2002年全国硕士研究生入学统考试英语试题答案
Section I Listening Comprehension
Directions
This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them There are three parts in this Section Part A Part B and Part C
Remember while you are doing the test you should first put down your answers in your test booklet At the end of the listening comprehension section you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1
Now look at Part A in your test booklet
Part A
Directions
For Questions 1 5 you will hear an introduction about the life of Margaret Welch While you listen fill out the table with the information you＇ve heard Some of the information has been given to you in the table Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box You will hear the recording twice You now have 25 seconds to read the table below (5 points)
Welch＇s Personal Information
Place of Birth Philadelphia
Year of Birth 1901
Transfer to Barnard University (Year) 1920
Major at University
1
Final Degree PhD
Year of Marriage 1928
Growing Up In New Guinea Published (Year)
2
Field Study in the South Pacific (Age)
3
Main Interest
4
Professorship at Columbia Started (Year)
5
Death (Age) 77
Part B Directions
For questions 6 10 you will hear a talk by a wellknown US journalist While you listen complete the sentences or answer the questions Use not more than 3 words for each answer You will hear the recording twice You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below (5 points)
Besides reporters who else were camped out for days outside 6
the speaker＇s home
One reporter got to the speaker＇s apartment pretending to pay 7
The speaker believed the reporter wanted a picture of her looking 8
Where is a correction to a false story usually placed 9
According to the speaker the press will lose readers unless the 10
editors and the news directors
Part C Directions
You will hear three pieces of recorded material Before listening to each one you will have time to read the questions related to it While listening answer each question by choosing A B C or D After listening you will have time to check your answers
You will hear each piece once only (10 points)
Questions 11 13 are based on a report about children＇s healthy development You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 13
11 What unusual question may doctors ask when giving kids a checkup next time
[A] How much exercise they get every day
[B] What they are most worried about
[C] How long their parents accompany them daily
[D] What entertainment they are interested in
12 The academy suggests that children under age two
[A] get enough entertainment
[B] have more activities
[C] receive early education
[D] have regular checkups
13 According to the report children＇s bedrooms should
[A] be no place for play
[B] be near a common area
[C] have no TV sets
[D] have a computer for study
Questions 14 16 are based on the following talk about how to save money You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14 16
14 According to the speaker what should one pay special attention to if he wants to save up
[A] Family debts
[B] Bank savings
[C] Monthly bills
[D] Spending habits
15 How much can a person save by retirement if he gives up his packaday habit
[A] 190000
[B] 330000
[C] 500000
[D] 1000000
16 What should one do before paying monthly bills if he wants to accumulate wealth
[A] Invest into a mutual fund
[B] Use the discount tickets
[C] Quit his eatingout habit
[D] Use only paper bills and save coins
Questions 17 20 are based on an interview with Herbert A Gliebermandomesticrelations lawyer You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 20
17 Which word best describes the lawyer＇s prediction of the change in divorce rate
[A]Fall
[B] Rise
[C] Vshape
[D] Zigzag
18 What do people nowadays desire to do concerning their marriage
[A] To embrace changes of thought
[B] To adapt to the disintegrated family life
[C] To return to the practice in the ＇60s and ＇70s
[D] To create stability in their lives
19 Why did some people choose not to divorce 20 years ago
[A] They feared the complicated procedures
[B] They wanted to go against the trend
[C] They were afraid of losing face
[D] They were willing to stay together
20 Years ago a divorced man in a company would have
[A] been shifted around the country
[B] had difficulty being promoted
[C] enjoyed a happier life
[D] tasted little bitterness of disgrace
You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1
全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（二）
National Entrance Test Of English for MA／MS Candidates
(2002)
考生注意事项
1考生必须严格遵守项考场规监考员指令方开始答题
2全国硕士研究生入学考试英语分试题（）试题（二）
3试题试题（二）11页（515页）含英语知识运阅读理解写作三部分英语知识运阅读理解A节答案必须2B铅笔求直接填涂答题卡1改动必须橡皮擦干净阅读理解B节写作部分必须蓝（黑）圆珠笔答题卡2答题注意字迹清楚
4考试结束考生应答题卡1答题卡2装入原试卷袋中试题（）试题（二）交监考员
Section II Use of English
Directions
Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries Yet much had happened 21 As was discussed before it was not 22 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant preelectronic 23 following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 24 of the periodical It was during the same time that the communications revolution 25 up beginning with transport the railway and leading 26 through the telegraph the telephone radio and motion pictures 27 the 20thcentury world of the motor car and the airplane Not everyone sees
that process in 28 It is important to do so
It is generally recognized 29 that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century 30 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s radically changed the process 31 its impact on the media was not immediately 32 As time went by computers became smaller and more powerful and they became personal too as well as 33 with display becoming sharper and storage 34 increasing They were thought of like people 35 generations with
the distance between generations much 36
It was within the computer age that the term information society began to be widely used to describe the 37 within which we now live The communications revolution has 38 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time but there have been 39 views about its economic political social and cultural implications Benefits have been weighed 40 harmful outcomesAnd generalizations have proved difficult
21 [A] between [B] before [C] since [D] later
22 [A] after [B] by [C] during [D] until
23 [A] means [B] method [C] medium [D] measure
24 [A] process [B] company [C] light [D] form
25 [A] gathered [B] speeded [C] worked [D] picked
26 [A] on [B] out [C] over [D] off
27 [A] of [B] for [C] beyond [D] into
28 [A] concept [B] dimension [C] effect [D] perspective
29 [A] indeed [B] hence [C] however [D] therefore
30 [A] brought [B] followed [C] stimulated [D] characterized
31 [A] unless [B] since [C] lest [D] although
32 [A] apparent [B] desirable [C] negative [D] plausible
33 [A] institutional [B] universal [C] fundamental [D] instrumental
34 [A] ability [B] capability [C] capacity [D] faculty
35 [A] by means of [B] in terms of [C] with regard to [D] in line with
36 [A] deeper [B] fewer [C] nearer [D] smaller
37 [A] context [B] range [C] scope [D] territory
38 [A] regarded [B] impressed [C] influenced [D] effected
39 [A] competitive [B] controversial [C] distracting [D] irrational
40 [A] above [B] upon [C] against [D] with
Section III Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing AB C or D Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)
Text 1
If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view Depending on whom you are addressing the problems will be different If you are talking to a group of managers you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries alternatively if you are addressing secretaries you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses
Here is an example which I heard at a nurses＇ convention of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St Peter He sees wonderful accommodations beautiful gardens sunny weather and so on Everyone is very peaceful polite and friendly until waiting in a line for lunch the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat who rushes to the head of the line grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself Who is that the new arrival asked St Peter Oh that＇s God came the reply but sometimes he thinks he＇s a doctor
If you are part of the group which you are addressing you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it＇ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman＇s notorious bad taste in ties With other audiences you mustn＇t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system
If you feel awkward being humorous you must practice so that it becomes more natural Include a few casual and apparently offthecuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner Often it＇s the delivery which causes the audience to smile so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a lighthearted remark
Look for the humor It often comes from the unexpected A twist on a familiar quote If at first you don＇t succeed give up or a play on words or on a situation Search for exaggeration and understatements Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor
41 To make your humor work you should
[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience
[B] make fun of the disorganized people
[C] address different problems to different people
[D] show sympathy for your listeners
42 The joke about doctors implies that in the eyes of nurses they are
[A] impolite to new arrivals
[B] very conscious of their godlike role
[C] entitled to some privileges
[D] very busy even during lunch hours
43 It can be inferred from the text that public services
[A] have benefited many people
[B] are the focus of public attention
[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor
[D] have often been the laughing stock
44 To achieve the desired result humorous stories should be delivered
[A] in wellworded language
[B] as awkwardly as possible
[C] in exaggerated statements
[D] as casually as possible
45 The best title for the text may be
[A] Use Humor Effectively
[B] Various Kinds of Humor
[C] Add Humor to Speech
[D] Different Humor Strategies
Text 2
Since the dawn of human ingenuity people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous boring burdensome or just plain nasty That compulsion has resulted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction they have begun to come close
As a result the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robodrivers And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micromechanics there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone
But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error says Dave Lavery manager of a robotics program at NASA we can＇t yet give a robot enough ＇common sense＇ to reliably interact with a dynamic world
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010 researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries
What they found in attempting to model thought is that the human brain＇s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd The most advanced computer systems on Earth can＇t approach that kind of ability and neuroscientists still don＇t know quite how we do it
46 Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in
[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction
[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry
[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work
[D] the elite＇s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work
47 The word gizmos (line 1 paragraph 2) most probably means
[A] programs
[B] experts
[C] devices
[D] creatures
48 According to the text what is beyond man＇s ability now is to design a robot that can
[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery
[B] interact with human beings verbally
[C] have a little common sense
[D] respond independently to a changing world
49 Besides reducing human labor robots can also
[A] make a few decisions for themselves
[B] deal with some errors with human intervention
[C] improve factory environments
[D] cultivate human creativity
50 The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are
[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure
[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately
[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information
[D] best used in a controlled environment
Text 3
Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return Since OPEC agreed to supplycuts in March the price of crude oil has jumped to almost 26 a barrel up from less than 10 last December This neartripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock when prices quadrupled and 197980 when they also almost tripled Both previous shocks resulted in doubledigit inflation and global economic decline So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time
The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports Strengthening economic growth at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere could push the price higher still in the short term
Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s In Europe taxes account for up to fourfifths of the retail price so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price Energy conservation a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy energyintensive industries have reduced oil consumption Software consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50 less oil than in 1973 The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that if oil prices averaged 22 a barrel for a full year compared with 13 in 1998 this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 02505 of GDP That is less than onequarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980 On the other hand oilimporting emerging economiesto which heavy industry has shiftedhave become more energyintensive and so could be more seriously squeezed
One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that unlike the rises in the 1970s it has not occurred against the background of general commodityprice inflation and global excess demand A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline The Economist＇s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70 and in 1979 by almost 30
51 The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is
[A] global inflation
[B] reduction in supply
[C] fast growth in economy
[D] Iraq＇s suspension of exports
52 It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if
[A] price of crude rises
[B] commodity prices rise
[C] consumption rises
[D] oil taxes rise
53 The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries
[A] heavy industry becomes more energyintensive
[B] income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices
[C] manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed
[D] oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP
54 We can draw a conclusion from the text that
[A] oilprice shocks are less shocking now
[B] inflation seems irrelevant to oilprice shocks
[C] energy conservation can keep down the oil prices
[D] the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry
55 From the text we can see that the writer seems
[A] optimistic
[B] sensitive
[C] gloomy
[D] scared
Text 4
The Supreme Court＇s decisions on physicianassisted suicide canrry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physicianassisted suicide the Court in effect supported the medical principle of double effect a centuriesold moral principle holding that an action having two effectsa good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseenis permissible if the actor intends only the good effect
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients＇ pain even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient
Nancy Dubler director of Montefiore Medical Center contends that the principle will shield doctors who until now have very very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death
George Annas chair of the health law department at Boston University maintains that as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death It＇s like surgery he saysWe don＇t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn＇t intend to kill their patients although they risked their death If you＇re a physicianyou can risk your patient＇s suicide as long as you don＇t intend their suicide
On another level many in the medical community acknowledge that the assistedsuicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modem medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying
Just three weeks before the Court＇s ruling on physicianassisted suicide the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a twovolume report Approaching Death Improving Care at the End of Life It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying as the twin problems of endoflife care
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies to develop a Medicare billing code for hospitalbased care and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these wellmeaning medical initiatives translate into better care Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering to the extent that it constitutes systematic patient abuse He says medical licensing boards must make it clearthat painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension
56 From the first three paragraphs we learn that
[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients＇pain
[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives
[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physicianassisted suicide
[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide
57 Which of the following statements is true according to the text
[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients＇death
[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery
[C] The Court ruled that highdosage painrelieving medication can be prescribed
[D] A doctor＇s medication is no longer justified by his intentions
58 According to the NAS＇s report one of the problems in endoflife care is
[A] prolonged medical procedures
[B] inadequate treatment of pain
[C] systematic drug abuse
[D] insufficient hospital care
59 Which of the following best defines the word aggressive (line 4 paragraph 7)
[A] Bold
[B] Harmful
[C] Careless
[D] Desperate
60 George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they
[A] manage their patients incompetently
[B] give patients more medicine than needed
[C] reduce dmg dosages for their patients
[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients
Part B
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (10 points)
Almost all our major problems involve human behavior and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone What is needed is a technology of behavior but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn 61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind feelings traits of character human nature and so on Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find The environment is obviously important but its role has remained obscure It does not push or pull it selects and this function is difficult to discover and analyze 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood however effects once assigned to states of mind feelings and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions and a technology of behavior may therefore become available It will not solve our problems however until it replaces traditional prescientific views and these are strongly entrenched Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (selfgoverning) man of traditional theory and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment It also raises questions concerning values Who will use a technology and to what ends 65) Until these issues are resolved a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems
Section IV Writing
66 Directions
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled CulturesNational and International
In the essay you should
1) describe the picture and interpret its meaning and
2) give your comment on the phenomenon
You should write about 200 words neatlyon ANSWER SHEET 2 (20 points)
An American girl in traditional Chinese costume (服装)
Section I Listening Comprehension (20 points)
Part A (5 points)
1 sociology 2 1930 3 23 4 religions 5 1954
Part B (5 points)
6 cameramencamera men
7 a personal visit
8 depressed
9 among advertisements
10 take firm action
Part C (10 points)
11D 12 B 13 C 14 D 15 B
16 A 17 A 18 D 19 C 20 B
Section II Use of English (10 points)
21 A 22 D 23 C 24 B 25 B
26 A 27 D 28 D 29 C 30 B
31 D 32 A 33 A 34 C 35 B
36 D 37 A 38 C 39 B 40 C
Section III Reading Comprehension (50 points)
Part A (40 points)
41 C 42 B 43 D 44 D 45 A
46 C 47 C 48 D 49 B 50 C
51 B 52 D 53 D 54 A 55 A
56 B 57 C 58 B 59 A 60 D
Part B (10 points)
61．难题谓行科学全然心态情感性格特征性等方面寻找行根源·
62．行苎科学发展缓慢部分原解释行似直接观察部分原解释方式直难找
63．然选择进化中作仅百年前阐明环境塑造保持体行时选择作刚刚开始认识研究
64．尊严()传统理定义拥求行负责业绩予肯定必少前提
65．（果）问题解决研究行技术手段会继续受排斥解决问题惟方式继续受排斥
Section IV Writing (20points)
66．(略)
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Section I Listening Comprehension
Directions
This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them There are three parts in this Section Part A Part B and Part C
Remember while you are doing the test you should first put down your answers in your test booklet At the end of the listening comprehension section you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1
Now look at Part A in your test booklet
Part A
Directions
For Questions 1 5 you will hear an introduction about the life of Margaret Welch While you listen fill out the table with the information you＇ve heard Some of the information has been given to you in the table Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box You will hear the recording twice You now have 25 seconds to read the table below (5 points)
Welch＇s Personal Information
Place of Birth Philadelphia
Year of Birth 1901
Transfer to Barnard University (Year) 1920
Major at University
1
Final Degree PhD
Year of Marriage 1928
Growing Up In New Guinea Published (Year)
2
Field Study in the South Pacific (Age)
3
Main Interest
4
Professorship at Columbia Started (Year)
5
Death (Age) 77
Part B Directions
For questions 6 10 you will hear a talk by a wellknown US journalist While you listen complete the sentences or answer the questions Use not more than 3 words for each answer You will hear the recording twice You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below (5 points)
Besides reporters who else were camped out for days outside 6
the speaker＇s home
One reporter got to the speaker＇s apartment pretending to pay 7
The speaker believed the reporter wanted a picture of her looking 8
Where is a correction to a false story usually placed 9
According to the speaker the press will lose readers unless the 10
editors and the news directors
Part C Directions
You will hear three pieces of recorded material Before listening to each one you will have time to read the questions related to it While listening answer each question by choosing A B C or D After listening you will have time to check your answers
You will hear each piece once only (10 points)
Questions 11 13 are based on a report about children＇s healthy development You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 13
11 What unusual question may doctors ask when giving kids a checkup next time
[A] How much exercise they get every day
[B] What they are most worried about
[C] How long their parents accompany them daily
[D] What entertainment they are interested in
12 The academy suggests that children under age two
[A] get enough entertainment
[B] have more activities
[C] receive early education
[D] have regular checkups
13 According to the report children＇s bedrooms should
[A] be no place for play
[B] be near a common area
[C] have no TV sets
[D] have a computer for study
Questions 14 16 are based on the following talk about how to save money You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14 16
14 According to the speaker what should one pay special attention to if he wants to save up
[A] Family debts
[B] Bank savings
[C] Monthly bills
[D] Spending habits
15 How much can a person save by retirement if he gives up his packaday habit
[A] 190000
[B] 330000
[C] 500000
[D] 1000000
16 What should one do before paying monthly bills if he wants to accumulate wealth
[A] Invest into a mutual fund
[B] Use the discount tickets
[C] Quit his eatingout habit
[D] Use only paper bills and save coins
Questions 17 20 are based on an interview with Herbert A Gliebermandomesticrelations lawyer You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 20
17 Which word best describes the lawyer＇s prediction of the change in divorce rate
[A]Fall
[B] Rise
[C] Vshape
[D] Zigzag
18 What do people nowadays desire to do concerning their marriage
[A] To embrace changes of thought
[B] To adapt to the disintegrated family life
[C] To return to the practice in the ＇60s and ＇70s
[D] To create stability in their lives
19 Why did some people choose not to divorce 20 years ago
[A] They feared the complicated procedures
[B] They wanted to go against the trend
[C] They were afraid of losing face
[D] They were willing to stay together
20 Years ago a divorced man in a company would have
[A] been shifted around the country
[B] had difficulty being promoted
[C] enjoyed a happier life
[D] tasted little bitterness of disgrace
You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1
全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（二）
National Entrance Test Of English for MA／MS Candidates
(2002)
考生注意事项
1考生必须严格遵守项考场规监考员指令方开始答题
2全国硕士研究生入学考试英语分试题（）试题（二）
3试题试题（二）11页（515页）含英语知识运阅读理解写作三部分英语知识运阅读理解A节答案必须2B铅笔求直接填涂答题卡1改动必须橡皮擦干净阅读理解B节写作部分必须蓝（黑）圆珠笔答题卡2答题注意字迹清楚
4考试结束考生应答题卡1答题卡2装入原试卷袋中试题（）试题（二）交监考员
Section II Use of English
Directions
Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries Yet much had happened 21 As was discussed before it was not 22 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant preelectronic 23 following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 24 of the periodical It was during the same time that the communications revolution 25 up beginning with transport the railway and leading 26 through the telegraph the telephone radio and motion pictures 27 the 20thcentury world of the motor car and the airplane Not everyone sees
that process in 28 It is important to do so
It is generally recognized 29 that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century 30 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s radically changed the process 31 its impact on the media was not immediately 32 As time went by computers became smaller and more powerful and they became personal too as well as 33 with display becoming sharper and storage 34 increasing They were thought of like people 35 generations with
the distance between generations much 36
It was within the computer age that the term information society began to be widely used to describe the 37 within which we now live The communications revolution has 38 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time but there have been 39 views about its economic political social and cultural implications Benefits have been weighed 40 harmful outcomesAnd generalizations have proved difficult
21 [A] between [B] before [C] since [D] later
22 [A] after [B] by [C] during [D] until
23 [A] means [B] method [C] medium [D] measure
24 [A] process [B] company [C] light [D] form
25 [A] gathered [B] speeded [C] worked [D] picked
26 [A] on [B] out [C] over [D] off
27 [A] of [B] for [C] beyond [D] into
28 [A] concept [B] dimension [C] effect [D] perspective
29 [A] indeed [B] hence [C] however [D] therefore
30 [A] brought [B] followed [C] stimulated [D] characterized
31 [A] unless [B] since [C] lest [D] although
32 [A] apparent [B] desirable [C] negative [D] plausible
33 [A] institutional [B] universal [C] fundamental [D] instrumental
34 [A] ability [B] capability [C] capacity [D] faculty
35 [A] by means of [B] in terms of [C] with regard to [D] in line with
36 [A] deeper [B] fewer [C] nearer [D] smaller
37 [A] context [B] range [C] scope [D] territory
38 [A] regarded [B] impressed [C] influenced [D] effected
39 [A] competitive [B] controversial [C] distracting [D] irrational
40 [A] above [B] upon [C] against [D] with
Section III Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing AB C or D Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)
Text 1
If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view Depending on whom you are addressing the problems will be different If you are talking to a group of managers you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries alternatively if you are addressing secretaries you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses
Here is an example which I heard at a nurses＇ convention of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St Peter He sees wonderful accommodations beautiful gardens sunny weather and so on Everyone is very peaceful polite and friendly until waiting in a line for lunch the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat who rushes to the head of the line grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself Who is that the new arrival asked St Peter Oh that＇s God came the reply but sometimes he thinks he＇s a doctor
If you are part of the group which you are addressing you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it＇ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman＇s notorious bad taste in ties With other audiences you mustn＇t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system
If you feel awkward being humorous you must practice so that it becomes more natural Include a few casual and apparently offthecuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner Often it＇s the delivery which causes the audience to smile so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a lighthearted remark
Look for the humor It often comes from the unexpected A twist on a familiar quote If at first you don＇t succeed give up or a play on words or on a situation Search for exaggeration and understatements Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor
41 To make your humor work you should
[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience
[B] make fun of the disorganized people
[C] address different problems to different people
[D] show sympathy for your listeners
42 The joke about doctors implies that in the eyes of nurses they are
[A] impolite to new arrivals
[B] very conscious of their godlike role
[C] entitled to some privileges
[D] very busy even during lunch hours
43 It can be inferred from the text that public services
[A] have benefited many people
[B] are the focus of public attention
[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor
[D] have often been the laughing stock
44 To achieve the desired result humorous stories should be delivered
[A] in wellworded language
[B] as awkwardly as possible
[C] in exaggerated statements
[D] as casually as possible
45 The best title for the text may be
[A] Use Humor Effectively
[B] Various Kinds of Humor
[C] Add Humor to Speech
[D] Different Humor Strategies
Text 2
Since the dawn of human ingenuity people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous boring burdensome or just plain nasty That compulsion has resulted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction they have begun to come close
As a result the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robodrivers And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micromechanics there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone
But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error says Dave Lavery manager of a robotics program at NASA we can＇t yet give a robot enough ＇common sense＇ to reliably interact with a dynamic world
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010 researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries
What they found in attempting to model thought is that the human brain＇s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd The most advanced computer systems on Earth can＇t approach that kind of ability and neuroscientists still don＇t know quite how we do it
46 Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in
[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction
[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry
[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work
[D] the elite＇s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work
47 The word gizmos (line 1 paragraph 2) most probably means
[A] programs
[B] experts
[C] devices
[D] creatures
48 According to the text what is beyond man＇s ability now is to design a robot that can
[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery
[B] interact with human beings verbally
[C] have a little common sense
[D] respond independently to a changing world
49 Besides reducing human labor robots can also
[A] make a few decisions for themselves
[B] deal with some errors with human intervention
[C] improve factory environments
[D] cultivate human creativity
50 The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are
[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure
[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately
[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information
[D] best used in a controlled environment
Text 3
Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return Since OPEC agreed to supplycuts in March the price of crude oil has jumped to almost 26 a barrel up from less than 10 last December This neartripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock when prices quadrupled and 197980 when they also almost tripled Both previous shocks resulted in doubledigit inflation and global economic decline So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time
The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports Strengthening economic growth at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere could push the price higher still in the short term
Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s In Europe taxes account for up to fourfifths of the retail price so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price Energy conservation a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy energyintensive industries have reduced oil consumption Software consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50 less oil than in 1973 The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that if oil prices averaged 22 a barrel for a full year compared with 13 in 1998 this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 02505 of GDP That is less than onequarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980 On the other hand oilimporting emerging economiesto which heavy industry has shiftedhave become more energyintensive and so could be more seriously squeezed
One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that unlike the rises in the 1970s it has not occurred against the background of general commodityprice inflation and global excess demand A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline The Economist＇s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70 and in 1979 by almost 30
51 The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is
[A] global inflation
[B] reduction in supply
[C] fast growth in economy
[D] Iraq＇s suspension of exports
52 It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if
[A] price of crude rises
[B] commodity prices rise
[C] consumption rises
[D] oil taxes rise
53 The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries
[A] heavy industry becomes more energyintensive
[B] income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices
[C] manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed
[D] oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP
54 We can draw a conclusion from the text that
[A] oilprice shocks are less shocking now
[B] inflation seems irrelevant to oilprice shocks
[C] energy conservation can keep down the oil prices
[D] the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry
55 From the text we can see that the writer seems
[A] optimistic
[B] sensitive
[C] gloomy
[D] scared
Text 4
The Supreme Court＇s decisions on physicianassisted suicide canrry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physicianassisted suicide the Court in effect supported the medical principle of double effect a centuriesold moral principle holding that an action having two effectsa good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseenis permissible if the actor intends only the good effect
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients＇ pain even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient
Nancy Dubler director of Montefiore Medical Center contends that the principle will shield doctors who until now have very very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death
George Annas chair of the health law department at Boston University maintains that as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death It＇s like surgery he saysWe don＇t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn＇t intend to kill their patients although they risked their death If you＇re a physicianyou can risk your patient＇s suicide as long as you don＇t intend their suicide
On another level many in the medical community acknowledge that the assistedsuicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modem medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying
Just three weeks before the Court＇s ruling on physicianassisted suicide the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a twovolume report Approaching Death Improving Care at the End of Life It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying as the twin problems of endoflife care
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies to develop a Medicare billing code for hospitalbased care and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these wellmeaning medical initiatives translate into better care Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering to the extent that it constitutes systematic patient abuse He says medical licensing boards must make it clearthat painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension
56 From the first three paragraphs we learn that
[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients＇pain
[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives
[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physicianassisted suicide
[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide
57 Which of the following statements is true according to the text
[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients＇death
[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery
[C] The Court ruled that highdosage painrelieving medication can be prescribed
[D] A doctor＇s medication is no longer justified by his intentions
58 According to the NAS＇s report one of the problems in endoflife care is
[A] prolonged medical procedures
[B] inadequate treatment of pain
[C] systematic drug abuse
[D] insufficient hospital care
59 Which of the following best defines the word aggressive (line 4 paragraph 7)
[A] Bold
[B] Harmful
[C] Careless
[D] Desperate
60 George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they
[A] manage their patients incompetently
[B] give patients more medicine than needed
[C] reduce dmg dosages for their patients
[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients
Part B
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (10 points)
Almost all our major problems involve human behavior and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone What is needed is a technology of behavior but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn 61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind feelings traits of character human nature and so on Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find The environment is obviously important but its role has remained obscure It does not push or pull it selects and this function is difficult to discover and analyze 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood however effects once assigned to states of mind feelings and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions and a technology of behavior may therefore become available It will not solve our problems however until it replaces traditional prescientific views and these are strongly entrenched Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (selfgoverning) man of traditional theory and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment It also raises questions concerning values Who will use a technology and to what ends 65) Until these issues are resolved a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems
Section IV Writing
66 Directions
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled CulturesNational and International
In the essay you should
1) describe the picture and interpret its meaning and
2) give your comment on the phenomenon
You should write about 200 words neatlyon ANSWER SHEET 2 (20 points)
An American girl in traditional Chinese costume (服装)
Section I Listening Comprehension (20 points)
Part A (5 points)
1 sociology 2 1930 3 23 4 religions 5 1954
Part B (5 points)
6 cameramencamera men
7 a personal visit
8 depressed
9 among advertisements
10 take firm action
Part C (10 points)
11D 12 B 13 C 14 D 15 B
16 A 17 A 18 D 19 C 20 B
Section II Use of English (10 points)
21 A 22 D 23 C 24 B 25 B
26 A 27 D 28 D 29 C 30 B
31 D 32 A 33 A 34 C 35 B
36 D 37 A 38 C 39 B 40 C
Section III Reading Comprehension (50 points)
Part A (40 points)
41 C 42 B 43 D 44 D 45 A
46 C 47 C 48 D 49 B 50 C
51 B 52 D 53 D 54 A 55 A
56 B 57 C 58 B 59 A 60 D
Part B (10 points)
61．难题谓行科学全然心态情感性格特征性等方面寻找行根源·
62．行苎科学发展缓慢部分原解释行似直接观察部分原解释方式直难找
63．然选择进化中作仅百年前阐明环境塑造保持体行时选择作刚刚开始认识研究
64．尊严()传统理定义拥求行负责业绩予肯定必少前提
65．（果）问题解决研究行技术手段会继续受排斥解决问题惟方式继续受排斥
Section IV Writing (20points)
66．(略)
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