into the river and had a good time in it
A Be a good swimmer B Being a good swimmer
C Having been good swimmer D To be a good swimmer
（ ） 7 ________ how to read the new words I often look them up in the dictionary
A Having not known B Not to know
C Don’t know D Not knowing
（ ） 8 As his parent you shouldn’t have your child ___________ such a book
A read B to read
C reading D be reading
（ ） 9 He returned from abroad ______________ that his mother had been badly ill
A heard B having been heard
C having phoned D having been phoned
四答案
1 C 2 D 3 A 4 C 5 C 6 B 7 D 8 C 9 D

第九章 动名词
概念
动名词动词原形+ING构成种非谓语动词形式
二 相关知识点精讲
1作语例：
　　 Fighting broke out between the South and the North 南方北方开战
　2作宾语　
　 a 动词动名词作宾语例：
admit 承认
appreciate 感激
avoid 避免
complete完成
consider认
delay 耽误
deny 否认
detest 讨厌
endure 忍受
enjoy 喜欢
escape 逃脱
fancy 想象
finish 完成
imagine 想象
mind 介意
miss 想念
postpone推迟
practice 训练
recall 回忆
resent 讨厌
resume 继续
resist 抵抗
risk 险
suggest 建议
face 面
include 包括
stand 忍受
understand 理解
forgive 宽恕
keep 继续
例：Would you mind turning down your radio a little please 收音机音量调点
　 The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught 松鼠幸运刚逃避逮住厄运　　　　
　 b 结构面动名词作宾语成分例：
admit to
prefer…to
be used to
lead to
devote oneself to
object to
stick to
no good
no use
be fond of
look forward to
be proud of
be busy
can＇t help
be tired of
be capable of
be afraid of
think of
burst out
keep on
insist on
count on
set about
 
put off
be good at
take up
give up
be successful in
 
3作表语语说明解释例：
Her job is washing cleaning and taking care of the children 工作洗刷清扫顾孩子
较：She is washing cleaning and taking care of the children
4作定语般表示修饰名词事物途例：
a writing deska desk for writing 写字台
a swimming poola pool swimming 游泳池
动名词作定语修饰名词关系较复杂例：
boiling pointa temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点
a walking tractora tractor which a driver can operate while he or she is walking behind it 手扶拖拉机
 三巩固练
1 I was ______ work last week but I changed my mind
a to start b to have started c to be starting d to have been starting
2 I intended ______ the matter with you but I had some guests hen
a discuss b discussing c having discussed d to have discussed
3 Don’t let me catch you ______
a do that again b to do that again c doing that again d done that again
4 There are many kinds of metals ______
a each has its special properties b one has its special properties
ceach having its special properties d having its special properties
5 It’s payday and they’re waiting ______
a for paying b to be paid c to be paying d to have paid
6 _______ trouble I’m going to forget the whole affair
a Then rather cause b Rather causing
c Rather than cause d Rather than caused
7 The brilliance of his satires was ______ make even his victims laugh
a so as to b such as to c so that d such that
8 Children with parents whose guidance is firm consistent and rational are inclined ______ high levels of selfconfidence
a possess b have possessed c to possess d possessing
9 The worker is ______ in repairing the machine to notice my coming
a too busy b enough busy c busy too d busy enough
10 What did you do in the garden
I watched my father ______ his motorbike
a to repair b repaired c repairing d repairs
四答案
BDCCBCBCAC

第10章 形容词副词
概念
形容词修饰描述名词代词词作定语表语补足语等
副词修饰动词形容词化副词介词短语全句词
二相关知识点精讲
1形容词法
1）直接说明事物性质特征形容词性质形容词级变化程度副词修饰句中作定语表语补语例：hot
2）叙述形容词作表语称表语形容词类形容词没级变化程度副词修饰数a开头形容词属类例：afraid 害怕
　　 类词： wellunwellillfaintafraidalikealivealoneasleepawake 等
3）形容词作定语修饰名词时放名词前边果形容词修饰thing字尾词语时放词例：something nice
2ly结尾形容词
1） 部分形容词加ly构成副词 friendlydeadlylovelylonelylikelylivelyuglybrotherly形容词
　 改错： （错） She sang lovely
　　　 （错） He spoke to me very friendly
　　　 （） Her singing was lovely
　　　 （） He spoke to me in a very friendly way
2）ly 结尾形容词副词dailyweeklymonthlyyearlyearly等例：
　　 The Times is a weekly paper 时代周刊周刊
　　 The Times is published weekly 时代周刊周发行期
3形容词表示类整体
1） 某形容词加定冠词泛指类谓语动词复数连接the deadthe livingthe richthe poorthe blindthe hungry等例：
　　 The poor are losing hope 穷行失希
2） 关国家民族形容词加定冠词指民族整体动词复数连the Britishthe Englishthe Frenchthe Chinese等例：
　　 The English have wonderful sense of humor 英国颇幽默感
4 形容词修饰名词序
形容词修饰名词时序：限定词数词描绘词（长短形状新旧颜色）出处材料性质类名词例：
　　 a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car
2） One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace
　 A old Chinese stone　B Chinese old stone　C old stone Chinese　D Chinese stone old
　 答案A 形容词修饰名词排列序：年龄形状+颜色+源+质+途+国家+名词
3） How was your recent visit to Qingdao
　 It was great We visited some friendsand spent the ___days at the seaside
　 A few last sunny　 B last few sunny　 C last sunny few　 D few sunny last
5副词位置
1） 动词前
2） be动词助动词　
3） 助动词时副词般放第助动词
注意：
　 a 数方式副词位句尾宾语长副词提前句子衡例：
　　　We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us清楚前面奇怪光
　 b 方式副词wellbadlyhard等放句尾例：
　　　He speaks English well 英语说
6副词排列序：
1） 时间点副词单位前单位
2） 方式副词短前长andbut等连词连接例：
　　　 Please write slowly and carefully 请写慢仔细
3） 副词排列：程度+点+方式+时间副词
注意：副词very 修饰形容词修饰动词
　 改错：（错）　I very like English
　　　　 （）　I like English very much
注意：副词enough放形容词面形容词enough放名词前例：
　　　　 I don＇t know him well enough 熟悉
　　　　 There is enough food for everyone to eat足够食物供吃
　　　　 There is food enough for everyone to eat
7兼两种形式副词
1） closeclosely
　 close意思closely 意思仔细例：
　　　 He is sitting close to me 坐边
　　　 Watch him closely 盯着
2） late lately
　　 late意思晚lately 意思例：
　　　 You have come too late 太晚
　　　 What have you been doing lately ？
3） deepdeeply
　　 deep意思深表示空间深度deeply时常表示感情深度深深例：
　　　 He pushed the stick deep into the mud棍子深深插进泥里
　　　 Even father was deeply moved by the film老爸电影深深动
4） highhighly
　　 high表示空间高度highly表示程度相much例：
　　　 The plane was flying high 架飞机飞高
　　　 I think highly of your opinion 法道理
5） widewidely
　　 wide表示空间宽度widely意思广泛许方例：
　　　 He opened the door wide 门开
　　　 English is widely used in the world英语世界范围广泛
6） freefreely
　　 free意思免费freely 意思限制例：
　　　 You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like什时候饭铺免费开放
　　　 You may speak freely say what you like畅欲言想说什说什
8 形容词副词较级
　数形容词（性质形容词）副词较级高级变化原级较级高级表示事物等级差原级形容词原形较级高级规变化规变化两种
1） 规变化
　 单音节词少数双音节词加词尾erest构成较级高级
构成法
原级
较级
高级
般单音节词未尾加erest
tall
taller
tallest
发音e结尾单音词少数 le结尾双音节词加rst
nice
nicer
nicest
辅音字母结尾闭音节单音节词双写结尾辅音字母加erest
big
bigger
biggest
辅音字母+y结尾双音节词改yi加erest　　　
busy
busier
busiest
少数erow结尾双音节词未尾加erest
clevernarrow
cleverer narrower
cleverest narrowest
双音节词音节词前面加moremost构成较级高级
important easily
more important more easily
most important most easily
 2） 规变化
原级
较级
高级
good
better
best
well（健康）
worse
worst
bad
ill（病）
old
olderelder
oldesteldest
muchmany
more
most
little
less
least
far
fartherfurther
farthestfurthest
9as + 形容词副词原级 + as
1）否定句疑问句中so… as例：
　　　He cannot run soas fast as you 没跑快
2）as… as 中间名词时采格式：as +形容词+ a +单数名词 as + manymuch +名词例：
　　 This is as good an example as the other is 例子外样
　　 I can carry as much paper as you can 搬少纸
3）表示倍数词程度副词做修饰语时放as前面例：
　　 This room is twice as big as that one 房间面积间两倍
　　 Your room is the same size as mine　房间样
4）倍数+ as + adj + as　<> 倍数+ the … + of例：
　　 This bridge is three times as long as that one 座桥长度座三倍
　　 This bridge is three times the length of that one
　　 Your room is twice as large as mine 房间两倍
　　 Your room is twice the size of mine
10 较级形容词副词 + than 例：
　　　 You are taller than I 高
　　　 They lights in your room are brighter than those in mine房间灯房间里亮
注意：
1）避免重复较级
　　 （错） He is more cleverer than his brother
　　 （） He is more clever than his brother
　　 （） He is clever than his brother
2）避免语含较象中
　　 （错） China is larger than any country in Asia
　　 （） China is larger than any other countries in Asia
3）注意应句型遵循前致原
　　　 The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing
　　　 It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out
4）注意定冠词较级中
　 较：Which is larger Canada or Australia
　　　　 Which is the larger country Canada or Australia
　　　　 She is taller than her two sisters
　　　　 She is the taller of the two sisters
11修饰较级词
1）a bit a little rather much far by far many a lot lots a great deal any still even等
2）表示倍数词度量名词作修饰语
3）词（by far）外必须置较级形容词副词前面
12 many old far
1） 果接名词时much more +数名词many more +数名词复数　　　
2） old 两种较级高级形式 olderoldest eldereldesteldereldest 兄弟姐妹长幼关系例：
　　　My elder brother is an engineer 哥哥工程师
　　　Mary is the eldest of the three sisters 玛丽三姐妹中
3） far 两种较级fartherfurther般father 表示距离further表示进步例：
　 I have nothing further to say 没什说
13 the + 高级 + 较范围
1）形容词高级前通常必须定冠词 the副词高级前例：
The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world 撒哈拉沙漠世界沙漠
形容词most前面没the表示高级含义表示非常例：
　　 It is a most important problem It is a very important problem 重问题
　　 注意：高级注意语包括较范围
　　　 （错）　Tom is the tallest of his three brothers
　　　 （）　Tom is the tallest of the three brothers
2） 列词修饰高级by far far much mostly almost例：
　　　This hat is nearly almost the biggest 帽子差
注意：
　 a very修饰高级位置much
　　　　This is the very best
　　　　This is much the best
　 b 序数词通常修饰高级例：
　　　　 Africa is the second largest continent非洲第二洲
3） 高级意义时较级表示出例：
　　 Mike is the most intelligent in his class 马克班聪明
　　 Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class
4） 否定词语+较级否定词语+ so… as结构表示高级含义例：
　　 Nothing is so easy as this 没更简单
　　 Nothing is easier than this
　　 This is the easiest thing
14 more关词组
1） the more…the more…　越……越……例：
　 The harder you workthe greater progress you＇ll make 越努力进步越
2） more B than Aless A than B 说A说B例：
　 He is more lazy than slow at his work He is less slow than lazy at his work 工作时说反应慢说懒
3） no more… than… ……样…………例：
　 The officials could see no more than the Emperor 官员皇帝样
　　 no less… than…　……样……例：
　　 He is no less diligent than you 样勤勉
4） more than　非常例：
　　 She is more than kind to us all 非常热心
三巩固练
1   The modern machine proved ______ in heart surgery
a high valuable b highly valuable c valuable high d valuable highly
2 Mr Johnson and his ______ daughter do not always understand each other
a older b the oldest c eldest d the eldest
3 They ______ thought that the truth would be finally discovered
a little b not c small d bit
4 They hardly believe that the apartment which costs them 4000 is ______
a so small b such little c so little d such small
5 If a claim is kept ______ it is more likely to be recognized
a live b lived c alive d living
6 On his way to school he met ______ so he sent him to hospital
a very ill man b much sick man c serious ill man d very sick man
7 She was operated a month ago but now she was ______
a very good b very well c healthy d good conditioned
8 What I would do is to go ______
a really quietly somewhere b somewhere quietly really
c really quiet somewhere d somewhere really quiet
9 The chairman asked ______ to write their questions on a piece of paper and send them to the front
a the present members b the members presently
c the members present d the presently members
10   The price was very reasonable I would gladly have paid ______ he asked
a three times much as b three times as many as
c as three times much as d three times as much as
11     The trousers are ______ but Tom does not care a bit
a too a little small b a little too small c a too little small d a small too little
12     She wore a dress to the party that was far more attractive than ______
a other girls b that of other girls c the other girls d those of other girls
13     he can play tennis better than ______ in the class
a any boys b any other boy c any boy d any other
14     Kasia is taking her ______ tour of the shops in search of bargains
a daily b day c day time d night
15     ______ the child expresses his interest in an activity the stronger it will become
a The more frequent b The frequenter c The more frequently d the frequentlier
16     We’d better wait _______ Peter and Tom will come very soon
a a little longer b more longer c long d as longer
17     although the medicine tastes ______ it seems to help my condition
a bad b badly c too much bad d too badly
18     When she got her first month salary Diana bought herself ______ dress
a a cotton blue …expensive b an expensive … blue cotton
c a blue expensive … cotton d a cotton expensive… blue
19     The doctors have tried ______ to save the life of the wounded soldier
a everything possible humanly b humanly everything possible
c everything humanly possible d humanly possible everything
20     I was worried very much because I’ll miss my flight if the bus arrives ______
a lately b late c latter d more later
四答案
BCAACDBDCDBDBACAACCB

第11章 代词
概念
代词代名词词 意义特征句中作分：称代词物代词指示代词反身代词相互代词疑问代词定代词关系代词等
二相关知识点精讲
1称代词
　1)称代词称数格表示

　2)称代词格宾格分通常格作语宾格作宾语：
　 I like table tennis （作语）
Do you know him（作宾语）
3)称代词作表语作表语时宾格：
Whos is knocking at the door
It’s me
4)称代词than事物进行较时格宾格：
He is older than me
He is older than I am
2 物代词
　1)表示关系代词物代词物代词分形容词性物代词名词性
物代词表示

　2)形容词性物代词作相形容词句中作定语例：
　 Our teacher is coming to see us
　 This is her pencilbox
　3)名词性物代词作相名词句中作语宾语表语
　　 Our school is here and theirs is there（作语）
　 Is this Englishbook yours （作表语）
　 No Mine is in my bag
　 I＇ve already finished my homework Have you finished yours （作宾语）
3 指示代词
　 指示代词包括：thisthatthesethose
1) thisthese般指时间空间较事物thatthose
指时间空间较远事物例：
　 This is a pen and that is a pencil．
　 We are busy these days．
　 In those days the workers had a hard time．
2)时thatthose指前面讲事物this these指面讲
事物例：
　 I had a cold That＇s why I didn＇t come
　 What I want to say is this pronunciation is very important in learning English．
3)时避免重复提名词常thatthose代例：
　 Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai．
4)this 电话语中代表that 代表方例：
Hello This is Mary Is that Jack speaking
4 反身代词
　 英语中表示
等意义代词称反身代词称身代名词形式表示


反身代词句中作宾语表语位语
　 1)作宾语表示动作承受者动作发出者语宾语指

　 He called himself a writer．
　 Would you please express yourself in English　
2)作表语
　 It doesn＇t matter．I＇ll be myself soon．
　 The girl in the news is myself．
　 3)作语宾语位语表示亲
　 I myself washed the clothes．（I washed the clothes myself）（作语位语）
　 You should ask the teacher himself．（作宾语位语）
5 定代词
　 指明代特定名词代词做定代词句中作语表
语宾语定语现常定代词举例说明：
1)someany区
①some肯定句表示作形容词时面接①数名词+单数动词②数名词+复数动词
Look Some of the students are cleaning the library
Some rice in the bag has been sold out
②any疑问句条件句否定句中表示作形容词时面接①数名词+单数动词②数名词+复数动词
If you have any questions please ask me
There isn＇t any orange in the bottle
Have you got any tea
③anysome作代词表示any疑问句否定句中some肯定句中
How many people can you see in the picture
I can＇t see any
If you have no money I＇ll lend you some
注意：some any结合词something somebody someone anything anyone anybody肯定句否定句疑问句条件句中法致some any法相
2) few a few little a little法区
①作形容词：
含义
法
表示肯定
表示否定
数名词
a few少
few没
数名词
a little少点
little没什
I＇m going to buy a few apples
He can speak only a little Chinese
There is only a little milk in the glass
He has few friends
They had little money with them
②a littlelittle作副词a little表示点稍微little表示少
I＇m a little hungry (修饰形容词hungry)
Let him sleep a little (修饰动词sleep)
Mary go a little faster please (修饰副词较级)
She slept very little last night
3)other the other another others the others区
法

代名词
形容词
单数
复数
单数
复数
定
another

others

another (boy)
（男孩）
other (boys)
男孩
特定
the other

the others
余物
the other (boy)
男孩
the other (boys)
余男孩
①other作形容词面单数复数名词意思

Where are his other books
I haven＇t any other books except this one
②other作代词冠词the连构成the other表示两物中常one搭配构成one the other 句型
He has two brothers One is 10 years old the other is 5 years old
She held a ruler in one hand and an exercisebook in the other
③other作代词时复数others泛指外物常some搭配构成some others 句型
Some went to the cinema others went swimming
This coat is too large Show me some others please
④the others表示特指某范围物
We got home by 4 o＇clock but the others didn＇t get back until 8 o＇clock
In our class only Tom is English the others are Chinese
⑤another作形容词修饰面名词意代词one
You can see another ship in the sea can＇t you
Mary doesn＇t want to buy this skirt Would you please show her another one
⑥another作代词表示
I＇m still hungry after I＇ve had this cake Please give me another
4)everyeach区
each
every
1)单独
1)单独
2)做代名词形容词
2)仅作形容词
3)着重
3)着重全体毫例外
4)两者两者中物
4)三者三者物
The teacher gave a toy to each child
Each ball has a different colour
说each child each studenteach teacher时想情况说every childevery student时想全体情况every意思all接表示
Every student loves the English teacher All students love the English teacher
Every child likes playing All children like playing
5)allboth法
①all指三者数东西谓语动词单数作复数句中作语表语宾语位语定语
All of us like Mr Pope 喜欢Pope先生（作语）
We all like Mr Pope (作位语)
All the water has been used up (作语)
That＇s all for today (作表语)
Why not eat all (of) the fish (作宾语)
All the leaders are here (作定语)
②both作代词
a名词代词列出现表示两
Lucy and Lily both agree with us
They both passed on their sticks at the same time
How are your parents They＇re both fine
bof +代词（名词）连表示两者
Both of them came to see Mary
Both of the books are very interesting
c单独表示两者（）
Michael has two sons Both are clever
I don＇t know which book is the better I shall read both
③both作形容词放名词前修饰该名词表示两者
Both his younger sisters are our classmates
There are tall trees on both sides of the street
6 相互代词
表示相互关系代词做相互代词相互代词each other one another两种形 式代英语中each otherone another没什区相互代词句中作宾语定语作定语时相互代词格形式
　 We should learn from each other one another （作宾语）
　 Do you often write to each other one another （作宾语）
　 We often borrow each other＇s one another＇s books （作定语）
　 The students corrected each other＇s one another＇s mistakes in their homework
（作定语）
7 疑问代词
疑问代词whowhomwhosewhatwhich等疑问代词特殊疑
问句中般放句首句子中作某句子成分例：
Who is going to come here tomorrow （作语）
What is that (作表语)
Whose umbrella is this (作定语)
Whom are you waiting for (作宾语)
8关系代词
关系代词种引导句起连接句句作代词关系代词 who whose whom that which 句中作语表语宾语定语 句中代表着句修饰名词代词例：
I hate people who talk much but do little
I’m looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter
With the money that he had saved he went on with his studies
Do you know the lady who is interviewing our headmaster
三巩固练
1 Tom Please pass ________ the glasses I want to read the newspapers
A you B me C him D her
2 The English novel is quite easy for you There are ______ new words in it
A a little B little C a few D few
3 You want ________ sandwich
Yes I usually eat a lot when I’m hungry
A other B another C others D the other
4 The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight SARS They think more of others than _______
A they B them C themselves D theirs
5 Which do you prefer a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk
______________ thanks I’d like a cup of tea
A Either B Neither C Both D None
6 Oh I came in a hurry and forgot to bring food
Never mind You can have ________
A us B ours C you D yours
7 Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning
_______ is OK I’m free today and tomorrow
A Either B Neither C Both D None
8 How are you going to improve _______ this term
Work harder than last term
A ourselves B myself C himself D yourself
9 Could you tell me _______ she is looking for
Her cousin Susan
A that B whose C who D which
10 Is _______ here
No Li Lei and Han Mei have asked for leave
A everybody B somebody C anybody D nobody
11 Paul has _______ friends except me and sometimes he feels lonely
A many B some C few D more
12 If you want to book a roundtrip ticket you’ll have to pay ______ 30
A more B other C the other D another
13 Do you live by yourself Mr Wang
Yes I have two sons But ______ of them lives with me They are now studying in America
A neither B both C none D either
14 Have you sent your parents an Email telling them you arrived safe
No _______ of them can use a computer
A None B Both C Neither D All
15 Who taught _______ English last term Was _____ Mr Smith
A you it B you he C your it D your that
16 That woman has a bag in her right hand What’s in her _____ hand
A another B other C one D the other
17 We decided to go for a field trip with some friends of _______
A us B our C ours D ourselves
18 Is there a bus to the zoo
I’m afraid there’s _______ bus to the zoo
A no B any C some D none
19 You forgot your dictionary You may have _______
A me B my C mine D myself
20 This is ______ classroom Where is _______
A our them B us they C our theirs D ours theirs
四答案
1B 2D 3B 4C 5B 6B 7A 8D 9C 10A 11C 12D 13A 14C 15A 16B 17C 18A 19C 20C

第12章 名词
概念
名词表示事物点抽象概念名称词专名词普通名词分数名词数名词分
二相关知识点精讲
1名词复数规变化
情况
构成方法
读音
例词
般情况
加 s
清辅音读s
mapmaps
浊辅音元音读 z
bagbags carcars
s sh ch x等结尾
加 es
读 iz
busbuses watchwatches
ce se ze等结尾
加 s
读 iz
licenselicenses
辅音字母+y结尾
变y i加es
读 z
babybabies
 2名词复数规变化
1） y结尾专名词元音字母+y 结尾名词变复数时直接加s变复数例：　
　 　two Marys　　　　 the Henrys
　　　　 monkeymonkeys　 holidayholidays　　
2） o 结尾名词变复数时：
　　 a 加s： photophotos　　 pianopianos
　　　　　　　　 radioradios　　 zoozoos
　　 b 加es：potatopotatoes　 tomatotomatoes
　　 c 述ab两种方法均zerozeros zeroes　
3） ffe 结尾名词变复数时：
　　 a 加s： beliefbeliefs　 roofroofs
　　　　　　　　 safesafes　 gulfgulfs
　　 b ffe 加ves：halfhalves　　
　　　 knifeknives　leafleaves　 wolfwolves
　　　 wifewives　 lifelives　 thiefthieves
c 述ab两种方法均handkerchief handkerchiefs handkerchieves
3名词复数规变化
1） childchildren　 footfeet　 toothteeth
mousemice　　　 manmen　 womanwomen　
注意：词加 man woman构成合成词复数形式 men womenan Englishmantwo EnglishmenGerman合成词复数形式GermansBowman姓复数the Bowmans
2） 单复形deersheepfishChineseJapanese lijinyuantwo lithree mufour jin等民币元角分外美元英镑法郎等复数形式：a dollar two dollars a meter two meters
3）集体名词单数形式出现实复数例：
people　police　cattle 等身复数说 a peoplea policea cattle说a persona policemana head of cattle the Englishthe Britishthe Frenchthe Chinesethe Japanesethe Swiss 等名词表示国民总称时作复数The Chinese are industries and brave　中国民勤劳勇敢
4） s结尾单数名词：
a mathspoliticsphysics等学科名词般数名词单数
b news 数名词
c the United Statesthe United Nations 应视单数
　　　The United Nations was organized in 1945 联合国1945年组建起
d 复数形式出现书名剧名报纸杂志名视单数例：
The Arabian Nights is a very interesting storybook 千零夜非常趣事书
5） 表示两部分构成东西：glasses （眼镜）　trousers　clothes等表达具体数目助数量词 pair（双）　suit（套） a pair of glasses two pairs of trousers等
6） 外名词复数形式时表示特意思：goods货物waters水域fishes（种）鱼　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
4 数名词量表示
1）物质名词
a 物质名词转化体名词时数
较：Cake is a kind of food　蛋糕种食物 （数）
These cakes are sweet　蛋糕吃 （数）
b 物质名词表示该物质种类时数例：
This factory produces steel　（数）
We need various steels　（数）
c 物质名词表示份数时数例：
Our country is famous for tea 国茶叶闻名
Two teas please 请两杯茶
2） 抽象名词表示具体事例时数例：
four freedoms 四 the four modernizations四现代化
物质名词抽象名词助单位词表定数量a glass of water 杯水 a piece of advice　建议
5 定语名词复数
名词作定语般单数例外
1) 复数作定语例：
sports meeting 运动会 students readingroom 学生阅览室
　　 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系
2） man woman gentleman等作定语时单复数修饰名词单复数定例：
　　 men workers　　women teachers　　gentlemen officials
3） 原s结尾名词作定语时s保留例：
　　 goods train （货车） arms produce　武器生产
　　　　 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷
　4） 数词+名词作定语时名词般保留单数形式例：
twodozen eggs　两鸡蛋　 a tenmile walk 十英里路
twohundred trees 两百棵树 a fiveyear plan　五年计划
6 国籍单复数
国籍
总称（谓语复数）
单数
复数
中国
the Chinese
a Chinese　
two Chinese
瑞士
the Swiss
a Swiss
two Swiss
澳利亚
the Australians　
an Australian
two Australians
俄国
the Russians
a Russian
two Russians
意利
the Italians
an Italian
two Italians
希腊
the Greek
a Greek
two Greeks
法国
the French
a Frenchman
two Frenchmen
日
the Japanese
a Japanese
two Japanese
美国
the Americans
an American
two Americans
印度
the Indians
an Indian
two Indians
加
the Canadians
a Canadian
two Canadians
德国
the Germans
a Germans
two Germans
英国
the English
an Englishman
two Englishmen
瑞典
the Swedish
a Swede
two Swedes
7 名词格
　　英语中名词加＇s表示关系带种词尾名词形式称该名词格：a teacher＇s book名词格规：
1） 单数名词词尾加＇s复数名词词尾没s加＇sthe boy＇s bag 男孩书包men＇s room 男厕
2） 名词已复数词尾s 加 ＇ ：the workers＇ struggle　工斗争
3） 加＇s名词名词+of +名词结构表示关系：the title of the song 歌名字
4） 表示店铺教堂名字某家时名词格面常常出现修饰名词：the barber＇s 理发店
5） 果两名词列分＇s表示分＇s表示＇＇例：
John＇s and Mary＇s rooms（两间）　　John and Mary＇s room（间）
6） 复合名词短语＇s 加词词尾例：a month or two＇s absence
三巩固练
1He was eager to make some extra money since during these years he could hardly live on his_______
a．   little wage b few wage c wage d wages
2Most of the houses in the village were burnt to ______ during the war
a       an ash b the ash c ash d ashes
3The students at colleges or universities are making ______ for the coming New Year
a       many preparations b much preparation c preparations d preparation
4Paiting in _____ is one of their sparetime activities
a       oil b an oil c oils d the oil
5In the view of the foreign experts there wasn’t ____ oil here
a       much b lots of c a great deal of d many
6The large houses are being painted but ______
a of great expense b at a great expense c in a lot of expenses d by high expense
7The room was small and contained far too ______
amuch new furniture c much new furnitures
bmany new furniture d many new furnitures
8Jim was late for two classes this morning He said that he forgot both of the ______
a rooms number b room number c room’s numbers d room numbers
9Computers can do ______ work in a short time but a man can not do ______ by himself
a great many…many c much…a great deal
bgreat deal of…much d many…a great many
10She didn’t know _____ he had been given
a how many information c how many informations
b the number of information d how much information
11He invited all of his ______ to join his wedding party
a comradeinarms c comradesinarm
b comradesinarms d comradeinarm
12All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month
a women doctors c woman doctors
b women doctor d woman doctor
13After ten years all these youngsters became_____
a grownsups c grownsup
b grownup d grownups
14The police investigated those _____ about the accident
a  standerby c standersby
b  standerbys d standersbys
15The Nazi kept those ______ in their concentration camp
aprisonerofwars c prisonersofwar
bprisonersofwars d prisonerofwar
16The manager was greatly appreciate that _____ made by Linda lately
a new reel b news reel c newreels d news reels
17Mary’s dress is similar in appearance to her ______
a elder sister b elder sister’s c elder sisters d elder sisters dress
18All the people at the conference are ______
a mathematic teachers c mathematics teacher
bmathematics teachers d mathematic’s teachers
19Professor Mackay told us that ______ of lead are its softness and its resistance
a some property c properties
b some properties d property
20Physics _____ with matter and motion
a deal b deals c dealing d are
四答案
DDCCACADCDCADBBBBCCB

第13章 数词
概念
数词分两类基数词序数词表示数目词基数词表示须序词序数词
二相关知识点精讲
1基数词
　　1）基数词般写成345three hundred and fortyfive
　　2）基数词般单数形式遇列情况常复数：
　　 a of 短语连表示概数具体数目连scores of people 指许
　　 b 表示排组词组里例：
They arrived in twos and threes　三三两两
　　 c 表示十岁
　　 d 表示年代 in +the +数词复数
　　 e 法运算种表示法里Three fives is（are）fifteen
2序数词
　　 序数词缩写形式first1st　second2nd　thirtyfirst31st等　
3数词法
　　1）倍数表示法
　　 a 语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ as + adj + as例
　　　 I have three times as many as you　三倍
　　 b 语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size （amountlength…） of…例：
　　　 The earth is 49 times the size of the moon　球月球49倍
　　 c 语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）较级+ than…例：
　　 The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year 年年粮食产量增加8
　　 d by+倍数表示增加少倍例：
　　 The production of grain has been increased by four times this year 年粮食产量增加4倍
　　2）分数表示法构成：基数词代表分子序数词代表分母分子1时分子序数词单数分母序数词复数例：
　　 13 onethird 337 three and threesevenths
三巩固练
1______ martyrs have heroically laid down their lives for the people
a Thousand upon thousand of b Thousand and thousands of
c Thousands upon thousands of d Thousand and thousand of
2They received ______ of letters about their TV programs
a dozen b dozen and dozen c score d dozens
3Who is that man______ in the front row
a one b the one c first d the first
4We have produced ______ this year as we did in 1993
a as much cotton twice b as twice much cotton
c much as twice cotton d twice as much cotton
5The earth is about ______ as the moon
a as fifty time big b fifty times as big c as big fifty time d fifty as times big
6The population of many Alaskan cities has ______ in the past three years
a more than doubled b more doubled than c much than doubled d much doubled than
7The moon is about _____ in diameter as diameter as the earth
a onethree as large b one three as large c onethird as large d one third as large
8Five hundred yuan a month _____ enough to live on
a is b are c is being d has been
9______ of the buildings were ruined
a Three fourth b Three four c Threefourths d Threefour
10Consult _____ for questions about earthquakes
a the six index b index six c sixth index d index numbering six
四答案
CDDDBACACB

第14章 冠词
概念
冠词虚词置名词前限定名词意义冠词分定冠词定冠词零冠词三类
二相关知识点精讲
1 a辅音发音开头词前 ：a book an元音发音开头词前：an apple an hour 请区：a useful machine an umbrella a u an h
2指文提物定冠词the
3世界独二事物前定冠词the ：the sun the moon the earth
4the序数词表方位名词形容词高级前the first the best in the south
5复数姓氏前加the表示××家常成复数：the Browns
6介词短语中常定冠词the：in the box behind the chair
7定冠词the方面： (1)节日星期月份季节年等词前冠词：in summer in August 请区：in the spring of 1945 (里表示特指加the)(2)日三餐球类运动名冠词：have breakfast play football
(3)固定词组中：go to bed go to school by bus at night
8词组中冠词冠词意思请注意区：
in front of …前面 in the front of …范围前部
in hospital (生病)住院 in the hospital 医院里
三巩固练
1When Linda was a child her mother always let her have ______ bed
a the breakfast in b the breakfast in the c breakfast in d breakfast in the
2He has promised to give up ______ hundreds of times
a tobacco b tobacco c the tobacco d tobaccos
3______ usually go to church every Sunday
a The Brown b A Brown c Browns d The Browns
4The train is running fifty miles ______
a an hour b one hour c the hour d a hour
5He can play almost every kind of music instrument but he is good ______
aat the flute b at flute c at a flute d at that flute
6The investigators found that more should be done for ______ in India
athose poor b a poor c poor d the poor
7You look in high spirit You must have ______ during your holiday
a wonderful time b a wonderful time c the wonderful time d some wonderful time
8The city assigned a policeman to the school crossing because ______ traffic there was so heavy
a a b an c the d one
9A new teacher was sent to the village in place of ______ one who had retired
a a b the c an d its
10Virtue and vice are before you______ leads you to happiness______ to misery
a the former…latter b a former…a latter
c the former…the latter d former…latter
四答案
CBDAADBCBC

第15章 介词
概念
介词表示面名词相名词结构句中成分关系
二相关知识点精讲
1表示点位置介词
1)at in on to
at (1)表示方 (2)表示……附旁边
in (1)表示 方 (2)表示…范围
on 表示毗邻接壤
to 表示……范围外强调否接壤
He arrived at the station at ten
He is sitting at the desk
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday
Jiangsu lies in the east of China
Russia lies on the north of China
Fujian is to the south of Jiangsu Province
2)above over on ……
above 指……方强调否垂直 below相
over指垂直方under相over物体定空间直接接触
on表示某物体面接触
The bird is flying above my head
There is a bridge over the river
He put his watch on the desk
3)below under ……面
under表示…正方
below表示……定正方
There is a cat under the table
Please write your name below the line
2表示时间介词
1)in onat ……时
in表示较长时间世纪代时代年季节月般（非特指）早中晚等
in the 20th century in the 1950s in 1989 in summer in January in the morning in the night in one’s life in one’s thirties等
on表示具体某天早中晚
on May 1st on Monday on New Year’s Day on a cold night in January on a fine morning on Sunday afternoon等
at表示某时刻较短暂时间泛指圣诞节复活节等
at 320 at this time of year at the beginning of at the end of … at the age of … at Christmas at night at noon at this moment等
注意：last next this that some every 等词前律介词：We meet every day
2)in after ……
in +段时间表示段时间
after+段时间表示段时间
after+点时间表示某时刻
My mother will come back in three or four days
He arrived after five months
She will appear after five o’clock this afternoon
3)from since ……
from仅说明什时候开始说明某动作情况持续久
since表示某动作情况持续说话时刻通常完成时连
He studied the piano from the age of three
They have lived here since 1978
4)after behind ……
after表示时间
behind表示位置
We shall leave after lunch
Lucy is hiding behind an old house
3表运动方介词：across through 通穿
across表示横物体表面通on关
through穿物体部穿in关
She swam across the river
He walked through the forest
4表示……间介词：between among
between指两两事物间
among指三三事物间
There is a football match between Class One and Class Two on the playground
The teacher is standing among the students
5表示意义介词
1)on about 关
on 表示书篇文章演说严肃学术性供专门研究问题阅读
about表示容较普通正式
There will be a lecture on economics this afternoon
He is writing a book on cooking
He told me a lot about his life in the summer vocation
2)by with in 表示方法手段工具
by ……方法手段泛指某种交通工具
with 表示 …工具手段般接具体工具手段
in 表示…方式…语言(语调笔墨颜色)等
He makes a living by selling newspapers
He broke the window with a stone
The foreigner spoke to us in English
3)except besides
except ……外包括
besides ……外包括
Except Mr Wang we went to see the film(王先生没)
Besides Mr Wang we also went to see the film(王先生)
三巩固练
1 Taiwan is ________ the southeast of China（in on to）
2 Go _________ the bridge _________ the river you’ll find the shop（across through over above）
3 I go to school __________730 every morning（in on at）
4 He would like to meet her __________800 and 900 tomorrow morning（between among ）
5 The Greens have lived in China ________ three years（in for after）
6 We go to school every day ________ Saturday and Sunday（except besides）
7 He wrote the letter _________ ink（by with in）
8 She returned to her country _________five years（in after for）
9 There is a big tree _________ our classroom（after behind）
10 I usually go to work _________ bike（by on with）
四答案
1in 2across over 3at 4between 5for 6except 7in 8after 9behind 10by

第16章 连词
概念
连词连接词短语句句子词连词作成分
二相关知识点精讲
1表示列关系连词：and both…and… not only… but also…neither…nor…等
1)and：
A：基法：
and表示 意思连接等关系字字片语片语句子句子
I enjoy basketball football and table tennis
The weather becomes colder and colder
B特法：
祁句连接and条件句作时andif you…you’ll…
Go straight on and you’ll see the libraryIf you go straight on you will see the library
2)both…and………(两者)…
Aboth…and…构成词组作语时谓语动词复数
Both Jim and Kate are from England
Bboth…and…否定句表示部分否定
You can’t speak both German and English
Both my father and my mother aren’t doctors
3)neither…nor………
neither…nor…连接两列语时谓语动词语语保持 称 数致采取原
Neither I nor he has seen the play before
4)not only…but also………
not only…but also…连接两语谓语动词遵循原
Not only the mother but also the children are ill
2表示转折关系连词：but however yet stillwhile等
Mary was a nice girl but she had one shortcoming
Tom got up early yet he failed to catch the train
He was very tired still he kept on walking
Your composition is fairly good however there is still some
room for improvement
Jane is hard working while her sister is quite lazy
3表示选择关系列连词：or either…or…whether… or…等
1)or：否
A基法
or 表示 意思两者中选择时候
Is your friend English or American American
He doesn’t like dumplings or noodles
B特法
祁句连接or 表 果…否…转折意思时 or if you don’t …you’ll …
Hurry up or you’ll be lateIf you don’t hurry up you’ll be late
2)either…or…者…者… …………
A either…or…连接两列语时谓语动词语语保持 称 数致原
Either you or I am right
Does either she or they like English
B either…or…引导否定句完全否定
She isn’t either a student or a teacher
3)whether…or………
She is always cheerful whether at home or at school
4表示果关系列连词：for()so()
He is not at school today for he has a bad cold
It was late so I went home
5引导时间状语句属连词：before after when while as till until since as soon as等
After they had planted their crops they took a rest
We have learned six lessons since he began to teach us
As soon as he gets to Beijing he’ll call me
1) when while as 表示……时when句谓语动词瞬间动词延续性动词句动作时发生句动作先句动作发生while句谓语动词延续性动词侧重句动作时发生as引导持续性动作句动作时发生强调边……边
When I came in my father was cooking
I came in whenwhile my father was cooking
He sang as he walked
2)until法：句谓语动词延续性动词时句肯定式译直……止句谓语动词瞬间动词时句否定式句肯定式not…until 译直……
Mr Green waited until his children came back(格林先生直等孩子回)
Mr Green didn’t go to bed until his children came back (格林先生直孩子回睡觉
)
6 引导条件状语句属连词：if(果) unless(非果……)等
If you don’t go soon you’ll be lateUnless you go soon you’ll be late
7引导原状语句属连词 because as since等
because语气强回答why提问时because引导句放句首句末assince然语气because强引导句常置句首for列连词语气弱前面分句加解释补充说明引导分句常置句末逗号隔开
He didn’t go to school because he was ill
As it was raining we went there by bus
Since everybody is here let’s begin
It must have rained last night for the ground is wet
注意： because so时
8引导步状语句属连词：althoughthough(然) even thoughif ()
Although Though it is a very young country it is very rich
Even if though you were here yesterday you couldn’t help him
注意：althoughthough 引导句but连yet still连
9引导目状语句属连词so thatin order that(便)等
The teacher spoke loudly so that in order that we could hear him clearly
10引导结果状语句属连词：so that(结果)sosuch…that…(…)等
It was very cold so that the water in the bowl froze
He got there so early that he got a good seat
It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it
11引导较状语句属连词： as…as…(……样)not asso… as…(赶)than()等
I know you better than she does
He works as carefully as she
I can’t run asso fast as you
12引导名词性句属连词：that ifwhether(否)等
We know that the earth goes around the sun(宾语句)
I wonder if he has received my email (宾语句)
Whether he’ll go there hasn’t been decided(语句)
注意：时间状语句条件状语句中果句时句般现时
I’ll go on with the work when I come back tomorrow
He won’t come unless he is invited
三巩固练
1I don’t like reading watching TV What about you I don’t like reading all day I like watching TV plays
A．and but B．and and C．or and D．or but 2You won’t know the value(价值) of the health you lose it
A．until B．after C．when D．because
3We bought Granny a present she didn’t like it
A．but B．and C．or D．so
4Study hard you will pass the exam
A．so B．for C．but D．and
5Put on more clothes you’ll catch cold
A．and B．for C．or D．but
6My shoes are worn out I need new ones
A．so B．if C．because D．and
7He ran fast he won the race
A．enough …to B．so …that C．too…to D．both…and
8He is only ten months He can read write
A．either…or B．neither…nor C．both…and D．so…that
9She said she might come Saturday Sunday
A．neither…nor B．nither…or
C．too…to D．so…that
10If Tom Mike asks for their car tell him to come tomorrow
A．or B．and C．with D．but
11It was already ten o’clock we got to the museum this morning
A．that B．when C．if D．for
12It’s a long time we met last
A．so B．after C．since D．before
13That maths problem is difficult nobody can do it
A．too…to B．very…that
C．so…that D．very …but
14I’ll give her the message she comes back
A．since B．before C．until D．as soon as
15 the teacher came into the classroom many students were talking to each other
A．While B．If C．Since D．When
16People often mistake us for each other we are twins
A．if B．when C．because D．after
17Could you tell me in your home town in winter
A．if it often snowed B．whether does it often snow
C．if it often snow D．whether it often snows
18Are you sure Mr Li will come to your birthday party
A．if B．that C．for D．when
19 Lily Lucy like singing
A．Either…or B．Beither…nor …
C．Both…and D．So…that
20Read the sentences slowly we can understand what you read
A．so that B．before C．until D．because
四答案
  1D 2A 3A 4D 5C 6A 7B 8B 9B 10A 11B 12C 13C 14D 15D 16C 17D 18B 19C 20A

第17章 构词法
概念
英语构词法合成法转化法派生法混成法截短法词首字母缩略法
二相关知识点精讲
1转化法
　　英语中名词作动词形容词作副词动词种种词性作种词性词形变方法作转化法
　　1)动词转化名词
　　动词转化名词意思没变化(①)时意思定变化(②)动词定冠词构成短语表示动作(③)例：
　　①Let＇s go out for a walk外面散散步吧
　　②He is a man of strong build体格健壮汉子
　　③Let＇s have a swim游泳吧
　　2)名词转化动词
　　表示象(①)身体部位(②)某类(③)名词作动词表示动作某抽象名词(④)作动词例：
　　①Did you book a seat on the plane订飞机座位
　　②Please hand me the book请书递
　　③She nursed her husband back to health护丈夫恢复健康
　　④We lunched together起吃午餐
　　3)形容词转化动词
　　少数形容词转化动词例：
　　We will try our best to better our living conditions力改善生活状况
　　4)副词转化动词
　　少数副词转化动词例：
　　Murder will out(谚语)恶事终必败露
　　5)形容词转化名词
　　表示颜色形容词常转化名词(①)某形容词old young poor rich wounded injured等the连表示类作语时谓语复数(②)例：
　　You should be dressed in black at the funeral葬礼中该穿黑色衣服
　　The old in our village are living a happy life村老年着幸福生活
2派生法
　　词根前面加前缀词根面加缀构成原单词意义相截然相反新词作派生法
　　1)前缀
　　少数前缀外前缀般改变单词意义改变词性缀般改变词类引起词义变化
　　(1)表示否定意义前缀常dis il im in ir mis non un等单词前面加类前缀常构成该词意义相反新词例：
　　appear出现→disappear消失
　　correct正确→incorrect正确
　　lead带领→mislead领错
　　stop停→nonstop停
　　(2)表示意义前缀常a(构成表语形容词) anti (反抵抗) auto (动) co () en () inter (互相) re () sub (面次) tele (强调距离)等例：
　　alone单独antigas防毒气
　　autochart动图表
　　cooperate合作enjoy高兴
　　internet互联网reuse
　　subway铁telephone电话
　　2)缀
　　英语单词仅通加前缀构成新词加缀构成新词缀通常会改变单词词性构成意义相词性少数缀会改变词义变原词义相反新词
　　(1)构成名词缀常ence(e)r or (事某事)ese (某)ess (雌性)ful (……)ian (精通……)ist (专业员)ment (性质状态)ness (性质状态)tion(动作程)等例：
　　differ→difference区
　　write写→writer作家
　　Japan日→Japanese日
　　act表演→actress女演员
　　mouth口→mouthful口
　　music音乐→musician音乐家
　　(2)构成动词缀常(e)n (形容词)fy (……化)ize (……成)例：
　　wide→widen加宽
　　beauty→beautify美化
　　pure→purify提纯
　　real→realize意识
　　organ→organize组织
　　(3)构成形容词缀常al
　　able (力)(a)n(某国)en (表示材料名词)ern (方)ese(某国)ful(ic)alishiveless (表示否定)like (……)lyoussomey (表示天气)等例：
　　nature然→natural然
　　reason道理→reasonable道理
　　America美国→American美国
　　China中国→Chinese中国
　　gold金子→golden金
　　east东→eastern东方
　　child孩子→childish孩子气
　　snow雪→snowy雪
　　(4)构成副词常缀ly (形容词表示方式程度)ward(s) (表示方位词表示方)例：
　　angry生气→angrily生气
　　to→towards…………
　　east东方→eastward东
　　(5)构成数词缀teen (十)ty (十)th (构成序数词)例：
　　six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六
　　four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十
　3合成法
　　1)合成名词
　　构成方式例词
　　名词＋名词weekend周末
　　名词＋动词daybreak黎明
　　名词＋动名词handwriting书法
　　名词＋物动词＋er／or painkiller止痛药
　　名词＋介词＋名词editorinchief总编辑
　　代词＋名词shewolf母狼
　　动词＋名词typewriter字机
　　动名词＋名词readingroom阅览室
　　现分词＋名词flyingfish飞鱼
　　形容词＋名词gentleman绅士
　　副词＋动词outbreak爆发
　　介词＋名词afternoon午
　　2)合成形容词
　　名词＋形容词snowwhite雪白
　　名词＋现分词Englishspeaking讲英语
　　名词＋to＋名词facetoface面面
　　名词＋分词manmade造
　　数词＋名词oneway单行
　　数词＋名词＋形容词twoyearold两岁
　　数词＋名词＋ed fivestoreyed五层
　　动词＋副词seethrough透明
　　形容词＋名词highclass高级
　　形容词＋名词＋ed nobleminded高尚
　　形容词＋形容词lightblue浅蓝色
　　形容词＋现分词goodlooking相貌
　　副词＋形容词evergreen常青
　　副词＋现分词hardworking勤劳
　　副词＋分词wellknown著名
　　副词＋名词fastfood专门提供快餐服务
　　介词＋名词downhill坡
　　3)合成动词
　　名词＋动词sleepwalk梦游
　　形容词＋动词whitewash粉刷
　　副词＋动词overthrow推翻
　　4)合成副词
　　形容词＋名词hotfoot匆忙
　　形容词＋副词everywhere处
　　副词＋副词however
　　介词＋名词beforehand事先
　　介词＋副词forever永远
　　5)合成代词
　　代词宾格＋self herself
　　物代词＋self myself
　　形容词＋名词anything东西
　　6)合成介词
　　副词＋名词inside……里面
　　介词＋副词within……
　　副词＋介词into进入
4截短法(缩略法)
　　截短法单词缩写词义词性保持变截头尾截头尾等形式
　　1)截头
　　telephone→phone
　　aeroplane→plane
　　omnibus→bus
　　2)尾
　　mathematics→maths
　　cooperate→coop
　　examination→exam
　　kilogram→kilo
　　laboratory→lab
　　taxicab→taxi
　　3)截头尾
　　influenza→flu
　　refrigerator→fridge
　　prescription→script
5混合法(混成法)
　　混合法两词混合取部分紧缩成新词半部分表示体前半部分表示属性
　　news broadcast→newscast新闻广播
　　television broadcast→telecast电视播送
　　smoke and fog→smog烟雾
　　helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场
6首尾字母缩略法
　　首尾字母缩略法单词首尾字母组成新词读音两种形式字母分读音作单词读音
　　very important person→VIP (读字元音)物
　　television→TV (读字元音)电视
　　Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福
Nato
三巩固练
1That man was________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job
Acare　 　 Bcareful　　 Ccareless　　 Dcarelessness
2The soldier died for saving the childso his________ is heavier than Mount Tai
Adie Bdead Cdied Ddeath
3The child looked________at his brother who was badly wounded
Asadly Bsadness Csadly Dsad
4He is an expert at chemistryWe all call him a ________
Achemistry Bchemical
Cchemist Dphysician
5The three ________chair isn’t suitable for a young childHe may fall off
Alegging Blegged Clegs Dleged
6Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world
Alead Bleader Cleading Dleadership
7When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problemJack looked________about at his classmates
Aproud Bproudly Cpride Dpridely
8To everyone’s ________the girl finished the job quite well
Asatisfied Bsatisfactory
Csatisfying Dsatisfaction
9—What are you doing here
—Ohmy teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English
—You can write________passage in English
A600 wordsa 600words　
B600worda 600words
C600 wordsa 600word　
D600 wordsa 600words
10No one should enter the spot without the________of the police
Apermit Bpermission
Cpermitting Dpermittence
11You must come with us to the police ________Our head is waiting for you
Aheadquarters Bheadline
Cheadmaster Dheadache
12Letting that animal escape was no accidentyou did it ________
Aintend Bintention
Cintentionally 　 Dintentional
13The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a________smile
Apractice Bpractise
Cpractical Dpracticed
14The________ordered him to pay a 100 fine
Ajudger Bjudgment
Cjudge Djudgement
15My TV is out of orderCan you tell me what is the________news about Iraq War
Alately Blatest
Clater Dlatter
16The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________
Alonger Blength
Clong Dlonging
17To my ________I passed the exam easily
Ajoy Bjoyful
Cjoyless Djoyness
18Canada is mainly an________country
AEnglishspeaking BspeakEnglish
CspokenEnglish DEnglishspoken
19How________ he is He is always acting________He is really a ________
Afoolishfoolishlyfool
Bfoolfoolishfool
Cfoolishfoolfool
Dfoolishlyfoolishfool
20The necklace that she lost is very expensiveIt’s of great ________
Avaluable Bvalue
Cvalueless Dunvaluable
21There were________fish in the river in South America
Ain danger Bdanger
Cdangerous Ddangerless
22The letter b in the word doubt is________
Asound Bsilent
Csilence Dsounded
23The child looked at me________
Astranger Bstrangely
Cstrange Dstrangeless
24The black people were against slavery and fought for their________bravely
Afree Bfreely
Cfreedom Dfrees
25What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue
Areasonable Breasonful
Creasonless Dunreason
26We have to learn________technology from other countries
Aadvance Badvancing
Cadvantage Dadvanced
27The children live in a village ________They come here almost every day
Anearby Bnear
Cnearly Dnear by
28Mr Black is an ________in the armynot an________in the governmentYou can not easily find him in his________
Aofficialofficeroffice
Bofficerofficeofficial
Cofficialofficialofficial
Dofficerofficialoffice
29You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________
Ahealth Bhealthy
Chealthily Dhealthier
30________ speakingI didn’t do it on purpose
AHonestly　 BHonest
CHonesty DDishonest
四答案
15 BDACB 610 CBDCB 1115 ACDCB 1620 BAAAB
2125 CBBCA 2630 DADBA






第二部分 句法
第18章 名词性句
概念
名词性句四种语句表语句宾语句位语句
二相关知识点精讲
1． 语句：语句整句子中作语
(1)连词充句子成分单纯连接词通常省略分句置句首时that绝省略
That the driver could not control his war was obvious
It was obvious that the driver could not control his car
(2)if 语句中whether
Whether he left (or not) is unknown
(3)语句作语时谓语动词般第三称单数面句型例外
What we need is more time and money
What we need are many more books
2表语句：表语句出现系动词充表语
The trouble is that we are short of money
Go and get your coat It’s where you left it
(1) 引导表语句述三类词外because as if as though等等
The reason (whyfor which…) is that ……
ItThisThat is because……
(2) 连系动词appear look seem两常句型
It seemsappears that…
It looksseems as ifas though……(事实相符陈述语气事实相反虚拟语气)
(3) as 引导表语句
Things are not always as they seem to be
3 宾语句：物动词形容词介词加宾语句作宾语
(1) 宾语句时态句相呼应宾语句表示客观真理普遍现象外
The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun
(2) 连词whether if互换注意列情况
连词紧or not时whether
I want to know whether or not they will come
作介词宾语whether引导宾语句
He was interested in whether he saw her there
连接词直接加定式ifwhether
He doesn’t know whether to stay or not
果宾语句否定时般if引导
I care if he will not attend the meeting
(3) 宾语句带宾补时语+谓语+it +宾补+thatclausethat省略
I think it certain that she will do well in her exam
(4) 语I we 句think believe suppose expect imagine五动词时否定转移
I don’t think he will win the game will he
(5) that宾语句常省略and but连接两宾语句时仅省略第连词that
He said (that) he had eaten nothing but that he wasn’t hungry
(6) 注意区if引导宾语句条件状语句
I don’t know if he will come
If he comes I’ll let you know
4位语句句中作某名词位语前面名词进步说明列名词 factnewsideahopebelievehopethoughtdoubttruthordersuggestion word etc
(1) There is no doubt that he will come
There is doubt whether he will come
Word came that Napoleon would come to inspect them
There is no possibility that…
(2) that引导位语句定语句区：
位语句中：that省略作成分定语句关系代词that定语句作成分作宾语时省略
We are interested in the news that some foreigners would visit our school
We are interested in the news that he told us
when where引导位语句定语句区：
定语句中when where前分表示时间点先行词位语句中应关系
They have no idea at all where he has gone(位语句)
Go and get your coat It’s in the place where you left it(定语句)
5 疑问词ever引导名词性句引导步状语句no matter+疑问词引导步状语句
No matter where I go my heart is towards China
I believer whatever he says Whatever he says I will never believe him
who whoever区
who谁意思表示具疑问who相anyone who谁
Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights
Can you tell me who that gentleman is
6．名词性句缺少语宾语表语时引导词通常what相外时具感叹意义all that anything that the thing(s) that
What we can’t get seems better than what we have
Tom thought what a beautiful girl Mary was
7注意区分it 作形式语语句强调句
强调句句型It iswas+强调部分+that 掉It iswas that句子然成立
It is natural that they should have different views 语句
It is only lately that he had had a family himself 强调句
What was it that he wanted I don’t know what it was that he wanted
It was in the hotel where he stayed that we discussed the serious problem
8注意it 作形式语语句as引导非限制性定语句引导
It is known to all that the earth is round
As is known to all the earth is round
三巩固练
1．____he does has nothing to do with me
A whatever B No matter what C That D If
2 The manager came over and asked the customer how____
A did the quarrel came about B the quarrel had come about
C had the quarrel come about D had the quarrel come about
3 Energy is ____makes thing work
A what B something C anything D that
4 Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities
A while B that C when D as
5 This is ___the shenzhou V Spaceship landed
A there B in which C where D when
6 They have no idea at all____
A where he has gone B where did he go
C which place has he gone D where has he gone
7 The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease
A that B which C of which D of that
8 The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning
A that had to leave B that should leave
C must leave D when should leave
9 ___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match
A There that B It that C there whether D It whether
10 The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research
A that B which C whether D if
11 Is _____he said really true
A that B what C why D whether
12____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter
A That B Whether C If D Where
13 It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray
A while B if C that D for
14 _____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen
A Whether B This C who D If
15____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us
A What B That C Whether D If
16 ____you don’t like him is none of my business
A What B That C Who D How
17____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded
A What what B That that C what that D That what
18 ____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much
A What B It C All that D That
19 It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer
A believed B think C say D hoped
20 ____caused the accident is still a complete mystery
A What B That C How D Where
21 ____he always serves the people very well is known
A What B That C Which D Who
22____has passed the test will get a prize
A Whoever B No mater who C Whomever D Who
23Is____ true that the famous scientist will give us a lecture next week
A that B it C his D he
24It has not been decided ___ they will leave for New York
A when B why C that D what
25 Obviously___ we do morning exercises every day ___ us good
A that do B if do C what does D that dose
26 It is said____ ____ was all ___ he said
A that that that B what what what C that which what D that that which
27___ gets home first is to cook the supper
A Who B Whom C Those who D Whoever
28___ moved us most was___ he liked after the old man for more than twenty years
A That that B What that C What what D That what
29___ you did it is not known to all
A Who B What C How D Which
30___ you do should be well done
A How B That C Whatever D Why
31 The reason I plan to go is___ she will be disappointed if I don’t
A because B that C thanks to D what
32 What time do you think__
A will Tom come back B Tom will come back
C is Tom coming back D can Tom get here
33 The teacher said that light___ faster than sound
A Has traveled B traveled C had traveled D travels
34___ is still a question___ will win
A It that B It who C That who D This that
35 If you know___ it was that write A Tale of Two Cities raise your hand
A whom B which C who D that
36 In some countries___ are called public schools are not owned by the state
A that B which C as D what
37 Thinking___ you know___ in fact you don’t is a terrible mistake
A that that B what what C that what D what that
38 Whether ways will be found to stop pollution or not is just___ worries the public
A why B which C that D what
39 Why don’t you bring___ to his attention that you are too busy to do it
A that B what C that D it
40___ David says sounds right to Helen That’s why she has made up her mind to leave with him___ happens
A whatever whatever B No matter what whatever
C No matter what No matter what D Whatever however
41 That is___ I was born and grew up
A There B in which C where D the place
42___ she was invited to the ball made her very happy
A What B That C When D Because
43___ we are doing has never been done before
A That B What C Which D Whether
44Have you found your book yet
No I’m not sure___ I could have left it
A whether B where C when D why
45 The doctor couldn’t answer the question___ the patient could survive that night
A if B that C whether D what
46 I firmly believe___ he said at the meeting was right
A that B which C that what D what that
47What were you trying to prove to the police
___ I was last night
A That B When C Where D What
48 I think though I could be mistaken __ he liked me
A who B which C that D what
49 At the meeting we discussed___ we should employ more workers
A if B whether C that D
50 After___ seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile
A which B it C what D that
四答案
1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA
21—25 BABAD 26—30 ADBCC 31—35 BBDBC 36—40 DCDDA
41—45 CBBBC 46—50 CCCBC

第19章 定语句
概念
复合句中修饰某名词代词句称定语句形容词性句
二相关知识点精讲
1关系代词引导定语句
　　关系代词代先行词物名词代词句中充语宾语定语等成分关系代词定语句中作语时句谓语动词称数先行词保持致
1）who whom that
　  词代先行词名词代词句中作语宾语例：
　  Is he the man whothat wants to see you 想见？（whothat句中作语）
　  He is the man whom that I saw yesterday 昨天见（whomthat句中作宾语）
2） whose 指物（作定语 指物of which互换）例：
　  They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down　车坏家跑帮忙
　  Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green　请递绿皮书
3）which that代先行词事物名词代词句中作语宾语等例：
　　A prosperity which that had never been seen before appears in the countryside
 农村出现前未繁荣（which that句中作宾语）
　　The package （which that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped 包快散（which that句中作宾语）
 2关系副词引导定语句
　 关系副词代先行词时间点理名词句中作状语
1）关系副词when where why含义相介词+ which结构常常介词+ which结构交例：
　  There are occasions when （on which） one must yield　屈服时候
　  Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born　北京出生
　  Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer　拒绝帮助理？
2）that代关系副词表示时间点方式理名词取代when where why介词+ which引导定语句口语中that常省略例：
　  His father died the year （that when in which） he was born　父亲出生年逝世
　  He is unlikely to find the place （that where in which） he lived forty years ago 找四十年前居住方
 3判断关系代词关系副词
　  方法： 关系代词关系副词完全取决句中谓语动词物动词面宾语必须求关系代词物动词求关系副词例：
　  This is the mountain village where I stayed last year 年呆山村
　  I＇ll never forget the days when I worked together with you永远会忘记事日子
　　惯总表点时间名词关系副词 where when联系起两题错关系词误
　  方法二： 准确判断先行词定语句中成分（谓宾定状）正确选择出关系代词关系副词
　　关系词选择句中做成分先行词句中做定宾语时选择关系代词（who whom that which whose） 先行词句中做状语时应选择关系副词 （ where 点状语when 时间状语why 原状语）
4限制性非限制性定语句
1） 定语句限制性非限制性两种限制性定语句先行词缺少部分掉句意思明确非限制性定语句先行词附加说明掉会影响句意思句间通常逗号分开例：
　　　This is the house which we bought last month 月买幢房子（限制性）
　　　The house which we bought last month is very nice幢房子漂亮月买（非限制性）
2） 先行词专名词物代词指示代词修饰时定语句通常非限制性例：
　　　Charles Smith who was my former teacher retired last year 查理·史密斯年退休老师
　　　My house which I bought last year has got a lovely garden　年买幢房子带着漂亮花园
　　　This novel which I have read three times is very touching 说动已读三遍
3） 非限制性定语句整句作先行词 进行修饰 时句谓语动词第三称单数例：
　　　He seems not to have grasped what I meant which greatly upsets me 似没抓住意思心烦
　　　Liquid water changes to vapor which is called evaporation 液态水变蒸汽做蒸发
说明：关系代词that关系副词why引导非限制性定语句
 5介词+关系词
1）介词面关系词省略
2）that前介词
3）某句中充时间点原状语介词+关系词结构关系副词when where 互换例：
　 This is the house in which I lived two years ago 两年前住房子
　 This is the house where I lived two years ago
　 Do you remember the day on which you joined our club 记加入俱乐部天？
　 Do you remember the day when you joined our club
6as which 非限定性定语句
　　as which 引导非限定性定语句aswhich代整句相and thisand thatAs般放句首which句中例：
　　As we know smoking is harmful to one＇s health 知吸烟害健康
　　The sun heats the earth which is very important to us 太阳球暖起类重
as which引导非限制性定语句时两关系代词指句表达整意思定语句中作语宾语处两点：
（1）as 引导定语句置句首which
（2） as 代表前面整句句中作语时句中谓语必须系动词行动词句中关系代词which
7先行词关系词二合
　1） Whoever spits in public will be punished here （Whoever anyone who 代）
　2） The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school（what all that代）
8 whatwhatever thatwhat whowhoever 
1）what the thing whichwhatever anything例：
　　　What you want has been sent here 动词送
　　　Whatever you want makes no difference to me 什没什关系
2） who the person that　 whoever anyone who例：
3） that what　
　　that引导定语句时通常作关系代词引导名词性句时充成分连接词宾语句表语句中that常省略What引导名词性句作连接代词作句具体成分省略例：
　　I think（that）you will like the stamps 想会喜欢邮票
　　What we need is more practice 需更实践
9关系代词that 法
1）that情况
　　 a） 引导非限定性定语句时例：
　　　 （错）The tree that is four hundred years old is very famous here
　　 b） 介词例：
　　　　 We depend on the land from which we get our food 赖土获食物
　　　　 We depend on the land thatwhich we get our food from
2） that作定语句关系代词情况
　　 a）　there be 句型中thatwhich
　　 b）　定代词：anything nothing the one all much few any little等作先行词时thatwhich
　　 c）　先行词the only the very修饰时that　
　　 d）　先行词序数词数词形容词高级时that
　　 e）　先行词物时例：
　    All that is needed is a supply of oil 需供油问题
　  　    Finally the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police 贼终偷全部东西交警察
三巩固练
1 His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ______ family was poor
A of whom　 B whom　 C of whose　 D whose　
2 She heard a terrible noise _______ brought her heart into her mouth
A it　　 B which　 C this D that　　
3 In the dark street there wasn’t a single person _____ she could turn for help
A that　　 B who　 C from whom　D to whom　
4 The weather turned out to be very good ____ was more than we could expect
A what　 B which　　 C that　 D it　
5After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child　
A which　 B where C that　 D when　　
6．Carol said the work would be done by October ＿＿＿＿＿personally I doubt very much　
A it　 B that　 C when D which　
7．Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play ________of course made the others unhappy
A．who 　 B．which　 C．this　 D．what 　
8 Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase _____ was very reasonable
A which price　 B the price of which　 C its price　D the price of whose
9_____ has already been pointed out grammar is not a set of dead rules
A As　　　 B It　　　 C That　 D Which
10 He lived in London for 3 months during ____ time he learned some English
A this　　 B which　 C that　　 D same
11 Oh the wall hung a picture _____ color is blue
A whose　 B of which　 C which　 D its
12Whenever I met him ____ was fairly often I like his sweet and hopeful smile　
A what　 B which　 C that D when
13 The visitor asked the guide to take his picture _____ stands the famous tower
A that　 B where　　 C which　 D there
14The boss ____ department Ms King worked ten years ago look down upon women　
A in which　 B in that　 C in whose D whose
15 I don’t like _____ you speak to her
A the way B the way in that　 C the way which　　 D the way of which
16I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella _______ I got wet through
A It’s the reason　 B That’s why　 C There’s why　 D It’s how
17 He made another wonderful discovery ____ of great importance to science
A which I think is B which I think it is C which I think it　 DI think which is
18He was very rude to the customs officer ____ of course made things even worse
A who　 B whom　 C what　　 D which
19 a) He is an interesting speaker and _______ is more important he knows his subject thoroughly
b) He went to the meeting and _______ was worse insisted on speaking
A what　 B which　 C that D when
20 The farmer uses wood to build a house ________ to store grain
A in which B where C which D with which
21 I will invite _______ my daughter loves
A whoever B whomever C whichever D whatever
22You can buy as many copies of this book ________ you wants
A that B which C as D for which
23 Tom ate more food _______ was good for his health
A that B as C than D which
24 He was hiding behind the door _________ he could see what was happening
A which B from where C from which D where
25 She wore _______ was very uncommon in the country a red garment
A what B that C which D it
She wore a red garment _______ was very uncommon in the country
26 The English play ____ my students acted at the New Year＇s party was a great success
A for which B at which C in which D on which
27 ______ is reported in the newspapers talks between the two countries are making progress
A It B As C That D What
28 The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months _____ the sailing time was 226 days
A of which B during which C from which D for which
29 I work in a business almost everyone is waiting for a great chance
A how B which C where D that
30 There were dirty marks on her trousers ______ she had wiped her hands
A where B which C when D that
31 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others of course made the others envy him
A who B that C what D which
32 ________ is often the case we have worked out the production plan
A Which B When C What D As
33 Anyway that evening ____ I’ll tell you more about later I ended up staying at Rachel’s place
A when B where C what D which
34 A story goes ______ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more that being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court
A when B where C what D that
35 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year 80 are sold abroad
A．of which B．which of C．of them D．of that
36There was time I hated to go to school
A．a that B．a when C．the that D．the when
37 There are two buildings stands nearly a hundred feet high
A．the larger B．the larger of them C．the larger one that D．the larger of which
38 What surprised me was not what he said but he said it
A．the way B．in the way that C．in the way D．the way which
39 American women usually identify their best friend as someone _____ they can talk frequently
A who B as C about which D with whom
40 George Orwell _______ was Eric Arthur wrote many political novels and essays
A the real name B what his real name C his real name D whose real name
四答案
15DBDBB 610DBBAB 1115ABBCA 1620BADAA 2125 BCCBC 2630CBACA
3135DDDDA 3640BDADD

第20章 状语句
概念
状语句修饰句中动词形容词副词等复合句中作状语引导状语句关联词属连词状语句陈述句语序般位复合句句首句末句句首时句常逗号句相隔状语句根句中作分表示时间点原目结果条件较步行方式等
二相关知识点精讲
1点状语句
　　点状语句通常where wherever 引导例：
　　Where I live there are plenty of trees 住方树
　　Wherever I am I will be thinking of you 里会想
2方式状语句
　　方式状语句通常as （just） as…so… as if as though引导
1）as （just） as…so…引导方式状语句通常位句（just） as…so…结构中位句首时as句带喻含义意思正…正式文体例：
　 Always do to the others as you would be done by 希家样样
　　As water is to fish so air is to man 离开空气犹鱼离开水
　Just as we sweep our rooms so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds
　 正扫房屋样扫头脑中落东西
2）as if as though
　 两者意义法相引出状语句谓语虚拟语气表示事实相反时陈述语气表示说情况事实实现性较汉译常作仿佛……似……似例：
　 They completely ignore these facts as if （as though） they never existed 完全忽略事实仿佛存似（事实相反谓语虚拟语气）
　　He looks as if （as though） he had been hit by lighting 样子雷击似（事实相反谓语虚拟语气）
　 It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon 天气快会起（实现性较谓语陈述语气）
　 说明：as if as though引导分词短语定式短语动词短语例：
　 He stared at me as if seeing me for first time 目转睛着第次见似
　He cleared his throat as if to say something 清清嗓子说什似
　The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger 波涛击着岩石愤怒 
3原状语句
较because since asfor：
1）because语势强说明知原回答why提出问题原显易见已知as since例：
　 I didn＇t go because I was afraid 怕
　 Since As the weather is so bad we have to delay our journey 天气糟旅行推迟
2）because引导句果放句末前面逗号for代果说明直接原种情况加推断for例：
　 He is absent today because for he is ill 天缺席病
　 He must be ill for he is absent today 定病天缺席
4目状语句
　 表示目状语句that so that in order that lest for fear that in case等词引导例：
　 You must speak louder so that in order that you can be heard by all 必须点声听见
　 He wrote the name down for fear that（lest） he should forget it 写名字免忘记
　 Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold 穿点衣服防天发冷
5结果状语句
　结果状语句常so…that such…that引导so…thatsuch…that间转换例：
　　 The boy is so young that he can＇t go to school 男孩年龄太学
　 He is such a young boy that he can＇t go to school
6 条件状语句
　连接词 if unless asso long as on condition that 等if 引导条件句真实条件句非真实条件句两种非真实条件句已虚拟语气中阐述
　 unless if not　 例：
　 Let＇s go out for a walk unless you are too tired 果太累散散步
　 If you are not too tied let＇s go out for a walk
典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately　
A unless　 B until　 C if　　D or
　 答案A句意：非立走否回迟转化 If you dong leave immediately you will be lateBD句意or表转折句子 You leave immediately or you will be late
7 步状语句
1）though although引导步状语句面句but though yet连例：
Although it＇s raining they are still working in the field　然雨里干活
　　 He is very old but he still works very hard 然老然努力工作
Though the sore be healed yet a scar may remain 伤口愈合伤疤留（谚语）
2） as though 引导步句必须表语状语提前（形容词副词分词实义动词提前）例：
　　　Child as though he was he knew what was the right thing to do 然孩该做什做什全知道
3） ever if even though　例：
　　 We＇ll make a trip even though the weather is bad 天气远足
4） whether…or…　……例：
　　 Whether you believe it or not it is true 信信确实真
5）　no matter +疑问词 疑问词+缀ever 例：
　　 No matter what happened he would not mind Whatever happened he would not mind 发生什意
　　　换：no matter what whatever
　　　　 no matter who whoever
　　　　 no matter when whenever
　　　　 no matter where wherever
　　　　 no matter which whichever
　　　　 no matter how however
　 注意：no matter 引导语句宾语句
8 较while when as
1）as when 引导短暂性动作动词例：
　　　 Just as Just when When I stopped my car a man came up to me 刹车走
2）句动作发生句动作前when 引导句as while例：
　　　 When you have finished your work you may have a rest 赶完活休息
3）句表示时间推移连词aswhen while例：
　　　 As the day went on the weather got worse　日子天天天气越变越坏
9较untiltill
　　两连词意义相肯定形式表示意思做某事直某时动词必须延续性否定形式表达意思直某时做某事动词延续性非延续性正确两连词关键判断句中动词该肯定式否定式肯定句：I slept until midnight 直睡半夜时醒
　　Wait till I call you 等着（肯定句中before代例 Let＇s get in the wheat before the sun sets）
　 否定句：She didn＇t arrive until 6 o＇clock 直6点
　 Don＇t get off the bus until it has stopped 公汽车停稳车
I didn＇t manage to do it until you had explained how 直教会做
区：1）until句首till通常句首例：
　　 Until you told me I had heard nothing of what happened 直告诉前出什事点知道
　　 2）until when 疑问句中until放句首例：
　 Until when are you staying　呆什时候？
Until next Monday　呆周　
注意：否定句外两种句式表示
1）Not until…句首句倒装例：
　Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is 直19 世纪初类知道热物
　Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted 直工作认识已蹉跎岁月
2）It is not until… that… 例：
It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted
10表示……结构
　 hardlyscarcely…whenbefore no sooner…than　as soon as表示……意思例：
　 I had hardly scarcely got home when it began to rain 刚回家起雨
　 I had no sooner got home than it began to rain
　 As soon as I got home it began to rain
　 注意：果hardly scarcely no sooner置句首句子必须倒装结构例：
　 Hardly Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain
　 No sooner had I got home than it began to rain
三巩固练
1These photographs will show you _____
A what does our village look like
B what our village looks like
C how does our village look like
D how our village looks like
2Can you make sure ______ the gold ring
A where Alice had put B where did Alice put
C where Alice has put D where has Alice put
3No one can be sure _____ in a million years
A what man will look like B what will man look like
C man will look like what D what look will man like
4—We haven’t heard from Jane a long time
What do you suppose _____ to her
A was happening B has happened
C to happen D having happened
5Go and get your coat It’s _____you left it
A there B where C there where D where there 6_____ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet
A Whenever B If C Whether D That
7_____ he said at the meeting astionished everyone present
A What B That C That fact D The matter 8—Do you remember _____ he came
Yes I do He came by car
A how B when C that Dit 9_____ we can’t get seems better than ______ we have
A What what B What that C That that D That what 10After the war a new school building was put up ________there had once been a theatre
A that B where C which D when
11Mother will wait for him to have dinner together
A However late is he B However he is late
C However is he late D However late he is
12DrBlack comes from either Oxford or CambridgeI can＇t remember _____
A where B there C which D t hat
13Why do you want a new job _____you＇ve got such a good one already
At hat B where C which D when
14 －－I’m going to the post office
　 －－＿＿＿＿＿you＇re there can you get me some stamps
　　A As　　B While　　　　　C Because 　　　　D If
15 ＿＿＿＿＿you＇ve got a chance you might as well make full use of it
　A Now that　　B After　　　　 C Although　　D AS soon as
16． －－I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week
　　－－Is that ＿＿＿＿＿ you had a few days off
　A why　　　B when　　　　  C what　　　D where
17 You should make it a rule to leave things＿＿＿＿＿you can find them again
　　A when 　　B where 　　　 C then 　　　　D there
18 We＇ll have to finish the job＿＿＿＿＿
　 A long it takes however 　　　　B it takes however long
C long however it takes 　　　 D however long it takes
19______she couldn’t understand was _______ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lesson
A What why B That what C What because D Why that
20Someone is ringing the doorbell Go and see ___________
A who is he B who he is C who is it D who it is
四答案
15 BCABB 610CAAAB 1115 DCDBA 1620 ABDAD

第21章 句子种类概说
1目句子分陈述句疑问句祈句感叹句
1）陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明事实陈述种法例：
　 Light travels faster than sound　光声传播速度快（说明事实）
　 The film is rather boring　部电影乏味（说明法）
2）疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题四种：
　 a 般疑问句（General Questions）：
　　　 Can you finish the work in time 时完成工作？
　 b 特殊疑问句（WhQuestions）：
　　　 Where do you live　住？
　 c 选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：
　　　 Do you want tea or coffee 茶咖啡？
　 d 反意疑问句（TagQuestions）：
　　　 He doesn＇t know her does he 认识？
　3）祈句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求建议发出命令例：
　　 Don＇t be nervous　紧张
4）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话惊奇喜悦愤怒等情绪例：
　　 What good news it is　消息啊
2句子结构分三类：
1）简单句（Simple Sentences）：包含谓结构句子简单句例：
She is fond of collecting stamps　 喜欢集邮
2）列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两两谓结构句子列句句句间通常列连词分号连接例：
　 The food was good but he had little appetite 食物精美没什胃口
　3）复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含句句句子复合句句属连词引导例：
　 The film had begun when we got to the cinema 达电影院时候电影已开演
3基句型：英语中千变万化句子根结底五种基句型组合扩展变化：
1） + 动（SV）例：I work　工作
　 2） + 动 + 表（SVP）例：John is busy　约翰忙
3） + 动 + 宾（SVO）例：She studies English　学英语
4） + 动 + 宾 + 补（SVOC）例：Time would prove me right 时间会证明
5） + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾（SVOiOd）例：My mother made me a new dress　母亲做件新衣裳

第22章 简单句列句
概念
()简单句
语(列语)谓语(列谓语)构成句子简单句结构语+ 谓语
(二)列句
列连词两两互相关连互相独立独句(简单句)连起构成句子列句结构：简单句+列连词+简单句
常连词andbutor not onlybut alsoneithernoreitheror
二相关知识点精讲
()简单句
1语谓语称数致性
and连接两列语时复数谓语动词相应复数形式：
(1)果and连接两名词数名词前面没冠词两词表示事物概念谓语动词单数果两词表示两事物两概念谓语动词复数
(2)果and连接两数单数名词前冠词没冠词意味着 事物谓语动词单数
(3)and连接两名词前eacheverymany ano等单数概念限定词修饰时(第二名词前修饰词时省略)谓语动词单数

2陈述句疑问句转换
3选择疑问句
4反意疑问句
(1)陈述句+省略问句
(2)祈句+附加疑问句
(3) 反意疑问句回答

(二)列句
列句分联合列句转折列句选择列句果列句
1 联合列句常列词and not only…but also…等连接
Use your hand and you’ll find a way
2 转折列句常列连词but while yet whereas nevertheless等连接
I would love to have gone to the
注234点容里介绍讲参阅相关章节
party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report
3 选择疑问句常列连词or otherwise either…or…等连接
Either you leave this house or I’ll call the police
4 果列句列连词so for therefore 等连接
it was late so we went home
5 祈句+andor+陈述句结构中前两部分间承接关系时and前意思相反关系时or前面祈句转换成if引导条件状语句必须and or 掉
Hurry up and we’ll be there in time If we hurry up we’ll be there in time
6 becauseso although thoughbut 连
三巩固练
1 I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer＿＿＿
A do I B don’t I C will they D won’t they
2 ＿＿＿help if you canand our country will improve
more quickly and better
A Giving B Give C Given D To give
3 —— Lucyyou wash the dishes＿＿＿
—— Momcan’t Lily do it It’s her turn to do it
A don’t you B can you C shall you D will you
4 —— I will not take an umbrella with me today
— ＿＿＿＿＿it rains later on in the day
A How B What C How about D What if
5 —— You ought to stay up late tonight＿＿＿＿ you
—— Yes I’ve got too much homework
A can’t B shouldn’t C mustn’t D won’t
6 Nothing can stop us from serving the people heart and soul＿＿＿＿
A can it B can’t it C can they D can’t they
7 There used to be a church in the small town＿＿＿＿＿
A used there B usedn’t there
C used it D usedn’t it
8 —— She isn’t your neighbour is she
—— ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
A Yesshe isn’t B Noshe is
C Yesshe is  D Noisn’t she
9 —— ＿＿＿＿＿＿ to be a PLA soldier when I was young
—— And now you are
A How I wanted B How did I want
C What I wanted D What did I want
10 Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase＿＿＿＿was very reasonable
A which price B the price of which
C its price D the price of that
11 After ten yearsshe changed a lot and looked different from＿＿＿she used to be
A that B whom C what D who
12 ＿＿＿＿is known to everyonethe moon travels round the earth once every month
A It B As C That D What
13 He’s got himself into a dangerous situation＿＿＿he is likely to lose control over the plane
A where B which C while D why
14 Information has been put forward＿＿＿more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities
A while B that C when D as
15 What the doctors really doubt is＿＿＿＿my mother will recover from the serious disease soon
A when B how C whether D what
16 The students of the music school study ＿＿＿＿
A music but also some other subjects
B some other subjects as well as music
C music as well as some other subjects
D some other subjects and music
17 ＿＿＿air is to manso is water to fish
A Since B Just C Like D As
18 There is plenty of rain in the south ＿＿ there is little in the north
A while B as C when D so
19 ＿＿＿several times about itbut he could not give the correct answer
A Being asked B Having been asked
C He would ask D He had been asked
20 —— I don’t like chicken ＿＿＿ fish
—— I don’t like chicken＿＿＿I like fish very much
A and and B and but C or but D or and
21 ＿＿＿the days went onthe situation there got worse
A With B Since C While D As
22 ＿＿＿everybody is herelet’s set out right away
A Now that B Because C For D After
23 The science of medicine＿＿＿progress has been very rapid lately is perhaps the most important of all the sciences
A to which B in which C which D with which
24 We must do the experiment carefully ＿＿＿Miss Liu told us
A what B since C as D while
25 Tony will never forget these days ＿＿＿she lived in China with her mother＿＿＿has a great effect on her life
A that which B when which
C which that D when that
26 ＿＿＿I knowthey will go to Beijing to watch the Olympic Games in 2008
A Since B So far as C In case D As if
27 Who do you think the doctor will have＿＿＿firstJohn or Kate
A examine B to examine
C examining D examined
28 —— What are you anxious about
—— ＿＿＿＿＿
A Whether we can succeed B If we succeed
C Do we succeed D That we can succeed
29 You should put the dictionary ＿＿＿you can find it easily
A where B the place
C the place on which D what
30 She said to meI’ll tell you the result of the test＿＿＿I know it
A because B the moment C after D though
31 Grandpa used to tell us something about the Cultural Revolution ＿＿＿he had time to spare
A as soon as B as C so that D whenever
32 Li Fang is very busy＿＿＿she’s always helping others with their lessons
A but B although C so D for
33 Getting a right job can be difficult ＿＿＿the students＿＿＿ prepared to deal with the job interview
A ifwon’t B unlesswill
C unlessare D ifare
34 Everything depends on＿＿they will support you about it
A if B which C whether D that
35 She won the first prize in the speech contest and＿＿＿ surprized us
A which B it C as D who
36 The Oscar is one of the film prizes ＿＿offered to any Chinese actor or actress so far
A which is not B that have not been
C that has not D that has not been
37 He made another wonderful discovery＿＿＿ of great importance to science
A which I think is B which I think it is
C which I think it D I think is
38 It’s really very dangerous One more step＿＿＿the baby will fall into the well
A or B so C but D and
39 She is American＿＿＿ she knows little about American history
A so B yet C and D therefore
40 Information technology is taught in most schools＿＿＿we have entered the information society
A so B while C still D for
41 —— Helen must obey her parents
—— Ohshe must＿＿
A must she B mustn’t she
C shouldn’t she D should she
42 John must be in the chemistry lab＿＿＿
A mustn’t he B needn’t he
C isn’t he D shouldn’t he
43 It was quite a long time＿＿＿ I made it out what had happened
A after B before C when D since
44 ＿＿the text a second timethe meaning will become clearer to you
A Read B Reading
C If reading D When you read
45 ＿＿＿does he do his work well＿＿＿ he helps others with their work
A Not onlybut also B Neithernor
C Eitheror D Bothand
46 ＿＿so he didn’t come to school last week
A Though he was ill      B Being ill
C Having been ill D He was ill
47 She tried every way ＿＿＿ she could find to solve the problem
A how B in which C that D which
48 Lily has some idea ＿＿＿ she’s going to be when she grows up
A what B that C as D which
49 To play fair is as important as ＿＿＿＿I think
A to play well  B play well
C we play well D playing well
50 ＿＿＿you goyou should bear the motherland in mind
A Where B Whenever
C However D Wherever
四答案
110CBDDBABCAB 1120CBABCBDADC
2130DABCBBDAAB 3140DACCBBADBD 4150ACBDADCAAD

第23章 祈句
概念
祈句表达命令求请求劝告等
二相关知识点精讲
1祈句两种类型种动词原形开头动词原形前加do （限省略第二称语句子）例：
　　　 Take this seat 坐
　　　 Do be careful 务必心
　 否定结构：例：
　　　 Don＇t move 准动
　　　 Don＇t be late 迟
2let开头祈句
　　 Let 反意疑问句：
　 a Let＇s 包括说话者例：　
　　 Let＇s have another try shall we shan＇t we Shall we have another try 试次？
　 　 b Let us 包括说话者例：
　　 Let us have another trywill you won＇t you Will you please let us have another try 试次？
　 否定结构：例：
　 Let＇s not talk of that matter 谈件事
　 Let us not talk of that matter 谈件事

第24章 感叹句
概念
感叹句通常what how引导表示赞美惊叹喜悦等感情
二 相关知识点精讲
1How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序例：How clever a boy he is 聪明孩子
2How+形容词副词+陈述语序例：How lovely the baby is 毛头真爱
3What +名词+陈述语序例：What noise they are making 真吵
4What +a+形容词+名词+陈述语序例：What a clever boy he is 聪明孩子
5What+ 形容词+复数名词+陈述语序例：What wonderful ideas （we have） 意真棒
6What+ 形容词+数名词+陈述语序例：What cold weather it is 冷天
7What a clever boy he is省略形式：What a clever boy

第25章 否定句
概念
否定句指否定陈述句句子
二相关知识点精讲
1 not构成否定句：语+助动词 be+not+…
例句：
He is not back yet
It is not true
We haven’t forgotten you
You shouldn’t be so silly
We haven’t been invited yet
He won’t go but they will
Money could not buy happiness
I like the salad but I don’t like this soup
He wants a girl friend but he doesn’t want to get married
You didn’t understand what I said did you
You needn’t try to explain
I didn’t use to like opera but now I’m getting interested
I usedn’t to like opera but now I’m getting interested
2 祈句否定句：Don’t+动词原形…
例句：
Don’t worry I’ll look after you
Don’t believe a word he says
Don’t be so rude
3 非谓语动词（定式分词动名词）否定式：not放to do doing 前面
It’s important not to worry
He said he deeply regretted not being able to help
Not knowing what to do Shelly asked advice of her friend
He reproached me for not having told it to him
4 not谓语外句子成分连：
Come early but not before six
It’s working but not properly
I believe he will succeed though not without some difficulty
notI hope I believe I’m afraid I guess I suppose I expect构成省略句
—Will it snow today
—I hope not
5 no构成否定句：no+名词（单复数数）相not+ a +名词 not + any +名词
No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated
The nations of Europe and America have found that no country can produce all its needs without trading
Take that towel I have no other
I can walk no farther
There is no knowing what will happen
6 某否定副词代词：seldom never hardly rarely little few none nowhere neither等句中构成否定句：
I can seldom find time for reading
Mirror tells only the facts never the poetry
The rumor came from nowhere
None but fools have ever believed it
7 否定转移：think believe suppose imagine等动词引导否定意义宾语句时句中not提句动词前面句变成否定句：
I don’t think she’s at home but I’ll go and see
I don’t imagine that he’ll enjoy it
8 否定式疑问句：
Doesn’t she understand
Haven’t you booked your holiday yet
部分否定：
注意部分否定结构：
Not all…All…not…
Not both…Both…not…
Not every…Every…not…
I don’t remember all the names
All is not gold that glitters
It is not found everywhere
Not everyone likes this film
9 否定形式表示肯定意义：
注意句型：
cannot…too cannot… more 越…越…
You cannot be too careful
A man can never have too many friends
三巩固练
1 —Such a sudden turn in the road is too difficult for the new driver isn’t it
 —_____ He’s dealt with all kinds of troublesome situations before
A No it isn’t B Yes it is C No he isn’t D Yes he is
2 —Aren’t you feeling tired
  —______ I am rather
A Yes B No C Not at all D Never
3 —She isn’t a dancing teacher is she
 —______
A Yes she isn’t B No she is
C Yes she wasn’t D No but she was
4 —Will you go shopping with us this afternoon
 —_____but I’ve got quite a lot of homework to do
A of course B I’d like to C That’s all right D No I won’t
5 —If our parents would listen more to us they would understand us better
 —_____ They just expect us to listen
A I believe not B No problem C Good idea D I can’t agree more
6 —Did you enjoy the trip
 —I’m afraid not And _____
A my classmates can’t either B my classmates don’t too
C neither do my classmates D neither did my classmates
7 Try to retell the story in your own words ______ afraid to make mistakes
A Not to be B Don’t C No be D Don’t be
四答案
AADBD DD

第26章 反意疑问句
概念
反意疑问句附加陈述句陈述句表示事实观点提出疑问句子附加疑问实际种简略般疑问句
二相关知识点精讲
1反意疑问句结构：陈述句（语+谓语……）+助动词情态动词be动词+语（代词形式）？
说明：陈述句部分果肯定句反意疑问句疑问句部分助动词情态动词be动词+not （否定提问）果陈述句部分否定句反意疑问句疑问句部分肯定式提问
例句：
He is your teacher isn’t he
People shouldn’t drop litter on the pavements should they
You found the key in the bedroom didn’t you
They have a house in town haven’t they don’t they
The boy has to clean his room doesn’t he
I am right aren’t I
They’d rather go by bus wouldn’t they
You’d better change your wet skirt hadn’t you
He’d like to join our discussion wouldn’t he
She ought to see a doctor at once shouldn’t she oughtn’t she
I wish to say a few words may I
That’s nice isn’t it
This is the place isn’t it
Everybody knows the answer don’t they
Nothing is serious isn’t it
There wasn’t enough time at that moment was there
There used to a tower here usedn’t there didn’t there
What you need is more practice isn’t it
2某特殊句型反意疑问句：
1)祈句反意疑问句：
表示肯定意义祈句表示请求提示反意疑问句will you 表达：时won’t you 表示
Go home now will you
Close the window please will you
否定祈句：Don’t开始祈句：表示……will you 提问：
Don’t be late again will you
Don’t forget to pay your income tax will you
Let’s引导祈句表示建议反意疑问句部分：shall we
Let’s go for a walk shall we
Let’s have a rest now shall we
Let me Let us引导祈句表示请求反意疑问句部分will you：
Let me have a try will you
Let us help will you
2) 感叹句反意疑问句：律否定式提问
What a clever boy isn’t he
What a lovely day isn’t it
3) 陈述句含情态动词must两种情况：
must表示必须反意疑问句部分mustn’t… needn’t…
He must study hard at English mustn’t he needn’t he
You must go home now needn’t you mustn’t you
We mustn’t be late must we
Must表示推测：定肯定 反意疑问句部分must面动词呼应
You must be joking aren’t you
He must be ill isn’t he
注意：must动作推测时反意疑问句部分助动词didhave 状态推测反意疑问句部分be动词was
She must have finished her work hasn’t she didn’t she
Jack must have arrived here yesterday didn’t he
He must have been a policeman wasn’t he
4) 陈述句中否定副词：hardly never seldom little few nowhere nothing等词反意疑问句部分肯定提问：
Frank hardly goes to parties does he
He has few friends has he
5)复合句反意疑问句：数复合句反意疑问句句提问：
He was punished because he violated the regulation wasn’t he
You never told me that you had been ill did you
注意：I don’t thinksupposebelieveimagine 引导宾语句种宾语句反意疑问句应句语谓语部分致肯定式提问
I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer will they
I don’t believe she has done it has she
I think he will come won’t he
三巩固练
1 It’s a fine day Let’s go fishing _____
A won’t we B will we C don’t we D shall we
2 Frank is working late again This is the first time this week he’s had to study late ____
A isn’t he B hasn’t it C hasn’t he D isn’t it
3 —Daddy’s forgot to post the letter again ____
 —I’m afraid he ___
A has has B isn’t is C hasn’t has D has hasn’t
4 —Sorry I’m not feeling well and I don’t think I can finish
—Don’t worry Let us do it for you ____
A will you B shall we C shan’t we D shall you
5 I don’t think he could have done such a stupid thing last night ____
A do I B could he C did he D has he
6 —The ground is wet
 —It must have rained last night____
A hasn’t it B didn’t it C mustn’t it D isn’t it
7 —Jenny doesn’t think that Robert is honest ___
 —I’m afraid not
A is he B isn’t he C does she D doesn’t she
8 —The new windows need washing
 —Well let’s wash them together ____
A shall we B will you C should we D would you
9 There is little we can do about it ____
A is there B can’t we C isn’t there D can we
10 —The problem wasn’t difficult for him was it
 —______ He should have been given a more difficult one
A No it was B Yes it was C Yes it wasn’t D No it wasn’t
四答案
DDCAC BCAAD

第27章 倒装句
概念
英语句子通常两种语序种语前谓语称然语序种谓误前语称倒装语序
二相关知识点精讲
语+ 谓语 种序排列句子陈述语序果排列序变谓语（ 谓语部分）+语倒装倒装句分：
完全倒装： 整谓语移语前面完全倒装
部分倒装： 助动词系动词情态动词放语前部分倒装
1 there here out in up down away 等副词开头句子起强调作构成倒装句副词放句首语谓语位置调换加助动词
Our teacher came in
In came our teacher
种倒装求：语必须名词语称代词时语谓语语序变
Here it is
Away he went
类倒装句式般般现时般时
Here comes the bus
Out rushed the boys
2 how then just often 表示时间副词放句首构成倒装句副词放句首语谓语位置调换加助动词
Then came 8 years of the Anti Japanese War
3 表点状语介词短语放句首倒装句式示强调
种倒装句谓直接调换位置加助动词did doesdo
Under a big tree ________ half asleep
A did sat a fat man B a fat man sat
C did a fat man sat D sat a fat man
4 there放句首时倒装句式
there + be结构中谓语动词时be 表示类似存观念物动词：live stand come lie flow enter rise appear等
There came shouts for help from the river
There lies a large wheat field in front of the house
Many years ago there lived an old man in the wooden house
In front of the tower flews a stream
5 so + 动词+语
neither nor + 动词+语
表示两样情况时表示件事句动词时态致
否so it is with…
You can ride a bike So can I
He has been to Beijing So have I
The first one isn’t good neither is the second
His uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years So it is with his aunt
6 so+ 形容词副词that 结构状语句正常语序表示so+形容词副词放句首构成倒装句型： so +形容词副词+be助动词情态动词that +句
Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed
So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed
So easy was the work that they finished it in a few days
7 done做形容词句中做表语时常表语放句首倒装句式
Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil
8 否定副词not never seldom nowhere little rarely 放句首时倒装句式
We seldom get up at four in the morning
Seldom do we get up at four in the morning
Not a single word from him could the enemy drag
Rarely have I heard of such a silly thing
9 hardly…when scarcely…when… no sooner…than… 正常语序 had hardly done when… did 倒装句式Hardly had + 语+ done when… did 句式hardly句子完成时
The bell hardly had rung when the class began Hardly had the bell rung when the class began
No sooner had he arrived in Beijing than he began to work
10 not only… but also 连接两成分时倒装连接句子时 前面句子倒装
Not only was everything that he had taken away from him but also his German citizenship
Not only is he busy but also I have a lot of work to do
Not only does he speak English very well but also he speaks French well
11 only 修饰副词介词短语状语句放句首时：
only+ 状语+ be 助动词情态动词+语
Only when he told me the news did I know what had happened
Only in this way can you make progress in your English
12 虚拟语气中倒装句
If I were you I would take the job Were I you I would take the job
三巩固练
1_______ and caught the mouse
A Up the cat jumped B The cat up jumped
C Up jumped the cat D Jumped up the cat
2______ and the lesson began
A In came Mr Brown B Mr Brown in came
C In came he D came in Mr Brown
3Over _______ dead
A rolling the goat B rolled the goat
C did the goat roll D the goat rolled
4—Where is my shirt mum
 —_________
A There is it B There it is
C There is D Here is it
5 —Where is your father
—Oh ________
A here he comes B he here comes
C here does he come D here comes he
6The door opened and there ________
A enters an old man
B entered an old man
C did an old man enter
D an old man entered
7 Now ______ your turn to recite the text
A will come B comes C has come D there is
8Often _____ them not to smoke here
A we advised B advised me
C did we advise D had we advised
9________ playing soldiers
A Inside the room were two boys
B Inside the room two boys
C Were two boys inside the room
D Inside the room was two boys
10 On the wall _______ two large portraits
A are hanging B hanged
C hang D hangs
11_______ who was wounded in the stomach
A Among them were a soldier
B Among them was a soldier
C Among them a soldier was
D Among they was a soldier
12 Next door to ours ________ who is no less than eighty
A that lives an old man
B does an old man live
C lives an old man
D where lives an old man
13She plays the piano very well ______
A so every one of us does
B every one of us does
C so does every one of us
D so do every one of us
14You say he works hard ______ and _____
A so he does so you do
B so he does so do you
C so does he so do you
D so does he so you do
15 —I thought you women were present at the meeting
 —__________
A So we were
B So we did
C So were we
D So did we
16I don’t think Jack will come today _____
A nor will Mary
B and Mary doesn’t
C Mary will either
D or Mary does
17 She is fond of cooking _____I
A so am B nor am C neither do D nor do
18Marx was born in Germany and German was his native language
A So it was with Engles
B So was it with Engles
C So was Engles
D So did Engles
19A fish needs water and without water it will die_______
A So does a man
B So will a man
C So it is with a man
D So is it with a man
20 So absorbed _______ the work that she often forgot to _____ her meals
A had she been in do
B she was in make
C was she in take
D she had been in have
21So loudly ______ that every one of the class could hear him
A did he speak
B did he spoke
C spoke he
D he spoke
22 __________ his apperance that no one could recognize him
A Strange so was
B So strange was
C Was so strange
D So was strange
23Not once ______ their plan
A did they change
B they changed
C changed they
D they did change
24 Never ______ such a wonderful place as Hangzhou
A are seeing B had I seen
C I have seen D have I seen
25Seldom ______ TV during the day
A they watch B are they watching
C have they watched D do they watch
26Nowhere ______ as in my garden
A the flowers were so beautiful
B were the flowers so beautiful
C so beautiful were the flowers
D so beautiful the flowers were
27 Hardly ________ his homework when he went out
A finished he B he had finished
C did he finish D had he finished
28Scarcely _____ finished their homework ______ I came into the classroom
A had they than B they had when
C had they when D did they when
29 Not only _______ a promise but also he kept it
A has he made B does he make
C he made D did he make
30 Not until his comrades criticized him _______ to admit his mistake
A had he begun B began he
C did he begin D does he begin
四答案
1—5 CABBA 6—10 BBBDA
11—15 BCCBA 16—20 BAACC
21—25 ABADD 26—30 BDCDC

第28章 省略句
概念
英语中避免重复常常省略句子中成分样句子省略句
二相关知识点精讲
1 简单句中省略：
话中交谈双方知道谈象省略句子语省略语谓语现象交际语中出现
（1）Looks like rain
（2）Hope to hear from you soon
（3）Sounds like a good idea
（4）Beg your pardon
（5）Feeling better today
（6）This way please
（7）—What does he want to eat
  —Some rice and vegetables
（8）Anything I can do for you
（9）Sorry to hear that
（10）Doesn’t matter
（11）Terrible weather
（12）Pity you couldn’t come
2 列句中省略：
列句中相成分语谓语宾语等省略：
（1）They learn French and we English
（2）My father planned and built all these houses
（3）John won the first race and Jimmy the second
（4）Coral is not a plant but a variety of animal life
3 复合句中省略：
定语句：
（1）That’s the reason he is late for the conference
（2）I don’t like the way he talks
状语句：
（1）If heated water will boil
（2）Tom was attacked by cramp while swimming across the river
（3）We’ll go to help you if necessary
（4）Had I time I would come
（5）I’ll go should it be necessary
（6）The captain can find a boat quicker than we can
宾语句：果宾语句中谓语部分句谓语部分文谓语部分相句部分谓语省略
（1）We will do what we can（do）to help you
（2）—Is Mr King in his office
  —Sorry I don’t know（whether he is in his office or not）
4 动词定式省略：动词定式结构中避免重复常常省略定式结构中动词原形保留to
（1）—Would you like to go with us
  —I’m glad to but I have to finish my homework
（2）Don’t tell me the name of the sailor if you don’t want to
（3）—Have you ever been to the seaside
  —No we can’t afford to
used to ought to have to would likelove to wish to be going to等结构中常常省略to面动词原形
（1）They do not visit their parents as much as they ought to
（2）He doesn’t get up early as he used to
（3）I’ll hand it in if I have to
（4）—Would you like to come tonight
—I’d love to
Tell warn order advise ask等动词宾语面接动词定式做宾语补足语时省略to面动词原形
（1）He wanted to swim across the river but I warned him not to
（2）The boy wanted to play football in the street but his mother told him not to
三巩固练
1 _____ I will help you with your work
A If I am possible B If it possible C If possible D Possible
2 —Do you follow me —Yes _____
A it is good B I will C perfectly D very good
3 —How are you getting on with your work
—Oh I’m sorry Things aren’t going so well as _____
A plans B planning C planned D to plan
4 —Are you a teacher
 —No but I _____ I worked in a middle school for three years
A am B will C do D was
5 —How many poor counties will there be in our province by 2010
 —There will be only a few if _____
A much B some C any D many
6 —Why didn’t you come to Mike’s birthday party yesterday
 —Well I_____ but I forgot it
A should B must C should have D must have
7 Doctors have said that as many as 50 of patients don’t take medicine _____
A like directed B to be directed
C as directed D so that directed
四答案
CCCDCCC


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