破解长难句阅读翻译
总述
v1考研两难点：词汇长难句
v2攻克长难句考研意义：完型阅读新题型翻译
v3攻克长难句：剖析结构总结特征推敲译文
v4阅读翻译部分长难句进行剖析
理解翻译长难句三素
1第类：词法(专名词代词动词惯法义词生词翻译)
a专名词b代词c动词惯法 d义词
e熟词生义词f生词（根构词法文）
2第二类：考察般性翻译技巧包括词义选择词序调整词性转换增词法等等
3第三类：考察具体句型翻译方法
包括定语定语句状语状语句语句表语句宾语句位语句列结构较结构省略结构强调结构插入结构动结构形式语there be 句型等等
理解翻译长难句两关键问题
1理解位（ 解决方法：结构入手）
a简单句：干结构然相关定语状语插入语放该放位置
b复杂句：根连接词断句然分析句干结构
2表达通（解决方法：四原）
a原：干结构线走（谓宾系表等结构序变）
b原二：定语状语前勾 （置定语前置定语句特例结果状语特例）
c原三：前果动（符合汉语惯）
d原四：名词句序翻（语句宾语句表语句位语句）
中英文五差异
第形合意合
句法词汇词义
☆前两种手段连接称形合(英语)
☆种手段连接称意合(汉语)
v第二繁复简洁(英语繁杂汉语简洁)
v第三动动(英语动汉语动)
v第四抽象具体(英语抽象汉语具体 )
v第五变化反复(英语变化汉语重复 )
真题演练
99年翻译35题
It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques
样存历史传统派历史社科派前者认历史（史学界）部外部（种史料）源评者研究等具体方法研究
长难句解决具体步骤
v1抓干
v2理句子关系
v3分块翻译
v必须写脑子里直接处理
v见效果节省时间
v4根第12步调整汉语句子序润色词语
分析句子成分详细程
v1找出全句谓宾系表干
v2）找出句中谓语结构非谓语结构介词短语句引导词
v3）分析句短语功语句宾语句表语句状语句等词短语句间关系
v4）分析句子中否固定词组固定搭配插入语等成分
分析长难句 六寻找（四两次）
1寻找谓语动词
2寻找列连词
3寻找引导词
4寻找名词
5寻找动词定式分词
6寻找介词
1寻找谓语动词
真题演练
v2005年48题 This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50 took a loss in 1989
分析：该句中谓语动词demonstrates 前面没引导词句谓语动词is 前引导词 thatthat 前实意动词宾语句show前引导词that前名词factthat句中显然做语里that引导定语句动词took前存着thatthat前实意动词took 句子宾语句综题句谓宾结构宾语中定语句宾语句
译文：仅点足表明电视行业生存非易事统计数尤说明事实80欧洲电视网中达半1989年亏损
2寻找列连词
常见列连词and but yet or so for not only…but also… 批单词般列结构存存着省略问题
真题演练
2002年44题 They are the possessions of the autonomous (selfgoverning) man of traditional theory and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements
分析：显然第and 前两句子完全列面and 前两句话应该列前谓语动词前引导词in whichin which 前名词and 引导句子存列第二句子第相少a person is
译文：传统理定义理者拥财产实践活动中必少实践活动中必须行负责取成绩时必须表扬
3寻找引导词
什句？句句子前面引导词找引导词找句根引导词前单词确定什句
真题演练
2004年45题 Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which in its strongest form states that language imprisons the mind and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce farreaching consequences for the culture of a society
分析：引导词已标注出which 前面名词determinism which句中做语显然定语句修饰前名词第二引导词that 前面实意动词 state宾语句引导词that 前列连词and显然两that 句完全列宾语句该句简单谓宾结构宾语单词名词存定语句定语句中两列宾语句
译文：沃尔夫逐渐接受种语言决定观点种观点极端形式表明：语言禁锢思维语法结构社会文化产生深远影响
4寻找名词
般长句子中名词谓语动词般修饰限定成分定语位语说寻找名词东西确定修饰解释前面名词
真题演练
v2001年43题 Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place
分析：分析名词第名词pearson 显然谓语动词第二名词work 面of短语显然修饰work 第三名词修饰成分calendar 句修饰该名词 两列名词然修饰名词果修饰名词动词划句子干显示出：Pearson has pieced together the work to produce a calendar
译文：皮尔森汇集世界数百位研究员成果编制独特技术千年历出数百项重突破发现迟日期
5寻找动词定式分词
动词做谓语做谓语动词变成动词分词定式意味着分词定式然表达意义句子中做成分完全样说分词定式做谓语外成分充
6寻找介词
v 介词般会介词短语句子中充表语定语状语等
长句卸八块
路基刀法
v1找长句干反道行
v眼挑出句子谓宾系表？
v语容易谓语难
v办？
v先枝叶干立现
方法：枝叶水落石出
v枝：类句标志
v名词代词面That who when where等关系词连接词
v叶：
v1 类插入语标志两逗号
v2 类介词短语
实例：句连环套
v麻烦句子句套句办？
v破解法：汉语连环套（类似成语接龙）解
v基结构：A AB BC CD
Behaviorists suggest that the childA
Awho is raised in an environmentB
Bwhere there are many stimuliC
Cwhich develop his or her capacity for appropriate responsesD
will experience greater intellectual development
建立汉语接龙（连环套）
lA 孩子A
lAB孩子A生活环境里B
lBC环境里B刺激素C
lCD刺激素C开发做出正确反应力D
l家发现什规律？
l接龙接头处先行词引导词两者逻辑含意指事物
v样简化目减少信息处理复杂程度加快解题速度
v步根英语句子意思调整汉语句子结构
v句解决方案快速合相信息
v历拆分（英语）合（汉语）程
短语众句子
v标志明显快刀斩乱麻剔介词短语疑似位语成分
v合理预测句子干走
v什？
v固定搭配部分通常较简单
vmore首先会想单词？
vas rather as well呢？
语序调整问题
v英译汉中需关注语序问题：
v汉语状语状语句通常前置
v例句：
vFor a family of four for example
it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home
vwith almost unlimited entertainment available
vthan to go out
vin search of amusement elsewhere
v提示：关电视文章
v该句干易确定it is more A than B to do C
翻译长句原
v分成汉语短句
v根逻辑次序重新安排句子结构：
译
倒译
分译…
译法
长句叙述层次汉语相时
英语原文序次译出
倒译法(变序译法)
v叙述层次汉语相反
v句面带长状语句(原条件步)
v句面长定语定语句
分译法重思想
v原文某短语句先行单独译出
v原文中处理成分拆开译成相应句子独立句子
高境界阅读三原
原：迅速读懂
原二：利语法语法
原三：学练结合练
长句难句四类型
v第类：复杂修饰成分
句子难修饰成分长
1句（定语状语位语句等等）
2介词短语修饰
3分词修饰
4定式修饰句介词短语止
考查力：考查考生脑容量
The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential
社会设计出保存方法形成保持社会认重文化遗产方面
第二类：段插入位语
断读者思路割裂前间语义造成理解困难称岔
考查力：脑容量+抗干扰力
vAlthough Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequenthe shows that the slaves’preference revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequentwas very much for stable monogamy
插入语 revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent
分句中语 that slaves’preference
系动词 was
vAlthough Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequenthe shows that the slaves’preference revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequentwas very much for stable monogamy
v然古特曼承认奴隶买卖造成迫离散甚频繁证明奴隶偏爱——奴隶买卖频繁种植园显著揭示出——程度侧重稳定夫妻制（monogamy）
第三类：倒装：
v应该放句首成分太长倒装句末（种现象）
考查力：脑排序力
需训练正常语序读
vIn large part as a consequence of the feminist movement historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods
vfocus A on B A集中B
v正常语序 determining the status of women in various periods more accurately
vIn large part as a consequence of the feminist movement historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods
v程度女权义运动（feminist movement）缘史学家年汇聚量注意力更准确确定妇女历史时期位
第四类：省略：
v果长句中出现特三种甚种时出现会带困难
长句难句典型结构
1长成分
1）长句做语宾语成分
2）长状语
3）层层修饰
4）列成分
2常见倒装搭配
（1）物动词加介词：固定词组固定搭配中常出现倒装情况
：bring A to B写作：bring to B A
（2）物动词加副词
： make possible …(单词者句子)三种变化
3 省略种情况
（1）重复成分
（2）步转折省略：although (but) even though whenwhileasonce ifunless：be进退
（3）定语句引导词省略which（that ）
（4）定语句引导词系动词时省略变成置定语
be进退原
条件：
①语相
②句be
③八连词：although (but) even though whenwhileasonce ifunless
vAlthough not the largest the hotel is the best
vDon’t visit Tom unless invited
4 短语分割：
such as such…as
so that so…that
too…to
more…than
from A to B
between A and B
5重否定：
否定含义词含蓄否定：
fail to lack refuse… absence few little … more…than
加强干扰
熟悉注意四种难句结构：
v复杂修饰成分
v段插入位语 岔
v倒装
v省略
脑熟悉提前判断动整理语序
翻译常见问题破解方法
v语境陷阱：
v策：清文确定关键词义
v The fridge is considered a necessity It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label store in the refrigerator
In my fridgeless fifties childhood I was fed well and healthily
操刀试？
v刚讲步骤：
v1句子快速切割抓出重点
v2翻译写意群
v3调整汉语句子结构润色选词
vIt was no denying what refrigeration did effectively promote was marketingmarketing hardware and electricity marketing soft drinks marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price
vIt was no denying
vwhat refrigeration（冷藏技术） did effectively promote
vwas marketing
vmarketing hardware and electricity marketing soft drinks marketing dead bodies of animals
varound the globe
vin search of a good price
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总述
v1考研两难点：词汇长难句
v2攻克长难句考研意义：完型阅读新题型翻译
v3攻克长难句：剖析结构总结特征推敲译文
v4阅读翻译部分长难句进行剖析
理解翻译长难句三素
1第类：词法(专名词代词动词惯法义词生词翻译)
a专名词b代词c动词惯法 d义词
e熟词生义词f生词（根构词法文）
2第二类：考察般性翻译技巧包括词义选择词序调整词性转换增词法等等
3第三类：考察具体句型翻译方法
包括定语定语句状语状语句语句表语句宾语句位语句列结构较结构省略结构强调结构插入结构动结构形式语there be 句型等等
理解翻译长难句两关键问题
1理解位（ 解决方法：结构入手）
a简单句：干结构然相关定语状语插入语放该放位置
b复杂句：根连接词断句然分析句干结构
2表达通（解决方法：四原）
a原：干结构线走（谓宾系表等结构序变）
b原二：定语状语前勾 （置定语前置定语句特例结果状语特例）
c原三：前果动（符合汉语惯）
d原四：名词句序翻（语句宾语句表语句位语句）
中英文五差异
第形合意合
句法词汇词义
☆前两种手段连接称形合(英语)
☆种手段连接称意合(汉语)
v第二繁复简洁(英语繁杂汉语简洁)
v第三动动(英语动汉语动)
v第四抽象具体(英语抽象汉语具体 )
v第五变化反复(英语变化汉语重复 )
真题演练
99年翻译35题
It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques
样存历史传统派历史社科派前者认历史（史学界）部外部（种史料）源评者研究等具体方法研究
长难句解决具体步骤
v1抓干
v2理句子关系
v3分块翻译
v必须写脑子里直接处理
v见效果节省时间
v4根第12步调整汉语句子序润色词语
分析句子成分详细程
v1找出全句谓宾系表干
v2）找出句中谓语结构非谓语结构介词短语句引导词
v3）分析句短语功语句宾语句表语句状语句等词短语句间关系
v4）分析句子中否固定词组固定搭配插入语等成分
分析长难句 六寻找（四两次）
1寻找谓语动词
2寻找列连词
3寻找引导词
4寻找名词
5寻找动词定式分词
6寻找介词
1寻找谓语动词
真题演练
v2005年48题 This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50 took a loss in 1989
分析：该句中谓语动词demonstrates 前面没引导词句谓语动词is 前引导词 thatthat 前实意动词宾语句show前引导词that前名词factthat句中显然做语里that引导定语句动词took前存着thatthat前实意动词took 句子宾语句综题句谓宾结构宾语中定语句宾语句
译文：仅点足表明电视行业生存非易事统计数尤说明事实80欧洲电视网中达半1989年亏损
2寻找列连词
常见列连词and but yet or so for not only…but also… 批单词般列结构存存着省略问题
真题演练
2002年44题 They are the possessions of the autonomous (selfgoverning) man of traditional theory and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements
分析：显然第and 前两句子完全列面and 前两句话应该列前谓语动词前引导词in whichin which 前名词and 引导句子存列第二句子第相少a person is
译文：传统理定义理者拥财产实践活动中必少实践活动中必须行负责取成绩时必须表扬
3寻找引导词
什句？句句子前面引导词找引导词找句根引导词前单词确定什句
真题演练
2004年45题 Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which in its strongest form states that language imprisons the mind and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce farreaching consequences for the culture of a society
分析：引导词已标注出which 前面名词determinism which句中做语显然定语句修饰前名词第二引导词that 前面实意动词 state宾语句引导词that 前列连词and显然两that 句完全列宾语句该句简单谓宾结构宾语单词名词存定语句定语句中两列宾语句
译文：沃尔夫逐渐接受种语言决定观点种观点极端形式表明：语言禁锢思维语法结构社会文化产生深远影响
4寻找名词
般长句子中名词谓语动词般修饰限定成分定语位语说寻找名词东西确定修饰解释前面名词
真题演练
v2001年43题 Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place
分析：分析名词第名词pearson 显然谓语动词第二名词work 面of短语显然修饰work 第三名词修饰成分calendar 句修饰该名词 两列名词然修饰名词果修饰名词动词划句子干显示出：Pearson has pieced together the work to produce a calendar
译文：皮尔森汇集世界数百位研究员成果编制独特技术千年历出数百项重突破发现迟日期
5寻找动词定式分词
动词做谓语做谓语动词变成动词分词定式意味着分词定式然表达意义句子中做成分完全样说分词定式做谓语外成分充
6寻找介词
v 介词般会介词短语句子中充表语定语状语等
长句卸八块
路基刀法
v1找长句干反道行
v眼挑出句子谓宾系表？
v语容易谓语难
v办？
v先枝叶干立现
方法：枝叶水落石出
v枝：类句标志
v名词代词面That who when where等关系词连接词
v叶：
v1 类插入语标志两逗号
v2 类介词短语
实例：句连环套
v麻烦句子句套句办？
v破解法：汉语连环套（类似成语接龙）解
v基结构：A AB BC CD
Behaviorists suggest that the childA
Awho is raised in an environmentB
Bwhere there are many stimuliC
Cwhich develop his or her capacity for appropriate responsesD
will experience greater intellectual development
建立汉语接龙（连环套）
lA 孩子A
lAB孩子A生活环境里B
lBC环境里B刺激素C
lCD刺激素C开发做出正确反应力D
l家发现什规律？
l接龙接头处先行词引导词两者逻辑含意指事物
v样简化目减少信息处理复杂程度加快解题速度
v步根英语句子意思调整汉语句子结构
v句解决方案快速合相信息
v历拆分（英语）合（汉语）程
短语众句子
v标志明显快刀斩乱麻剔介词短语疑似位语成分
v合理预测句子干走
v什？
v固定搭配部分通常较简单
vmore首先会想单词？
vas rather as well呢？
语序调整问题
v英译汉中需关注语序问题：
v汉语状语状语句通常前置
v例句：
vFor a family of four for example
it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home
vwith almost unlimited entertainment available
vthan to go out
vin search of amusement elsewhere
v提示：关电视文章
v该句干易确定it is more A than B to do C
翻译长句原
v分成汉语短句
v根逻辑次序重新安排句子结构：
译
倒译
分译…
译法
长句叙述层次汉语相时
英语原文序次译出
倒译法(变序译法)
v叙述层次汉语相反
v句面带长状语句(原条件步)
v句面长定语定语句
分译法重思想
v原文某短语句先行单独译出
v原文中处理成分拆开译成相应句子独立句子
高境界阅读三原
原：迅速读懂
原二：利语法语法
原三：学练结合练
长句难句四类型
v第类：复杂修饰成分
句子难修饰成分长
1句（定语状语位语句等等）
2介词短语修饰
3分词修饰
4定式修饰句介词短语止
考查力：考查考生脑容量
The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential
社会设计出保存方法形成保持社会认重文化遗产方面
第二类：段插入位语
断读者思路割裂前间语义造成理解困难称岔
考查力：脑容量+抗干扰力
vAlthough Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequenthe shows that the slaves’preference revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequentwas very much for stable monogamy
插入语 revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent
分句中语 that slaves’preference
系动词 was
vAlthough Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequenthe shows that the slaves’preference revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequentwas very much for stable monogamy
v然古特曼承认奴隶买卖造成迫离散甚频繁证明奴隶偏爱——奴隶买卖频繁种植园显著揭示出——程度侧重稳定夫妻制（monogamy）
第三类：倒装：
v应该放句首成分太长倒装句末（种现象）
考查力：脑排序力
需训练正常语序读
vIn large part as a consequence of the feminist movement historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods
vfocus A on B A集中B
v正常语序 determining the status of women in various periods more accurately
vIn large part as a consequence of the feminist movement historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods
v程度女权义运动（feminist movement）缘史学家年汇聚量注意力更准确确定妇女历史时期位
第四类：省略：
v果长句中出现特三种甚种时出现会带困难
长句难句典型结构
1长成分
1）长句做语宾语成分
2）长状语
3）层层修饰
4）列成分
2常见倒装搭配
（1）物动词加介词：固定词组固定搭配中常出现倒装情况
：bring A to B写作：bring to B A
（2）物动词加副词
： make possible …(单词者句子)三种变化
3 省略种情况
（1）重复成分
（2）步转折省略：although (but) even though whenwhileasonce ifunless：be进退
（3）定语句引导词省略which（that ）
（4）定语句引导词系动词时省略变成置定语
be进退原
条件：
①语相
②句be
③八连词：although (but) even though whenwhileasonce ifunless
vAlthough not the largest the hotel is the best
vDon’t visit Tom unless invited
4 短语分割：
such as such…as
so that so…that
too…to
more…than
from A to B
between A and B
5重否定：
否定含义词含蓄否定：
fail to lack refuse… absence few little … more…than
加强干扰
熟悉注意四种难句结构：
v复杂修饰成分
v段插入位语 岔
v倒装
v省略
脑熟悉提前判断动整理语序
翻译常见问题破解方法
v语境陷阱：
v策：清文确定关键词义
v The fridge is considered a necessity It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label store in the refrigerator
In my fridgeless fifties childhood I was fed well and healthily
操刀试？
v刚讲步骤：
v1句子快速切割抓出重点
v2翻译写意群
v3调整汉语句子结构润色选词
vIt was no denying what refrigeration did effectively promote was marketingmarketing hardware and electricity marketing soft drinks marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price
vIt was no denying
vwhat refrigeration（冷藏技术） did effectively promote
vwas marketing
vmarketing hardware and electricity marketing soft drinks marketing dead bodies of animals
varound the globe
vin search of a good price
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