2020年研究生入学统考试试题（英语）
Section I Use of English
Directions：
Read the following text Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
Even if families don＇t sit down to eat together as frequently as before millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation＇s great traditions the Sunday roast __1__ a cold winter＇s day few culinary pleasures can 2 it Yet as we report now the food police are determined our health That this__3__should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure __4__ to damage our health
The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has __5__ a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked __6__ high temperatures This means that people should __7__ crisping their roast potatoes spurn thincrust pizzas and only __8__ toast their bread But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice __9__ studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice there is no __10__ evidence that it causes cancer in humans
Scientists say the compound is __11__ to be carcinogenic but have no hard scientific proof __12__ the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is __13__ to follow the FSA advice __14__ it was rumored that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a __15__
Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be __16__ up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine But would life be worth living __17__ the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods __18__ but to reduce their lifetime intake However their __19__ risks coming across as exhortation and nannying Constant health scares just __20__ with no one listening
1 [A] In [B] Towards [C] On [D] Till
2 [A] match [B] express [C] satisfy [D] influence
3 [A] patience [B] enjoyment [C] surprise [D] concern
4 [A] intensified [B] privileged [C] compelled [D] guaranteed
5 [A] issued [B] received [C] ignored [D] canceled
6 [A] under [B] at [C] for [D] by
7 [A] forget [B] regret [C] finish [D] avoid
8 [A] partially [B] regularly [C] easily [D] initially
9 [A] Unless [B] Since [C] If [D] While
10 [A] secondary [B] external [C] inconclusive [D] negative
11 [A] insufficient [B] bound [C] likely [D] slow
12 [A] On the basis of [B] At the cost of [C] In addition to [D] In contrast to
13 [A] interesting [B] advisable [C] urgent [D] fortunate
14 [A] As usual [B] In particular [C] By definition [D] After all
15 [A] resemblance [B] combination [C] connection [D] pattern
16 [A] made [B] served [C] saved [D] used
17 [A] To be fair [B] For instance [C] To be brief [D] in general
18 [A] reluctantly [B] entirely [C] gradually [D] carefully
19 [A] promise [B] experience [C] campaign [D] competition
20 [A] follow up [B] pick up [C] open up [D] end up
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET （40 points）
Text 1
A group of labour MPs among them Yvette Cooper are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK town of culture award The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for zoz1 Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull where it brought in £220m of investment and an avalanche of arts out not to be confined to cities Britain＇ town it is true are not prevented from applying but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions A town of culture award could it is argued become an annual event attracting funding and creating jobs
Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture a soughafter award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008 A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of selfcelebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the postBrexit world after town of culture who knows that will followvillage of culture Suburb of culture Hamlet of culture
It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cureall A badly run year of culture washes in and out of a place like the tide bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in highprofile arts events and good press for a year They transform the aspirations of the people who live there they nudge the selfimage of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light It is hard to get right and requires a remarkable degree of vision as well as cooperation between city authorities the private sector community groups and cultural organisations But it can be done Glasgow＇s year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art music and theatre that it remains today
A town of culture could be not just about the arts but about honoring a town＇s peculiaritieshelping sustain its high street supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action
21Copper and her colleague argue that a town of culture award would ___
A consolidate the town city ties in Britain
B promote cooperation among Brain＇s towns
C increase the economic strength of Brain＇s towns
D focus Brain＇s limited resources on cultural events
22According to paragraph 2 the proposal might be regarded by some as ______
A a sensible compromise
B a selfdeceiving attempt
C an eyecatching bonus
D an inaccessible target
23 The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it ______
A endeavor to maintain its image
B meets the aspiration of its people
C brings its local arts to prominence
D commits to its longterm growth
24 Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present ______
A a contrasting case
B a supporting example
C a background story
D a related topic
25 What is the author＇s attitude towards the proposal
A Skeptical B Objective C Favorable D Critical
Text 2
Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money Scientists need joumals in which to publish their research so they will supply the articles without monetary reward Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge
With the content of papers secured for free the publisher needs only find a market for its journal Until this century university libraries were not very price sensitive Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40 on their operations at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis
The Dutch giant Elsevier which claims to publish 25 of the scientific papers produced in the world made profits of more than £900m last year while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them
The most drastic and thoroughly illegal reaction has been the emergence of SciHub a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers set up in 2012 which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015 The success of SciHub which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants
In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies In some ways it has been very successful More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms either freely available from the moment of publication or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release
Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article These range from around ￡500 to 5000 A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these article preparation costs had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places In both cases we need a rebalancing of power
26 Scientific publishing is seen asa licence to print money partly because________
[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase
[B] its marketing strategy has been successful
[C] its payment for peer review is reduced
[D] its content acquisition costs nothing
27 According to Paragraphs 2 and 3 scientific publishers Elsevier have________
[A] thrived mainly on university libraries
[B] gone through an existential crisis
[C] revived the publishing industry
[D] financed researchers generously
28 How does the author feel about the success of SciHub
[A] Relieved
[B] Puzzled
[C] Concerned
[D] Encouraged
29 It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms________
[A]allow publishers some room to make money
[B] render publishing much easier for scientists
[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially
[D] free universities from financial burdens
30 Which of the following characteristics the scientific publishing model
[A] Trial subscription is offered
[B] Labour triumphs over status
[C] Costs are well controlled
D] The few feed on the many
Text 3
Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtuesignaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people
A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad to ensure gender parity on boards and commissions provide a case in point
Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the stategovernment boards are less than 40 percent female In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities they have proposed imposing government quotas If the bills become law state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022
The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies In signing the measure California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex is probably unconstitutional
The US Supreme Court frowns on sexbased classifications unless they are designed to address an important policy interest Because the California law applies to all boards even where there is no history of prior discrimination courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of equal protection
But are such government mandates even necessary Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population but so what
The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference According to a study by Catalyst between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent
Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota
Writing in The New Republic Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a golden skirt phenomenon where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards
Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity remember that such policies are largely selfserving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women
31 The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad wills________
[A] help little to reduce gender bias
[B] pose a threat to the state government
[C] raise women＇s position in politics
[D] greatly broaden career options
32 Which of the following is true of the California measure
[A] It has irritated private business owners
[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court
[C] It may go against the Constitution
[D] It will settle the prior controversies
33 The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate____
[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision
[B] the importance of constitutional guarantees
[C] the pressure on women in global corporations
[D] the needlessness of government interventions
34 Norway＇s adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to____
[A] the underestimation of elite women＇s role
[B] the objection to female participation on boards
[C] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board
[D] the growing tension between labor and management
35 Which of the following can be inferred from the text
[A] Women＇s need in employment should be considered
[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking
[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice
[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation
Text 4
Last Thursday the French Senate passed a digital services tax which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data and the tax applies to gross revenue from such servces Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as aGAFA tax meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google Apple Facebook and Amazon in other words multinational tech companies based in the United States
The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron who has expressed support for the measure and it could go into effect within the next few weeks But it has already sparked significant controversy with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France
The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue Instead the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions These have included Britain＇s DPT (diverted profits tax) Australia＇s MAAL (multinational antiavoidance law) and India＇s SEP (significant economic presence) test to name but a few At the same time the European Union Spain Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes
These unilateral developments differ in their specifics but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax even if international tax rules do not grant them that right In other words they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy
In response to these many unilateral measures the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution Both France and the United States are involved in the organization＇ s work but France＇s digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system
France`s planned tax is a clear warning Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system other nations are likely to follow suit and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly
36 The French Senate has passed a bill to_____
[A] regulate digital services platforms
[B] protect French companies＇ interests
[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals
[D] curb the influence of advertising
37 It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax _____
[A] may trigger countermeasures against France
[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad
[C] aims to ease international trade tensions
[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France
38 The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that _____
[A] redistribution of tech giants＇ revenue must be ensured
[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading
[C] tech multinationals＇ monopoly should be prevented
[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights
39 It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO＇s current work_____
[A] is being resisted by US companies
[B] needs to be readjusted immediately
[C] is faced with uncertain prospects
[D] needs to in involve more countries
40 Which of the following might be the best title for this text
[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions
[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax
[C] France Says NO to Tech Multinationals
[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy
Part B
Directions
In the following text some sentences have been removed For Questions 41 45 choose the most suitable one from the fist AG to fit into each of the numbered blanks There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the gaps Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
[A] Eye fixactions are brief
[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude
[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal
[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact
[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated
[F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers
[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive
In a social situation eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way
But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate tums toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility Here ＇s what hard science reveals about eye contact
41 ________________
We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother＇s eyes and she will look back This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child In adulthood looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention It can catch someone＇s attention in a crowded room Eye contact and smile can signal availability and confidence a commonsense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore
42________
Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded This was also found in high functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms who may tend to avoid eye contact Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches using advanced methods of brain scanning
43________
With the use of eyetracking technology Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages depending on the situation While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations it＇s more likely to be associated with dominance OF intimidation in adversarial situations Whether you＇re a politician or a parent it might be helpful to keep ＇in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you＇re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you said Minson
44________
When we look at a face or a picture our eyes pause on one spot at a time often on the eyes or mouth These pauses typically occur at about three per second and the eyes then jump to another spot until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research
45________
In people who score high in a test of neuroticism a personality dimension associated with selfconsciousness and anxiety eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them
Part C Translation
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition 46With （the gap between） the church＇s teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories
During the Renaissance the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery 47 Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe Copernicus theorized in 1543 that in actual fact all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth but the Sun a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death Galileo was excommunicated by the Church and imprisoned for life for his astronomical observations and his support of the heliocentric principle
48 Despite attempts by the Church to strongarm this new generation of logicians and rationalists more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made and at a rate that the peopleincluding the Church could no longer ignore It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born
The Church＇s longstanding dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the 17th century 49 As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world The Renaissance was over and it was time for a new erathe Age of Reason
The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity Scientific method reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged as were ideas of liberty tolerance and progress 50 Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase ＇sapere aude ＇ or ＇ dare to know＇ after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the Question What is Enlightenment It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth which they believed to be founded in knowledge
Section IV Writing
Part A
51Directions
The Student Union of your university has assigned you to inform theinternational students an upcoming singing contest Write a notice in about100 words
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET
Do not use your name in the notice
Part B
52 Directions
Write an essay of 160200 words based on the picture below In your essay you should
1) Describe the picture briefly
2) Interpret the implied meaning and
3) Give your comments
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Section I Use of English
Directions：
Read the following text Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
Even if families don＇t sit down to eat together as frequently as before millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation＇s great traditions the Sunday roast __1__ a cold winter＇s day few culinary pleasures can 2 it Yet as we report now the food police are determined our health That this__3__should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure __4__ to damage our health
The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has __5__ a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked __6__ high temperatures This means that people should __7__ crisping their roast potatoes spurn thincrust pizzas and only __8__ toast their bread But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice __9__ studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice there is no __10__ evidence that it causes cancer in humans
Scientists say the compound is __11__ to be carcinogenic but have no hard scientific proof __12__ the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is __13__ to follow the FSA advice __14__ it was rumored that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a __15__
Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be __16__ up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine But would life be worth living __17__ the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods __18__ but to reduce their lifetime intake However their __19__ risks coming across as exhortation and nannying Constant health scares just __20__ with no one listening
1 [A] In [B] Towards [C] On [D] Till
2 [A] match [B] express [C] satisfy [D] influence
3 [A] patience [B] enjoyment [C] surprise [D] concern
4 [A] intensified [B] privileged [C] compelled [D] guaranteed
5 [A] issued [B] received [C] ignored [D] canceled
6 [A] under [B] at [C] for [D] by
7 [A] forget [B] regret [C] finish [D] avoid
8 [A] partially [B] regularly [C] easily [D] initially
9 [A] Unless [B] Since [C] If [D] While
10 [A] secondary [B] external [C] inconclusive [D] negative
11 [A] insufficient [B] bound [C] likely [D] slow
12 [A] On the basis of [B] At the cost of [C] In addition to [D] In contrast to
13 [A] interesting [B] advisable [C] urgent [D] fortunate
14 [A] As usual [B] In particular [C] By definition [D] After all
15 [A] resemblance [B] combination [C] connection [D] pattern
16 [A] made [B] served [C] saved [D] used
17 [A] To be fair [B] For instance [C] To be brief [D] in general
18 [A] reluctantly [B] entirely [C] gradually [D] carefully
19 [A] promise [B] experience [C] campaign [D] competition
20 [A] follow up [B] pick up [C] open up [D] end up
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET （40 points）
Text 1
A group of labour MPs among them Yvette Cooper are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK town of culture award The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for zoz1 Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull where it brought in £220m of investment and an avalanche of arts out not to be confined to cities Britain＇ town it is true are not prevented from applying but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions A town of culture award could it is argued become an annual event attracting funding and creating jobs
Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture a soughafter award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008 A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of selfcelebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the postBrexit world after town of culture who knows that will followvillage of culture Suburb of culture Hamlet of culture
It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cureall A badly run year of culture washes in and out of a place like the tide bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in highprofile arts events and good press for a year They transform the aspirations of the people who live there they nudge the selfimage of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light It is hard to get right and requires a remarkable degree of vision as well as cooperation between city authorities the private sector community groups and cultural organisations But it can be done Glasgow＇s year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art music and theatre that it remains today
A town of culture could be not just about the arts but about honoring a town＇s peculiaritieshelping sustain its high street supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action
21Copper and her colleague argue that a town of culture award would ___
A consolidate the town city ties in Britain
B promote cooperation among Brain＇s towns
C increase the economic strength of Brain＇s towns
D focus Brain＇s limited resources on cultural events
22According to paragraph 2 the proposal might be regarded by some as ______
A a sensible compromise
B a selfdeceiving attempt
C an eyecatching bonus
D an inaccessible target
23 The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it ______
A endeavor to maintain its image
B meets the aspiration of its people
C brings its local arts to prominence
D commits to its longterm growth
24 Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present ______
A a contrasting case
B a supporting example
C a background story
D a related topic
25 What is the author＇s attitude towards the proposal
A Skeptical B Objective C Favorable D Critical
Text 2
Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money Scientists need joumals in which to publish their research so they will supply the articles without monetary reward Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge
With the content of papers secured for free the publisher needs only find a market for its journal Until this century university libraries were not very price sensitive Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40 on their operations at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis
The Dutch giant Elsevier which claims to publish 25 of the scientific papers produced in the world made profits of more than £900m last year while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them
The most drastic and thoroughly illegal reaction has been the emergence of SciHub a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers set up in 2012 which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015 The success of SciHub which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants
In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies In some ways it has been very successful More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms either freely available from the moment of publication or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release
Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article These range from around ￡500 to 5000 A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these article preparation costs had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places In both cases we need a rebalancing of power
26 Scientific publishing is seen asa licence to print money partly because________
[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase
[B] its marketing strategy has been successful
[C] its payment for peer review is reduced
[D] its content acquisition costs nothing
27 According to Paragraphs 2 and 3 scientific publishers Elsevier have________
[A] thrived mainly on university libraries
[B] gone through an existential crisis
[C] revived the publishing industry
[D] financed researchers generously
28 How does the author feel about the success of SciHub
[A] Relieved
[B] Puzzled
[C] Concerned
[D] Encouraged
29 It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms________
[A]allow publishers some room to make money
[B] render publishing much easier for scientists
[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially
[D] free universities from financial burdens
30 Which of the following characteristics the scientific publishing model
[A] Trial subscription is offered
[B] Labour triumphs over status
[C] Costs are well controlled
D] The few feed on the many
Text 3
Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtuesignaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people
A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad to ensure gender parity on boards and commissions provide a case in point
Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the stategovernment boards are less than 40 percent female In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities they have proposed imposing government quotas If the bills become law state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022
The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies In signing the measure California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex is probably unconstitutional
The US Supreme Court frowns on sexbased classifications unless they are designed to address an important policy interest Because the California law applies to all boards even where there is no history of prior discrimination courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of equal protection
But are such government mandates even necessary Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population but so what
The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference According to a study by Catalyst between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent
Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota
Writing in The New Republic Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a golden skirt phenomenon where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards
Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity remember that such policies are largely selfserving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women
31 The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad wills________
[A] help little to reduce gender bias
[B] pose a threat to the state government
[C] raise women＇s position in politics
[D] greatly broaden career options
32 Which of the following is true of the California measure
[A] It has irritated private business owners
[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court
[C] It may go against the Constitution
[D] It will settle the prior controversies
33 The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate____
[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision
[B] the importance of constitutional guarantees
[C] the pressure on women in global corporations
[D] the needlessness of government interventions
34 Norway＇s adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to____
[A] the underestimation of elite women＇s role
[B] the objection to female participation on boards
[C] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board
[D] the growing tension between labor and management
35 Which of the following can be inferred from the text
[A] Women＇s need in employment should be considered
[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking
[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice
[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation
Text 4
Last Thursday the French Senate passed a digital services tax which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data and the tax applies to gross revenue from such servces Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as aGAFA tax meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google Apple Facebook and Amazon in other words multinational tech companies based in the United States
The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron who has expressed support for the measure and it could go into effect within the next few weeks But it has already sparked significant controversy with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France
The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue Instead the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions These have included Britain＇s DPT (diverted profits tax) Australia＇s MAAL (multinational antiavoidance law) and India＇s SEP (significant economic presence) test to name but a few At the same time the European Union Spain Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes
These unilateral developments differ in their specifics but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax even if international tax rules do not grant them that right In other words they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy
In response to these many unilateral measures the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution Both France and the United States are involved in the organization＇ s work but France＇s digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system
France`s planned tax is a clear warning Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system other nations are likely to follow suit and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly
36 The French Senate has passed a bill to_____
[A] regulate digital services platforms
[B] protect French companies＇ interests
[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals
[D] curb the influence of advertising
37 It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax _____
[A] may trigger countermeasures against France
[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad
[C] aims to ease international trade tensions
[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France
38 The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that _____
[A] redistribution of tech giants＇ revenue must be ensured
[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading
[C] tech multinationals＇ monopoly should be prevented
[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights
39 It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO＇s current work_____
[A] is being resisted by US companies
[B] needs to be readjusted immediately
[C] is faced with uncertain prospects
[D] needs to in involve more countries
40 Which of the following might be the best title for this text
[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions
[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax
[C] France Says NO to Tech Multinationals
[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy
Part B
Directions
In the following text some sentences have been removed For Questions 41 45 choose the most suitable one from the fist AG to fit into each of the numbered blanks There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the gaps Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
[A] Eye fixactions are brief
[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude
[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal
[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact
[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated
[F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers
[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive
In a social situation eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way
But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate tums toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility Here ＇s what hard science reveals about eye contact
41 ________________
We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother＇s eyes and she will look back This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child In adulthood looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention It can catch someone＇s attention in a crowded room Eye contact and smile can signal availability and confidence a commonsense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore
42________
Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded This was also found in high functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms who may tend to avoid eye contact Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches using advanced methods of brain scanning
43________
With the use of eyetracking technology Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages depending on the situation While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations it＇s more likely to be associated with dominance OF intimidation in adversarial situations Whether you＇re a politician or a parent it might be helpful to keep ＇in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you＇re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you said Minson
44________
When we look at a face or a picture our eyes pause on one spot at a time often on the eyes or mouth These pauses typically occur at about three per second and the eyes then jump to another spot until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research
45________
In people who score high in a test of neuroticism a personality dimension associated with selfconsciousness and anxiety eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them
Part C Translation
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition 46With （the gap between） the church＇s teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories
During the Renaissance the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery 47 Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe Copernicus theorized in 1543 that in actual fact all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth but the Sun a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death Galileo was excommunicated by the Church and imprisoned for life for his astronomical observations and his support of the heliocentric principle
48 Despite attempts by the Church to strongarm this new generation of logicians and rationalists more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made and at a rate that the peopleincluding the Church could no longer ignore It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born
The Church＇s longstanding dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the 17th century 49 As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world The Renaissance was over and it was time for a new erathe Age of Reason
The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity Scientific method reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged as were ideas of liberty tolerance and progress 50 Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase ＇sapere aude ＇ or ＇ dare to know＇ after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the Question What is Enlightenment It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth which they believed to be founded in knowledge
Section IV Writing
Part A
51Directions
The Student Union of your university has assigned you to inform theinternational students an upcoming singing contest Write a notice in about100 words
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET
Do not use your name in the notice
Part B
52 Directions
Write an essay of 160200 words based on the picture below In your essay you should
1) Describe the picture briefly
2) Interpret the implied meaning and
3) Give your comments
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