1991年考研英语真题
Section I Structure and Vocabulary
In each sentence decide which of the four choices given will suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET (15 points)
1 They lost their way in the forest and ________ made matters worse was that night began to fall
[A] that
[B] it
[C] what（C）
[D] which
2 ________ my return I learned that Professor Smith had been at the Museum and would not be back for several hours
[A] At
[B] On
[C] With（B）
[D] During
3 Anyone who has spent time with children is aware of the difference in the way boys and girls respond to ________ situations
[A] similar
[B] alike
[C] same（A）
[D] likely
4 There is not much time left so I’ll tell you about it ________
[A] in detail
[B] in brief
[C] in short（B）
[D] in all
5 In this factory suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully ________
[A] admitted
[B] acknowledged
[C] absorbed（D）
[D] considered
6 There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened ________ a sudden loud noise
[A] being there
[B] should there be
[C] there was（B）
[D] there having been
7 By the year 2000 scientists probably ________ a cure for cancer
[A] will be discovering
[B] are discovering
[C] will have discovered（C）
[D] have discovered
8 Jim isn’t ________ but he did badly in the final exams last semester
[A] gloomy
[B] dull
[C] awkward（B）
[D] tedious
9 The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents’ ________
[A] command
[B] conviction
[C] consent（C）
[D] compromise
10 He had ________ on the subject
[A] a rather strong opinion
[B] rather strong opinion
[C] rather the strong opinion（A）
[D] the rather strong opinion
11 When Jane fell off the bike the other children ________
[A] were not able to help laughter
[B] could not help but laughing
[C] could not help laughing（C）
[D] could not help to laugh
12 It is better to die on one’s feet than ________
[A] living on one’s knees
[B] live on one’s knees
[C] on one’s knees（D）
[D] to live on one’s knees
13 The most important ________ of his speech was that we should all work wholeheartedly for the people
[A] element
[B] spot
[C] sense（D）
[D] point
14 This watch is ________ to all the other watches on the market
[A] superior
[B] advantageous
[C] super（A）
[D] beneficial
15 In a typhoon winds ________ a speed greater than 120 kilometers per hour
[A] assume
[B] accomplish
[C] attain（C）
[D] assemble
16 ________ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday
[A] In spite of
[B] But for
[C] Because of（B）
[D] As for
17 Mary ________ my letter otherwise she would have replied before now
[A] has received
[B] ought to have received
[C] couldn’t have received（C）
[D] shouldn’t have received
18 ________ to speak when the audience interrupted him
[A] Hardly had he begun
[B] No sooner had he begun
[C] Not until he began（A）
[D] Scarcely did he begin
19 Anna was reading a piece of science fiction completely ________ to the outside world
[A] being lost
[B] having lost
[C] losing（D）
[D] lost
20 The policemen went into action ________ they heard the alarm
[A] promptly
[B] presently
[C] quickly（D）
[D] directly
21 The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway
[A] vanished
[B] abandoned
[C] scattered（B）
[D] rejected
22 Dress warmly ________ you’ll catch cold
[A] on the contrary
[B] or rather
[C] or else（C）
[D] in no way
23 Our research has focused on a drug which is so ________ as to be able to change brain chemistry
[A] powerful
[B] influential
[C] monstrous（A）
[D] vigorous
24 Bob was completely ________ by the robber’s disguise
[A] taken away
[B] taken down
[C] taken to（D）
[D] taken in
25 Difficulties and hardships have ________ the best qualities of the young geologist
[A] brought out
[B] brought about
[C] brought forth（A）
[D] brought up
26 Our modern civilization must not be thought of as ________ in a short period of time
[A] being created
[B] to have been created
[C] having been created（C）
[D] to be created
27 Even if they are on sale these refrigerators are equal in price to if not more expensive than ________ at the other store
[A] anyone
[B] the others
[C] that（D）
[D] the ones
28 The bank manager asked his assistant if it was possible for him to ________ the investment plan within a week
[A] work out
[B] put out
[C] make out（A）
[D] set out
29 He knows little of mathematics and ________ of chemistry
[A] even more
[B] still less
[C] no less（B）
[D] still more
30 The students expected there ________ more reviewing classes before the final exam
[A] is
[B] being
[C] have been（D）
[D] to be
Section II Reading Comprehension
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions For each question four answers are given Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET (30 points)
Text 1
A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing So as a police officer I have some urgent things to say to good people
Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime Something has gone terribly wrong with our onceproud American way of life It has happened in the area of values A key ingredient is disappearing and I think I know what it is accountability
Accountability isn’t hard to define It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences
Of the many values that hold civilization together honesty kindness and so on accountability may be the most important of all Without it there can be no respect no trust no law and ultimately no society
My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse or have never learned to impose it on themselves But as every policeman knows external controls on people’s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt shame and embarrassment
Fortunately there are still communities smaller towns usually where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim In this family certain things are not tolerated they simply are not done
Yet more and more especially in our larger cities and suburbs these inner restraints are loosening Your typical robber has none He considers your property his property he takes what he wants including your life if you enrage him
The main cause of this breakdown is a radical shift in attitudes Thirty years ago if a crime was committed society was considered the victim Now in a shocking reversal it’s the criminal who is considered victimized by his underprivileged upbringing by the school that didn’t teach him to read by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home
I don’t believe it Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities If we free the criminal even partly from accountability we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything
We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it
31 What the wise man said suggests that ________
[A] it’s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil
[B] it’s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it
[C] it’s only natural for virtue to defeat evil（B）
[D] it’s desirable for good men to keep away from evil
32 According to the author if a person is found guilty of a crime ________
[A] society is to be held responsible
[B] modern civilization is responsible for it
[C] the criminal himself should bear the blame（C）
[D] the standards of living should be improved
33 Compared with those in small towns people in large cities have ________
[A] less selfdiscipline
[B] better sense of discipline
[C] more mutual respect（A）
[D] less effective government
34 The writer is sorry to have noticed that ________
[A] people in large cities tend to excuse criminals
[B] people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards
[C] today’s society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty（A）
[D] people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities
35 The key point of the passage is that ________
[A] stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families
[B] more good examples should be set for people to follow
[C] more restrictions should be imposed on people’s behavior（D）
[D] more people should accept the value of accountability
Text 2
The period of adolescence ie the period between childhood and adulthood may be long or short depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life Furthermore the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States and more universally the industrialization of an agricultural society
In modern society ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status For example grade school graduation high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition the significance of each depends on the socioeconomic status and the educational ambition of the individual Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles rights privileges and responsibilities It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twentyfirst that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted The twelveyearold is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train airplane theater and movie tickets Basically the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices He now can obtain a driver’s license he can leave public schools and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights the young man can now be a soldier but he also can marry without parental permission At the age of twentyone the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult He now can vote he can buy liquor he can enter into financial contracts and he is entitled to run for public office No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence
36 The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because ________
[A] the definition of maturity has changed
[B] the industrialized society is more developed
[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made（C）
[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance
37 Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to ________
[A] graduations from schools and colleges
[B] social recognition
[C] socioeconomic status（A）
[D] certain behavioral changes
38 No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is ________
[A] eleven years old
[B] sixteen years old
[C] twentyone years old（C）
[D] between twelve and twentyone years old
39 Starting from 22 ________
[A] one will obtain more basic rights
[B] the older one becomes the more basic rights he will have
[C] one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21（C）
[D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society
40 According to the passage it is true that ________
[A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed
[B] no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twentyone
[C] one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license（A）
[D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the army
Text 3
Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined C R Barnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick a brick building Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state The carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars the base material from which the plant body is mainly built Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water Structural parts of plants such as woody stems no longer actively growing may have much less water than growing tissues
The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time however is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development The processes of photosynthesis by which carbon dioxide and water are combined in the presence of chlorophyll (叶绿素) and with energy derived from light to form sugars require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant This occurs mainly in the leaves The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings through which the carbon dioxide enters The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf however permits another gas water vapor to be lost from it Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80℉ saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10000 parts of air) the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake Actually because of wind and other factors the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases Also not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates (碳水化合物)
41 A growing plant needs water for all of the following except ________
[A] forming sugars
[B] sustaining woody stems
[C] keeping green（D）
[D] producing carbon dioxide
42 The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is ________
[A] to form sugars
[B] to derive energy from light
[C] to preserve water（A）
[D] to combine carbon dioxide with water
43 The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that ________
[A] a plant efficiently utilizes most of the water it absorbs
[B] carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant development
[C] a plant needs more water than is found in its composition（C）
[D] the stronger the wind the more the water vapor loss
44 According to the passage which of the following statements is TRUE
[A] The mineral elements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they are dissolved in its root
[B] The woody stems contain more water than the leaves
[C] Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated（D）
[D] Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plants is synthesized
45 This passage is mainly about ________
[A] the functions of carbon dioxide and water
[B] the role of water in a growing plant
[C] the process of simple sugar formation（B）
[D] the synthesis of water with carbon dioxide
Section III Cloze Test
For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A] [B] [C] and [D] Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET (15 points)
When television first began to expand very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to themselves to the new medium were technical When working radio for example they had become to seeing on behalf of the listener
This of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking all he has to be able to a continuous sequence of visual images which meaning to the sounds which the listener hears In the of television however the commentator sees everything with the viewer His role therefore is different He is there to make that the viewer does not miss some point of interest to help him on particular things and to the images on the television screen his radio colleague he must know the of silence and how to use it at those moments the pictures speak for themselves
46 [A] turn
[B] adapt
[C] alter（B）
[D] modify
47 [A] on
[B] at
[C] with（A）
[D] behind
48 [A] experienced
[B] determined
[C] established（D）
[D] accustomed
49 [A] efficiency
[B] technology
[C] art（C）
[D] performance
50 [A] Of
[B] For
[C] Above（C）
[D] In
51 [A] inspire
[B] create
[C] cause（B）
[D] perceive
52 [A] add
[B] apply
[C] affect（A）
[D] reflect
53 [A] occasion
[B] event
[C] fact（D）
[D] case
54 [A] equally
[B] completely
[C] initially（B）
[D] hardly
55 [A] definite
[B] possible
[C] sure（C）
[D] clear
56 [A] focus
[B] attend
[C] follow（A）
[D] insist
57 [A] exhibit
[B] demonstrate
[C] expose（D）
[D] interpret
58 [A] Like
[B] Unlike
[C] As（B）
[D] For
59 [A] purpose
[B] goal
[C] value（C）
[D] intention
60 [A] if
[B] when
[C] which（B）
[D] as
Section IV Errordetection and Correction
Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts These parts are labeled [A] [B] [C] and [D] Identify the part of sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET Then without altering the meaning of the sentence write down your correction on the line in the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
61 These is delicate balance of nature many square miles of ocean and vegetation and clean air to maintain only human beings（[B] in which）
62 The idea learning is lifelong process by philosophers and educationalists
the centuries（[C] has been expressed）
63 Nobody children that a trip by bus is （[A] exceptbut）
64 the ruins a building by tall trees（[B] is）
65 mathematics the way of instruction is generally traditional teachers presenting lectures and students notes（[D] taking）
66 The teacher asked who their tests the room as as possible（[A] those）
67 He wanted more not just working jobs or spending nights on the streets （[C] highlypaid）
68 has used metals for centuries in increasing quantities but it was not until the Industrial Revolution they in real vast quantities（[B] gradually）
69 If you want your film to you’ll have to wait and on Friday the day after tomorrow（[A] be properly processed）
70 A man be really happy if he enjoys doing by society no value or importance（[B] what）
Section V EnglishChinese Translation
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese (15 points)
The fact is that the energy crisis which has suddenly been officially announced has been with us for a long time now and will be with us for an even longer time Whether Arab oil flows freely or not it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base (71) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time and in any case the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use
(72) New sources of energy must be found and this will take time but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past For an indefinite period from here on mankind is going to advance cautiously and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all
To make the situation worse there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations including the United States the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twentyfirst century opens
(73) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food
Taking all this into account what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001
To begin with the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years even here in the United States By 2001 the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths (74) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the highenergy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields
It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great foodexporting nation and that if necessity forces exports it will be at the price of belttightening at home
In fact as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives (75) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all people will have to accept more unnatural food
Section VI Writing
Directions
[A] Title WHERE TO LIVE IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY
[B] Time limit 40 minutes
[C] Word limit 120150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence
[E] Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET (15 points)
OUTLINE
1 Conveniences of the city
2 Attractions of the country
3 Disadvantages of both
4 My preference
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Section I Structure and Vocabulary
In each sentence decide which of the four choices given will suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET (15 points)
1 They lost their way in the forest and ________ made matters worse was that night began to fall
[A] that
[B] it
[C] what（C）
[D] which
2 ________ my return I learned that Professor Smith had been at the Museum and would not be back for several hours
[A] At
[B] On
[C] With（B）
[D] During
3 Anyone who has spent time with children is aware of the difference in the way boys and girls respond to ________ situations
[A] similar
[B] alike
[C] same（A）
[D] likely
4 There is not much time left so I’ll tell you about it ________
[A] in detail
[B] in brief
[C] in short（B）
[D] in all
5 In this factory suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully ________
[A] admitted
[B] acknowledged
[C] absorbed（D）
[D] considered
6 There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened ________ a sudden loud noise
[A] being there
[B] should there be
[C] there was（B）
[D] there having been
7 By the year 2000 scientists probably ________ a cure for cancer
[A] will be discovering
[B] are discovering
[C] will have discovered（C）
[D] have discovered
8 Jim isn’t ________ but he did badly in the final exams last semester
[A] gloomy
[B] dull
[C] awkward（B）
[D] tedious
9 The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents’ ________
[A] command
[B] conviction
[C] consent（C）
[D] compromise
10 He had ________ on the subject
[A] a rather strong opinion
[B] rather strong opinion
[C] rather the strong opinion（A）
[D] the rather strong opinion
11 When Jane fell off the bike the other children ________
[A] were not able to help laughter
[B] could not help but laughing
[C] could not help laughing（C）
[D] could not help to laugh
12 It is better to die on one’s feet than ________
[A] living on one’s knees
[B] live on one’s knees
[C] on one’s knees（D）
[D] to live on one’s knees
13 The most important ________ of his speech was that we should all work wholeheartedly for the people
[A] element
[B] spot
[C] sense（D）
[D] point
14 This watch is ________ to all the other watches on the market
[A] superior
[B] advantageous
[C] super（A）
[D] beneficial
15 In a typhoon winds ________ a speed greater than 120 kilometers per hour
[A] assume
[B] accomplish
[C] attain（C）
[D] assemble
16 ________ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday
[A] In spite of
[B] But for
[C] Because of（B）
[D] As for
17 Mary ________ my letter otherwise she would have replied before now
[A] has received
[B] ought to have received
[C] couldn’t have received（C）
[D] shouldn’t have received
18 ________ to speak when the audience interrupted him
[A] Hardly had he begun
[B] No sooner had he begun
[C] Not until he began（A）
[D] Scarcely did he begin
19 Anna was reading a piece of science fiction completely ________ to the outside world
[A] being lost
[B] having lost
[C] losing（D）
[D] lost
20 The policemen went into action ________ they heard the alarm
[A] promptly
[B] presently
[C] quickly（D）
[D] directly
21 The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway
[A] vanished
[B] abandoned
[C] scattered（B）
[D] rejected
22 Dress warmly ________ you’ll catch cold
[A] on the contrary
[B] or rather
[C] or else（C）
[D] in no way
23 Our research has focused on a drug which is so ________ as to be able to change brain chemistry
[A] powerful
[B] influential
[C] monstrous（A）
[D] vigorous
24 Bob was completely ________ by the robber’s disguise
[A] taken away
[B] taken down
[C] taken to（D）
[D] taken in
25 Difficulties and hardships have ________ the best qualities of the young geologist
[A] brought out
[B] brought about
[C] brought forth（A）
[D] brought up
26 Our modern civilization must not be thought of as ________ in a short period of time
[A] being created
[B] to have been created
[C] having been created（C）
[D] to be created
27 Even if they are on sale these refrigerators are equal in price to if not more expensive than ________ at the other store
[A] anyone
[B] the others
[C] that（D）
[D] the ones
28 The bank manager asked his assistant if it was possible for him to ________ the investment plan within a week
[A] work out
[B] put out
[C] make out（A）
[D] set out
29 He knows little of mathematics and ________ of chemistry
[A] even more
[B] still less
[C] no less（B）
[D] still more
30 The students expected there ________ more reviewing classes before the final exam
[A] is
[B] being
[C] have been（D）
[D] to be
Section II Reading Comprehension
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions For each question four answers are given Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET (30 points)
Text 1
A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing So as a police officer I have some urgent things to say to good people
Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime Something has gone terribly wrong with our onceproud American way of life It has happened in the area of values A key ingredient is disappearing and I think I know what it is accountability
Accountability isn’t hard to define It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences
Of the many values that hold civilization together honesty kindness and so on accountability may be the most important of all Without it there can be no respect no trust no law and ultimately no society
My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse or have never learned to impose it on themselves But as every policeman knows external controls on people’s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt shame and embarrassment
Fortunately there are still communities smaller towns usually where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim In this family certain things are not tolerated they simply are not done
Yet more and more especially in our larger cities and suburbs these inner restraints are loosening Your typical robber has none He considers your property his property he takes what he wants including your life if you enrage him
The main cause of this breakdown is a radical shift in attitudes Thirty years ago if a crime was committed society was considered the victim Now in a shocking reversal it’s the criminal who is considered victimized by his underprivileged upbringing by the school that didn’t teach him to read by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home
I don’t believe it Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities If we free the criminal even partly from accountability we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything
We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it
31 What the wise man said suggests that ________
[A] it’s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil
[B] it’s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it
[C] it’s only natural for virtue to defeat evil（B）
[D] it’s desirable for good men to keep away from evil
32 According to the author if a person is found guilty of a crime ________
[A] society is to be held responsible
[B] modern civilization is responsible for it
[C] the criminal himself should bear the blame（C）
[D] the standards of living should be improved
33 Compared with those in small towns people in large cities have ________
[A] less selfdiscipline
[B] better sense of discipline
[C] more mutual respect（A）
[D] less effective government
34 The writer is sorry to have noticed that ________
[A] people in large cities tend to excuse criminals
[B] people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards
[C] today’s society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty（A）
[D] people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities
35 The key point of the passage is that ________
[A] stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families
[B] more good examples should be set for people to follow
[C] more restrictions should be imposed on people’s behavior（D）
[D] more people should accept the value of accountability
Text 2
The period of adolescence ie the period between childhood and adulthood may be long or short depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life Furthermore the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States and more universally the industrialization of an agricultural society
In modern society ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status For example grade school graduation high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition the significance of each depends on the socioeconomic status and the educational ambition of the individual Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles rights privileges and responsibilities It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twentyfirst that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted The twelveyearold is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train airplane theater and movie tickets Basically the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices He now can obtain a driver’s license he can leave public schools and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights the young man can now be a soldier but he also can marry without parental permission At the age of twentyone the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult He now can vote he can buy liquor he can enter into financial contracts and he is entitled to run for public office No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence
36 The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because ________
[A] the definition of maturity has changed
[B] the industrialized society is more developed
[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made（C）
[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance
37 Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to ________
[A] graduations from schools and colleges
[B] social recognition
[C] socioeconomic status（A）
[D] certain behavioral changes
38 No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is ________
[A] eleven years old
[B] sixteen years old
[C] twentyone years old（C）
[D] between twelve and twentyone years old
39 Starting from 22 ________
[A] one will obtain more basic rights
[B] the older one becomes the more basic rights he will have
[C] one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21（C）
[D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society
40 According to the passage it is true that ________
[A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed
[B] no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twentyone
[C] one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license（A）
[D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the army
Text 3
Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined C R Barnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick a brick building Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state The carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars the base material from which the plant body is mainly built Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water Structural parts of plants such as woody stems no longer actively growing may have much less water than growing tissues
The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time however is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development The processes of photosynthesis by which carbon dioxide and water are combined in the presence of chlorophyll (叶绿素) and with energy derived from light to form sugars require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant This occurs mainly in the leaves The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings through which the carbon dioxide enters The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf however permits another gas water vapor to be lost from it Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80℉ saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10000 parts of air) the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake Actually because of wind and other factors the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases Also not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates (碳水化合物)
41 A growing plant needs water for all of the following except ________
[A] forming sugars
[B] sustaining woody stems
[C] keeping green（D）
[D] producing carbon dioxide
42 The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is ________
[A] to form sugars
[B] to derive energy from light
[C] to preserve water（A）
[D] to combine carbon dioxide with water
43 The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that ________
[A] a plant efficiently utilizes most of the water it absorbs
[B] carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant development
[C] a plant needs more water than is found in its composition（C）
[D] the stronger the wind the more the water vapor loss
44 According to the passage which of the following statements is TRUE
[A] The mineral elements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they are dissolved in its root
[B] The woody stems contain more water than the leaves
[C] Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated（D）
[D] Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plants is synthesized
45 This passage is mainly about ________
[A] the functions of carbon dioxide and water
[B] the role of water in a growing plant
[C] the process of simple sugar formation（B）
[D] the synthesis of water with carbon dioxide
Section III Cloze Test
For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A] [B] [C] and [D] Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET (15 points)
When television first began to expand very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to themselves to the new medium were technical When working radio for example they had become to seeing on behalf of the listener
This of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking all he has to be able to a continuous sequence of visual images which meaning to the sounds which the listener hears In the of television however the commentator sees everything with the viewer His role therefore is different He is there to make that the viewer does not miss some point of interest to help him on particular things and to the images on the television screen his radio colleague he must know the of silence and how to use it at those moments the pictures speak for themselves
46 [A] turn
[B] adapt
[C] alter（B）
[D] modify
47 [A] on
[B] at
[C] with（A）
[D] behind
48 [A] experienced
[B] determined
[C] established（D）
[D] accustomed
49 [A] efficiency
[B] technology
[C] art（C）
[D] performance
50 [A] Of
[B] For
[C] Above（C）
[D] In
51 [A] inspire
[B] create
[C] cause（B）
[D] perceive
52 [A] add
[B] apply
[C] affect（A）
[D] reflect
53 [A] occasion
[B] event
[C] fact（D）
[D] case
54 [A] equally
[B] completely
[C] initially（B）
[D] hardly
55 [A] definite
[B] possible
[C] sure（C）
[D] clear
56 [A] focus
[B] attend
[C] follow（A）
[D] insist
57 [A] exhibit
[B] demonstrate
[C] expose（D）
[D] interpret
58 [A] Like
[B] Unlike
[C] As（B）
[D] For
59 [A] purpose
[B] goal
[C] value（C）
[D] intention
60 [A] if
[B] when
[C] which（B）
[D] as
Section IV Errordetection and Correction
Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts These parts are labeled [A] [B] [C] and [D] Identify the part of sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET Then without altering the meaning of the sentence write down your correction on the line in the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
61 These is delicate balance of nature many square miles of ocean and vegetation and clean air to maintain only human beings（[B] in which）
62 The idea learning is lifelong process by philosophers and educationalists
the centuries（[C] has been expressed）
63 Nobody children that a trip by bus is （[A] exceptbut）
64 the ruins a building by tall trees（[B] is）
65 mathematics the way of instruction is generally traditional teachers presenting lectures and students notes（[D] taking）
66 The teacher asked who their tests the room as as possible（[A] those）
67 He wanted more not just working jobs or spending nights on the streets （[C] highlypaid）
68 has used metals for centuries in increasing quantities but it was not until the Industrial Revolution they in real vast quantities（[B] gradually）
69 If you want your film to you’ll have to wait and on Friday the day after tomorrow（[A] be properly processed）
70 A man be really happy if he enjoys doing by society no value or importance（[B] what）
Section V EnglishChinese Translation
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese (15 points)
The fact is that the energy crisis which has suddenly been officially announced has been with us for a long time now and will be with us for an even longer time Whether Arab oil flows freely or not it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base (71) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time and in any case the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use
(72) New sources of energy must be found and this will take time but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past For an indefinite period from here on mankind is going to advance cautiously and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all
To make the situation worse there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations including the United States the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twentyfirst century opens
(73) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food
Taking all this into account what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001
To begin with the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years even here in the United States By 2001 the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths (74) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the highenergy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields
It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great foodexporting nation and that if necessity forces exports it will be at the price of belttightening at home
In fact as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives (75) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all people will have to accept more unnatural food
Section VI Writing
Directions
[A] Title WHERE TO LIVE IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY
[B] Time limit 40 minutes
[C] Word limit 120150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence
[E] Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET (15 points)
OUTLINE
1 Conveniences of the city
2 Attractions of the country
3 Disadvantages of both
4 My preference
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