考研英语高分策略——翻译句型结构专项特训
第章 考研翻译题型概述
第二节 考研翻译简介
考研翻译命题形式
根全国硕士研究生统考试英语考试纲规定考研翻译属阅读理解部分命题形式英译汉
考查学生准确理解概念结构较复杂英语文字材料力求考生阅读篇约 400 词文章中 5 划
线部分（约 150 词）译成汉语求译文准确完整通 翻译部分总分值 10 分（题 2 分）占全部试卷
10
面 2010 年考研翻译实例：
Part C Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be
written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2 (10 points)
One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land
community have no economic value Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and if its stability depends on its
integrity they are entitled to continuance
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and if we happen to love it we invent excuses to give it
economic importance At the beginning of the century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing (46)Scientists jumped to the
rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them The
evidence had to be economic in order to be valid
It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today We have no land ethic yet (47)but we have at least drawn nearer the
point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right regardless of the presence or absence of economic
advantage to us
A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fisheating birds (48)Time was when biologists somewhat
overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak or that they prey only
on worthless species Here again the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid It is only in recent years that we hear
the more honest argument that predators are members of the community and that no special interest has the right to exterminate
them for the sake of a benefit real or fancied to itself
Some species of trees have been read out of the party by economicsminded foresters because they grow too slowly or
have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops (49)In Europe where forestry is ecologically more advanced the
noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community to be preserved as such within reason
Moreover some have been found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility The interdependence of the forest and
its constituent tree species ground flora and fauna is taken for granted
To sum up a system of conservation based solely on economic selfinterest is hopelessly lopsided (50)It tends to ignore
and thus eventually to eliminate many elements in the land community that lack commercial value but that are essential to its
healthy functioning It assumes falsely that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts
46 科学家匆忙出明显站住脚证救援 意说 果鸟控制害虫话 害虫会吃掉
47 少已承认 (样种观点 )：没济处鸟类生存固权利
48 时 生物学家点度样证： 动物捕食弱生物维持食物链正常运行 者捕食
没价值物种
49 欧洲林业生态方面较先进非商业性树种认原始森林群落成员样合理保护
50 易忽视 会终淘汰土群落中许缺乏商业价值元素 然元素整生物群落健康运行
必少
（具体解析见第五章考研翻译历年真题解析 ）
考研纲真题解读认考研翻译部分总体求应该译文准确完整通 翻译
般标准忠实通基致 准确完整忠实原文原文容完整准确表达出
原文做意增加删减 通指译文语言逻辑通 符合汉语语言文字规范 没明显 翻
译腔
总符合准确完整通考研翻译标准译文必须完整准确表达原文容基础符合汉语表达规范没逻辑错误语言歧义晦涩难懂等现象
二考研翻译评分标准
根纲规定考研翻译评分标准：
阅读理解 C 节： 5 题题 2 分 10 分
果句子译文明显扭曲原文意思该句分超 05 分
果考生题目提供两两译法均正确分果中译法错错误译法评分
中文错字扣分题累计扣分三错字扣 05 分 025 扣分
三历年考研翻译考题特点分析
表 1990 年考研翻译部分容体裁：
1990 年：性格行分析（议文） 2000 年：政府济发展（议文）
1991 年：源农业问题（议文） 2001 年：计算机未生活（议文）
1992 年：智力评估科学性（议文） 2002 年：行科学（议文）
1993 年：科学研究方法（议文） 2003 年：类学研究（议文）
1994 年：科技科学发展关系（议文） 2004 年：语言学研究（议文）
1995 年：标准化测试（议文） 2005 年：电视媒介（议文）
1996 年： 科学发展差动力（议文） 2006 年：美国知识分子（议文）
1997 年：动物权利问题（议文） 2007 年：法学研究意义（议文）
1998 年：爆炸理（议文） 2008 年：达尔文思想（议文）
1999 年：历史学研究（议文） 2009 年：教育研究（议文）
2010 年：生态资源保护系统（议文）
根年考研翻译真题命题形式分析研究 发现考研翻译基具明显特点： （略）
四考生常见困境分析
部分考生觉考研翻译难难点认识相纳起种类型：语法知识缺
乏型词汇缺乏型翻译知识缺乏型学态度消极型
语法知识缺乏型考生般认句子结构太复杂难理解考研英语纲求考生需准确理解结构
较复杂英语文字材料句子结构英语厦支柱学会分析句子结构学英语必前提英文种结构严
谨形合性语言部分英文正式材料基复杂长句写成根考研纲求结合英译汉翻译
实践笔者英语句子结构知识出发点辐射篇章段落句子词语翻译技巧宏观微观考研翻
译中涉方法技巧汇集成书希起抛砖引玉效果考生中学渔技 （略）
第二章 考研翻译必备知识
作项复杂脑力劳动翻译时创作难常常觉绞脑汁难满意做翻译恐怕
会两句三年吟双泪流感慨考研学生说高度紧张十分钟阅读篇 400
词文章翻译概 150 词（ 5 句话）没足够时间精力字斟句酌许考生觉：做翻译时理解
英语已容易中文表达更困难考研英语考试中正确理解英文准确通完
整表达成道中文呢？认参加考研学生说增加词汇量文化知识储备外
努力学关英语句型结构方面基知识英译汉翻译方法技巧基英语句子结构
正确分析理解基础脱离英语句子结构翻译达准确通完整翻译标准
位参加考研考生说利时时间认真研究英文句型结构汉语区做考研翻译题佳
捷径变应万变完全策
第节 英语基句型（简单句）
句子词定序组成种组合定规律循研究表明英语语句规律性非常
明显般动词核心英语中动词类型（五种：物动词系动词单宾动词
双宾动词复合动词）英语句型划分五种基句型
英语五种基句型
1语 +物动词 （SV 句型）
例句 The girl is crying
译法 直接译成汉语
2语 +系动词 +补（ SVC 句型系动词 +补合称复合谓语）
例句 The food tastes good 译法 直接译成汉语
3例句 Mike had finished his homework
译法 基直接译成汉语
4— 5（略）
二分析总结
（1）五种基句型进步简化语 + 谓语（动词时态语态完全组成部分） 形式中谓语
判断句子结构基单位谓语单句英译汉中分析句子结构
（2）（ 4）略
第二节 英语中复杂句
般认英语中句子结构分简单句列句复合句三种类型叙述方便书列
句复合句统称复杂句复杂句尤复合句考研翻译重点翻译句子复杂句
列句
列句两两简单句列起构成般列连词连接副词逗号分号号等分句
连接起例：
例 1 The earth is one of the sun’s planets and the moon is our satellite ( 连词 and 连接 )
译文球太阳系行星月亮卫星 （译）
例 2 She was very tired nevertheless she kept on working ( 连接副词 nevertheless 引导 )
译文累然坚持工作 （译）
例 3 Heavy clouds rose slowly from the horizon thunder drummed in the distance ( 分号连接 )
译文浓云线缓缓升起远处雷声隆隆
述列句简单列句简单句构成果中分句中加入句成分变
成较复杂复合句例：
例 4While the men worked to strengthen the dam the rain continued to fall and the river which was already well above its
normal level rose higher and higher
分析两分句（号连接）组成列句分句句复合句第分句
中 while 引导时间状语句第二分句中 which 引导非限制性定语句干： The rain
continued to fall and the river rose higher and higher 成附加成分
译文 正加固河堤时候雨停河水已远远超正常水位涨越越高
实际生活考试中样语言现象屡见鲜复杂句子皆考研翻译目
测试考生理解英语复杂句子结构力 果考生够掌握种基句子结构（包括简单列句简
单复合句）理清间层次关系复杂句子结构迎刃解章写作目
二复合句
复合句句句构成 句全句体 句必须关联词引导 （时省略）
附属成分 语谓语部分 例：When I got there they had left for Shanghai 句话中句 they had left
for Shanghai句 when I got there
句句子中功 句分三类： 名词性句 （包括语句 表语句 宾语句位语句）
状语句定语句
（） 状语句 (略)
（二） 定语句
定语句英语中重复杂句根句关系紧密性定语句分限制性定语句
非限制性定语句定语句然起做定语时句存某种逻辑关系特非限制性定语句
需仔细理清两者间关系
例 7 Water which is a clear liquid has many uses (which 引导定语句句列关系 )
译文水种清澈液体途
例 8 We can read of things that happened thousands of years ago in the Near East where people first learned to write
（where 引导定语句句明显果关系）
译文东早学会文字知道千年前发生里事情
般说定语句紧先行词时候定语句紧修饰先行词
词语隔开成隔离定语句种现象书面语中常见造成阅读理解翻译难点考研翻译
重点特留意例：例 9A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you English ( 定语句紧修饰先行词 teacher
will come tomorrow 分割置句尾表示强调 )
译文明天位新老师教英语
样定语句方法判断：根先行代词先行副词确定先行词先行词般名
词代词相名词词先行代词先行副词前找名词代词相名词词代先行
代词先行副词置定语句中便验证先行词真伪例：
例 10We may define chemistry as the science in which we deal with the chemical change in matter as a result of which it is
possible to form a new substance
分析该句中两 which 定语句先行代词第代 science第二代单词呢？正常言应该
matter事实代 chemical change果 matter 置句中 没果关系 （as a result of） chemical
change
译文化学定义关物质化学变化科学化学变化会形成新物质
例 11Mike told her the story of the young pilot which I narrated at the beginning of this book
分析句中 the young pilot which 先行词 story 分割开果先行词 pilot which 代
who that
译文迈克书开头讲关位青年飞行员事讲听
外定语句中种较难理解情况：含定语句定语句种定语句称复合定语
句含句结构语加表法意见谓语动词组成整定语句组成部分复合定语句
语省略省略例：
例 12He is just the type I always knew would attract her ( 省略语复合定语句 )
译文知道正会吸引种类型
：正知道会吸引种类型
分析该句三谓语部分系表结构 knew would attract没连接词判断省略两
连接词 仔细研究 知： I always knew would attract her 省略掉语 that 复合定语句 中 I always knew
应该 that would attract her 定语句完整句子应该： He is just the type that that I always knew would attract
her第 that 复合定语句先行代词复合定语句语部定语句 that I always knew
先行词第二 that 定语句 I always knew 中做宾语会省略掉第 that 复合定语句语
省略正式文体中般省略例：
例 13It was a discovery that scientists said could alter their theories about life ’s earliest beginnings (未省略语复合
定语句 )
分析该句三谓语部分：系表结构 said could alter连接词 that应该省略连接
词研究知 that scientists said could alter their theories about life ’s earliest beginnings 复合定语句 that
先行代词语（未省略） 部定语句 scientists said 先行词时 scientists said 先
行代词 that 定语句中做宾语省略
译文科学家说项会改变关生命早起源理发现
：项科学家说会改变关生命早起源理发现
（三）名词性句（略）
第三节 英汉语言差异
正第节述基句型结构（简单句）句子干（语谓语宾语）言英语汉语基相
相互直译译两者互译基础实践中受传统惯思维方式历史文
化等影响英语汉语具独特表达方式简单直接转化两者互译困难吸引
众翻译精英懈努力魅力掌握必翻译技巧外做英译汉翻译工作利通
考试必须通量亲身实践通英汉两种语言较研究掌握两者间差异处理方法进
步加强身英语理解力汉语驾驭力提高翻译综合力
考研翻译说接触考生知道五句话基复杂长句句子较长句式复杂
基础扎实学许理清结构知道表达意思想找确切汉语表达方式绝
件容易事情数考生认做考研翻译丁三部曲：阅读理解狱转化表达炼狱考分
满意天堂事实果考生够英汉两种语言间结构方面差异解掌握两者间转化规律
假时日反复练做考研翻译件难事情获天堂般感受指日笔者根年教学
验结合众语言学前辈研究成果总结出英汉语言结构方面差异相信位考生必裨益
英语重形合 汉语重意合
整体结构表达方式言英语种形合性语言汉语种意合性语言英语句子般
固定结构方式组织表达偏重形式汉语句子字词含义组合连接表达方式灵活
变偏重语意英语句子间关系通时态标点符号连接词等表示清二楚汉语句子间关
系句子身语意表现
例 1 Another attempt and you ’ll succeed
译文试次会成功
：试次会成功
分析句 and 连接简单列句般时态明确表明两句间动作关系汉语译文较灵活
句子间关系语意表达关联词译（括号译文）译惯译
例 2 Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part thus creating a
new generation of portable minicomputer
译文现集成电路成计算机组成部分计算机体积缩产生新代携式微型计算机
分析句句定语句分词状语组成复合句句现完成时定语句般
现时加 thus 连接现分词短语作状语通时态逗号关联词现分词短语句间关系表
达非常清楚汉语句简单陈述基础通调整语序运 词意句间层层
递进果关系表达出
掌握英语重形合汉语重意合差异做英汉互译核心英译汉时量理清英语句关系基础
乱原句式结构汉语重意合表达惯方式重新组织句序相反汉译英时汉语
分句关系量连接词时态标点符号等予表示英语表达惯组合成复杂句子结构例
众周知然 long time no see（久见）句典型中式英语广接受符合英语表达惯
典型顾英语语法句型结构误译实英语语法结构应该样表达： It’s a long time since we saw
外做英译汉时量避免翻译腔 谓翻译腔 指英文意思然勉强懂直译硬译
痕迹处见 洋味太重读性太低究原实践较少验足二语言力限重形式轻
容没掌握英汉两种语言基差必翻译技巧见什翻译什
例 3 When a representative exceeds his allotted time the President shall call him to order without delay
译文（翻译腔）位代表超分配时间席告诉命令推迟
（改进）（果）代表发言超规定时间席应督促遵守规
分析 该句 when 引导复合句 似简单 现 句直译成汉语 （第句译文）
When 句实表示种假设果直译成 时候没表达出原句逻辑关系 his 样形容词性物
代词翻译成中文时译 shall 情态动词时 order 名词表示规 硬译命令
二英语句长复杂 汉语句短简练（略）
三英语动语态 汉语动语态
英语汉语中存动语态相较言英语更喜欢动语态特正式书面文体中
科技英语医学英语等时汉语会常引导动句更时候动表动
等词语表达句子英译汉时量英语动句翻译成汉语动
句尤惯表达方法 ：it is said that （说 ） it is generally considered that （家普遍认 ）
等约定俗成惯法般说英语句子语变成汉语句子宾语动语态部分翻译成动
果英语句子 by 引导施动者译汉语语果没根需予补充
例 5 It was still thought unusual in some places that programs could be called up by viewers to be displayed on their TV
screens at home
译文方然认观众电话求家里电视屏幕播放节目件常事情
分析 原文中三动语态形式 was thought could be called up to be displayed 译成汉语动语态： 认
电话播放 方法： it was thought that 汉语惯补充语译认 could be
called up by 施动者 viewers 译成语动部分译成动 to be displayed 译成动修饰 programs
例 6 New actions must be taken to prevent air pollution
译文必须采取新行动阻止空气污染
分析原文简单需指明施动者动语态直接语变成宾语动语态部分翻译成动
外情况英语中动语态翻译成汉语动语态动语态例：
例 7例 8（略）
四英语重心前 汉语重心
英汉两种语言逻辑思维明显：英语开门见山 先表明结进行证描述讲述事实
简单概括先果 重心前汉语惯循序渐进 事情发展序事实结
果进行述简单纳先果 重心
英译汉时注意种逻辑思维差异具体正确理解英语原文逻辑关系基础乱英语
句子结构汉语思维逻辑表达方式重新安排句子语序例：
例 9 Mr Smith was arrested when he himself was not aware that crime he had committed
译文史密斯先生知道犯什罪家逮捕
例 10 Everybody here has a chance to study unless he doesn’t want to
译文非愿意学里学机会
分析面两句话中句：时间状语句条件状语句英文惯两种句般位句
突出句重性重心前汉语惯时间序事件果关系等表达重心
遇翻译状语句时定注意两种语言思维逻辑表达差异性句子语序作出必调整
较复杂句子：
例 11 However government intervention has been found necessary from time to time to ensure that economic opportunities
are fair and accessible to the people to prevent flagrant abuses to dampen inflation and to stimulate growth
译文然确保均获等济机会防止公然正行抑制通货膨胀刺激济增长
发现政府干预常常必
分析果原文语序翻译恐怕位读者知云该句长句句句
动语态需翻译成汉语动语态加语 to ensure to prevent to dampen to stimulate 四列
目状语译成汉语四列分句汉语逻辑思维方式重新调整原文语序
五英语注重省略 汉语注重补充（略）
六英语抽象词 汉语具体词（略）
七英语换 汉语重复（略）
八英语代词 汉语名词（略）
九英语结构紧凑 汉语结构松散（略）
十英语重综合 汉语重分析（略）
十英语静 汉语动（略）
十二英语重物 汉语重（略）
总言十二条英汉两种语言逻辑思维表达方式明显区掌握英汉互译必前
提抓住区特点翻译实践中反复练体验抓住英汉翻译关键找英汉
翻译条捷径
第四节 考研翻译常见误区
翻译项复杂艰巨脑力活动涉文化知识思维表达验等层面做英译汉件
容易事仅求译者拥丰富知识储备熟悉英汉两种语言差异具备完善表达技巧长期翻译实
践求译者拥善变力译者脱离原材料局限原材料进行英语思维运
汉语思维表达忠实英文符合汉语惯译文传形传神译者言英译汉
时做更绝做量避免错误绝犯错误
位考生身素质参差齐考研翻译中错误谓千奇百怪错综复杂思维表达句意词意
种错误真应难陈述误译译者根知道否理解英语原文真实意义
根文推断词语含义造成总结笔者年教学验纳起考生误译源方面 缺乏
文化背景知识懂句子结构误解逻辑关系词达意等等
缺乏文化背景知识
语言文化密分孪生体没受文化影响语言没语言传播文化英译汉
汉译英实践中日常交正式场合缺乏英美文化解造成误译皆甚造
成必矛盾损失解英美语言国家文化英汉翻译者必修课考研学生说
出国体验种文化现实噎废食相反实际出发利种现实途径通报纸网络
书刊杂志积极解英美文化努力实现考研奋斗目标时切实提高翻译表达跨文化交力面通具体实例简单介绍缺乏文化背景知识造成误译
例 1 Television has changed the importance of issues It can be argued that since the 1960 presidential debates we have
elected people not platforms
译文电视已改变政治见解重性证明 1960 年总统选举中选择政
治纲领
分析 Platform 词原意讲台讲坛 常引申指美国竞选纲领 美国总统
选期间代表美国两派竞选候选讲坛阐述竞选纲领果里 platform 简单译讲
台会产生误译表明美国选缺乏定解
例 2 The blue chip Dow Jones Industrial Average too although down 12 form its all time high was broadly back to its
November value
译文汇集绩优股道琼斯工业指数然历史高点跌 12幅回升年 11 月份价位
分析原文中 blue chip 字面意思蓝色筹码 源扑克牌游戏证券市场指股市中业绩优良
绩优股 IBM GM 等股市表现良市企业股票通常投资者青睐字
面意思直译成蓝筹股 意译成绩优股意义更明显
例 3 例 4例 5略
二懂句子结构
成功翻译篇英文文章英语原文理解正确误汉语表达流畅通两者中正确理
解原文起点关键做正确理解原文需扎实英语语言基础特英语句型结构知识正确
分析英语句子结构力分析英语句子结构理解英语句子含义基础许考生反映长句恐慌
加认识单词直接发懵根知道原文讲什认识单词翻译单词写出译
文知云高分呢？
例 6 My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable
译文认代代抱怨难免
分析 原句短 正确分析句子结构容易 受 inevitable 惯法影响 直接 it is inevitable
作句话 样没正确分析句子结构 结果必影响翻译质量 事实 句话干 my point is that the
complaint is inevitable it following 宾语指代 one generation外句注意 complaint about 法 the one
指代（ the one generation）
例 7例 8 略
三误解逻辑关系
正确理解原文句子结构基础果局限原文句子结构没真正弄懂句间逻辑关系会造成
误译英语中许连接词身含义 as引导原状语句引导时间状
语句定语句词构成新引导词短语等某连接词引导句表面逻辑关系实际逻辑
关系相定语句起作定语实际时原结果目条件等方面修饰
词加限定更确切表达种逻辑关系定语句译成相应状语句外正义反说
反义正说方面状语修饰限定动词整句话某词语作状语作定语者否存否定转移理
解等造成逻辑关系误译例：
例 9 In our travels we didn ’t find the power of women as pervasive in the communes as in the cities
译文旅行中发现妇女公社中影响城市中影响样广泛
分析明显否定转移句中实际否定部分 not so pervasive in the communes as in the cities 原文
起样否定 find
谓否定转移 指英语中否定句中 not 形式否定谓语行状态 实际否定句子中成
分英译汉时注意种否定转移汉语表达惯体现出翻译否定转移方法
例 10例 11例 12 略
四词达意（略）
第三章 考研翻译解题技巧
作种考试考研翻译具翻译般特点独特处般翻译相考研翻译特点
较短限时间翻译出够获高分译文容考生常翻译样慢慢斟词酌句做点
加强时知识积累增加词汇量解英美文化外关键缩短考研翻译需时间
缩短考研翻译程必须解考研翻译特点掌握考研翻译必需解题方法技巧里笔者考研翻译程入手详细分析考研翻译中需种方法技巧提出够效缩短考研程非
常实容易掌握考研翻译策略——句子结构分析法考生现英语基础迅速抓住考研翻译
核心问题较短时间突破考研翻译获理想成绩
第节 考研翻译步骤
表面翻译英汉两种词汇互相表达事实非英语汉语两种完全语言英译汉
仅仅涉词义转化问题复杂理解分析选词表达程会受种种客观素限制影响
突破考研翻译瓶颈笔者根考研翻译实践特点般翻译程中两阶段（正确理解阶段充
分表达阶段）详细分解成四步骤：分析句子结构理清逻辑关系充分表达语义认真检查核充分突出影
响考研翻译关键素时中重步名称（分析句子结构）种专门针考研翻译方法命名
句子结构分析法
分析句子结构
纳 考研翻译五划线部分句子基复杂长句 （20 单词） 者带复杂修饰成分
列句者带两句复合句结构分析做考研翻译第步关键步
分析句子结构弄清楚三点 第分割句子简化结构第二浓缩单句干简化成英语中
五种基句型第三确定单句中修饰语成分词间关系
（）分割句子
分割句子简单句基单位整长句分成干短句英语重结构复杂长句
简单句定规律组合成分割提供分割句子基方法两种：谓语标
准谓语划分简单句二连接词标准 N 连接词 N+1 简单句
英语中省略现象普遍存更时候需综合述两种方法相互补充相互验证
里谓语具广泛含义仅包括般谓语动词包括复合谓语（系动词 +表语组成）简单言
里谓语指包括系表结构时态者语态完整组成部分具体见表（英语中基 8 种时态语
态例）：
英语基时态语态构成简表（略）
外分词短语作状语尤带较修饰成分复杂分词作句子分割基单位然分
词短语身完整句子分词短语作状语实际省略连接词部分谓语状语句
关句子分割方式考生根时间情况惯熟悉符号出阅读直观方
便书采取 作分隔句子符号层次关系数 表示例： 表示第层关系 表示第
二层关系 类推 逐层递进数量越 表明句子结构越复杂 层次关系越紧密 样 区分句子层次
帮助考生理解句子逻辑关系谓举两做考研翻译种效方式
面 2009 年考研翻译真题第句例予实例分析：
例 1 It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving
experience but this effect is not a part of its original motive
典型复杂长句 述分割句子方法 分割成两层次 三简单句： 第层 but 连接
两列句第二层 that 引导宾语句构成复合句（示）
（二）浓缩干
浓缩干指分割简单句简化基五种句型形式（见第二章第节） 语 +谓语 +（宾语）
形式 中语 谓语宾语 (包括 宾语 +宾补 宾语 +补 两种复合宾语形式 )统称句子干成分
区句子修饰成分（定语状语插入语）
例 1 例 该长句浓缩成三干部分： 两列句分 it may be said thatthis effect is not a part
宾语句 the measure is its effect
（三）修饰语
修饰语指定语状语插入语中定语说明名（代）词品质特征词词组句子状语
修饰动词形容词副词全句句子成分插入语指插句子中词语句子前般均标点符号
句子成分隔开
例 1 例第二列句中 its original motive a part置定语直接译定语宾语句中
the worth of any social institution the measure置定语 in enlarging and improving experience effect
置定语
英语中句子成分词性具密切关系解间应关系利理解句子结构词间关系
面英语中句子成分词性功表便考生查找进步理解句子结构词词间关系英语句子成分词性功表（略）
二理清逻辑关系（略）
三充分表达语义（略）
四认真检查核（略）
第二节 考研翻译实践技巧
篇章技巧（略）
二段落技巧（略）
三句子技巧
（）序译法
序译法指汉语译文基英语原文语序逻辑表达方式翻译需语序逻辑作出太
调整时前语气衔接增加必词语般言译法适列复合句部分简单句
少部分复合句例：
例 1 They (tests) don ’t compensate for gross social inequality and thus do not tell about an underprivileged youngster
might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances
译文测试弥补明显社会公说明物质条件差年轻果较环境成长
话会干
分析原句列复合句第二分句中含宾语句该宾语句含省略连接词（ if ）虚拟条
件句根句子逻辑关系结构分析原文汉语逻辑思维表达方式基致总体采取译方法
宾语句中虚拟条件句需采取倒序法先讲条件说结果符合汉语表达方式
例 2 In oxygen we have a different problem for although both a research chemist and a chemical manufacture know the
element O means oxygen in practice they have different ideas about it
译文氧言遇问题然化学研究员化学成品制造商知道元素 O 指氧
实践中关氧概念样
分析句复杂复合句表原状语句中含步状语句分析理解原文逻辑
思维叙述层次基汉语致基原文序翻译出
（二）倒序译法（略）
（三）综合译法（略）
四词语技巧
（）词义选择（略）
（二）词义引申（略）
（三）词类转化
翻译程中常常需根两种语言语法表达方式差异改变原文中某词语词类便效传达
出原文准确意义译文符合目标语言表达方式种翻译方法词类转化法英译汉中通定方法
技巧词类转化成目标语言需词类纳起英译汉中词类转化四
种：种词类转化成动词种词类转化成名词种词类转化成形容词种词类转化成副词例：
例 4 The government called for the establishment of more key universities ( 名词转化成动词 )
译文政府号召建立更重点学
例 5 It was officially announced that President Bush would visit China ( 副词转化成名词 )
译文官方宣布布什总统华访问
例 6 The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment ( 名词转化成形容词 )
译文苍白脸色清楚表明时心情
例 7 I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted ( 名词转化成副词 )
译文荣幸通知您您请求已批准
（四）增词法
省略英语中常见种语法现象汉语惯重复补充英译汉时需适补充词汇外
英语抽象词较汉语较具体英译汉时需适增加词语变抽象具体总英译汉时
原文基础添加必词语译文意义结构修辞更符合汉语表达惯文化背景译文
忠实原文通流畅种翻译方法称增词法增词根文意义句法修辞需增加动
词形容词副词名词量词等
然增词意味着便加词 增词增义增词必须遵守基原英译汉时意义结构修辞象征三方面增加必词汇
第根意义增词意义增词根译文需增加原文语义形式没成分例：
例 8 He seized the chance for peace between them
译文抓住实现解机会
分析根原文意义译文加入实现两字进步补充原文意义英译汉时需采取化虚实
方法英语中抽象名词根文增加词语含义量具体化符合汉语表达惯
第二根结构增词 （略）
第三根修辞象征意义增词 （略）
（五）减词法（略）
（六）换法（略）
第四章 考研翻译难点分析
考研翻译确具定难度种求较高综合性题型涉英语语言文化社会方方面
面涉汉语语言文化社会方方面面做考研翻译仅良英语思维惯良
汉语驾驭力知然更知然两者缺英语水高翻译力定强汉语水高
翻译力定强翻译水高英语汉语力定强
根年教学辅导验笔者认想做考研翻译必须先读懂原文想读懂原文
必须弄清楚原文句子结构做翻译起码求果连句子结构懂根谈正确理解原文
更谈准确完整通翻译原文面考研翻译中句子结构方面难点做总结帮助考生提
高分析复杂句子结构力提高考生考研翻译水力全国研究生入学统考试中取优
异成绩利跨入理想高等学府
省略
英语省略汉语重复两者明显区（见第二章第三节：英汉语言差异） 英译汉时
译文 忠实通 需理解原文省略成分基础 根汉语表达惯 省略部分予补充灵活处理
说英文省略现象纳二十种总说英文省略般遵循两重原： （1）
文已提供明确信息必出现成分省略 （ 2）前面已出现成分省略致引起误解歧义省
略例：
例 1 Actually we know of no type of astronomical body in which the conditions can be favorable to life except planets
like our own revolving round a sun （省略前面出现名词）
译文事实球样围绕太阳旋转行星外知道否类型天体适合生命存条
件
分析句关键知道原句存省略原句含定语句复合句 except 引导状语
介词短语 like our own 承前省略 planetRevolving round a sun 现分词短语作定语修饰 our own planet 翻
译时汉语表达惯运倒序法先译 except 引导状语译句定语句
例 2 I have five young children and now my wife has a baby girl and I do not know where the money is to come from
to feed and clothe them all We are very poor and I fear I cannot work hard enough ( 省略前面出现定式 )
译文五孩子现妻子生女真知道里弄钱供吃穿太穷拼命干
活恐怕难供吃穿
分析分析段话结构关键弄清楚省略否定转移第句话三列句组成第二句话两列句组成
承前省略 to feed and clothe them all 含否定转移 I fear I cannot work hard enough to feed and clothe them all
中 not 应该否定面目状语 果明白该句省略否定转移现象 会误译成 穷 恐怕
拼命干活 意思显然通存逻辑错误
二分割
词语句子成分分割英语中常见语言惯分割指属体应该紧密相连词语者句子
成分词语成分隔离开语法现象分割部分中部分留原位置部分远离
属位置
常见分割两种情况：句子成分分割词语分割句子成分分割包括种情况：语谓语
分割谓语宾语分割位语位语句先行词分割定语定语句先行词分割等词语分
割指动词名词求介词介词宾语分割等
英语中分割意乱分乱隔般遵循头轻尾重原头轻尾重原指句子结构衡避免语部分太长谓语部分太短常常长复杂成分放句末分割现象予充分重视结构
语义两方面结合判断避免误解翻译时分割部分整合起翻译成整体（例句中分割部
分划线表示）
例 1 The strength thus developed however carried within it the seeds of its own decline ( 谓分割 )
译文然样发展起力量部具衰退素
例 2 The job gives him plenty of responsibility — he is in charge of several thousand workers — and plenty of cash (谓语
宾语分割 )
译文项工作负重责着千名工报酬丰厚
例 3例 6略
三句
句英语中量存构成英语复杂句子结构单位句子中作成分英语中句
分语句表语句宾语句位语句定语句状语句中前四种统称名词性句般
言部分句作成分直接翻译句句中逻辑关系定形式功
作相吻合定语句仅仅修饰词定语时修饰词间存原目结果条件等逻
辑关系样句汉译时需句子中逻辑关系处理表面形式功处理时
部分句连接词根汉语需省略译避免啰嗦外必时根汉语思维方式表达
惯适调整原句中句句序
（）定语句
定语句英语中运极广种独特句汉语中没类似英语中定语句结构般说定语位
修饰词前起修饰限定作英语中定语句功远远止修饰词存表面定
语功外英语中许定语句具状语功容含时间原目结果条件步等逻辑关
系外英语中定语句明显特点：果需定语句写长定语句中套定语句
定语句修饰某先行词汉语中罕见
先行词紧密关系程度英语中定语句分限制性定语句非限制性定语句限制性定语句
先行词关系紧密般标点符号先行词分割开非限制性定语句先行词关系太紧密标
点符号先行词隔开种定语句翻译时简单律处理前置定语般说翻译定语
句种常方法： （1）译成前置定语 （2）译成列分句 （3）融句成句某成分 （4）
译成状语
1 译成前置定语
译成前置定语方法适限定性定语句者较短定语句
例 1Pollution is a pressing problem that we must deal with
译文污染必须解决迫切问题
例 2There is no royal road to science and only those who do not dread the fatiguing climb of the steep paths have a chance
of gaining its luminous summits
译文科学没坦道畏穷困着陡峭山路攀登希达光辉顶点
2译成列分句（略）
3 融句（略）
4 译成状语（略）
（二）状语句（略）
（三）名词性句（略）
四倒装（略）
五否定
否定英汉两种语言具种语法现象两者表达否定意义方式手段差异英语中否
定形式常见： （1）全部否定 （2）部分否定 （3）双重否定 （4）形式肯定实际否定 （5）形式
否定实际肯定 （ 6）否定转移 （ 7）排否定 （8）固定句型结构等等英译汉时英语中否定结构
否定词身意义否定词否定范围具体语境等方面予综合考虑否造成误解句意翻译错误
外某否定结构正义反译反义正译方法予处理
例 1 Nor as things are could the actual study of science easily be separated from technology on which it has come to
depend rather intimately for materials and apparatus ( 全部否定 )
译文目前情况难实际科学研究技术分开 科学已非常赖技术获材料仪器分析 句全部否定 Nor neither never 等词句首倒装 表示全句全部否定 翻译时否定移回原位
句中句动语态译成动语态定语句长原句具某种果关系单独翻译 depend on
on 提前
例 2 Not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates ( 部分否定 )
译文进入叶子二氧化碳化合碳水化合物
分析句部分否定句英语中句型： all not not all every not not every both not 等表示
部分否定翻译成 需注意 no none neither nor 引导全部否定例： No two people
think alike ( 没两想法样 )
例 3 Its significance and importance can never be overemphasized ( 双重否定 )
译文意义重性 强调算分
分析句双重否定句英语中两表示否定意义词句话中实际整句话表肯定外
固定句型 cannot hardly scarcely enough too over+ 动词 ( 分 ) only too to ( 非
常)cannot but(会定会 )等表示肯定 ：We are only too willing to do it for you ( 非常愿意做件事 )
例 4Time is what we want most but what many use worst ( 形肯实否 )
译文缺少时间偏偏许善利时间
例 5 He carelessly glanced through the note and got away (形否实肯 )
译文马马虎虎张便条走
例 6 Don’ t scamp your work because you are pressed for time (否定转移 )
译文时间紧张敷衍塞责
分析 否定转移指形式起否定某词语句 实际否定外词语句 常见 语 +
don’t think + 句 (否定句 )not because because of (否定 because because of )等否定转移翻译时
否定转回原位句中 not 否定 because句翻译时 not 原 because句
例 7As they expected to be away from the steamer only a few hours they took enough food for one meal only and no extra
clothing beyond what they stood up in ( 排否定 )
译文估计离开轮船时带顿饭食物身穿衣服 带顿饭食物
身穿外没带衣服
分析句排否定谓排否定指该句中部分否定部分肯定通常会介词
连词等排掉引导连接部分 常见引导词： beyond ( )other than( )except ( )nothing more
than (仅仅 )等该句中 beyond 引导排否定排掉 what they stood up in 句前面 no
成 no beyond 双重否定表肯定
述规律法外英语中表示否定固定词语结构列举：
（1）for all
例句 You may leave at once for all I care
译文离开呢
（2）it be + adj + n + that + 否定句表示肯定
例 1It is a long lane that has no end
译文路必弯 事总变化会永远变
例 2It is a good workman that never blunders
译文智者千虑必失
（3）not more than 客观表示超
例句 I have not more than twenty Yuan in my purse
译文钱包里钱超 20 元
no more than ：观表示数量少常译成仅仅
例句 I have no more than twenty Yuan in my purse
译文钱包里仅仅 20 元钱
（4）not nearly 根 远远
例句 The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match population growth
译文粮食供应量增长远远口增长
六较（略）
七动（略）八分词（略）
九代词（略）
十插入语（略）
十强调结构（略）
第五章 考研翻译历年真题精析 (2000— 2010)
研究考研翻译历年真题应巩固翻译技巧方法握考研翻译命题方提高翻译成绩着方式
代重作研究方便读者角度出发章考研翻译句子解析采取列格式：
1 原句翻译程做出简化三部分展开：句子结构分析词语法解释汉语方式表达
2 句子结构分析种具体符号标示读者目然具体符号表示容： 句子间逻辑层次关系 表
示 第层 第二层类推语：划线表示谓语：阴影部分表示宾语：波浪线表示插入
语：双线表示连接词：全框表示修饰成分（）表示必时做具体解释例：
It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging
and improving experience but this effect is not a part of its original motive
2010 年英译汉试题解析（略）
2009 年英译汉试题解析
There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others and the deliberate
educating of the young In the former case the education is incidental it is natural and important but it is not the express reason
of the association(46)It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and
improving experience but this effect is not a part of its original motive Religious associations began for example in the desire
to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure
family perpetuity systematic labor for the most part because of enslavement to others etc (47)Only gradually was the
by product of the institution noted and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct
of the institution Even today in our industrial life apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift the intellectual and
emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world ’ s work is carried on receives little attention as
compared with physical output
But in dealing with the young the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact gains in importance (48)While it
is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition it is not so easy as in dealing with adults
The need of training is too evident the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these
consequences wholly out of account (49)Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we
cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability If humanity has made some
headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this
lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young
(50)We are thus led to distinguish within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering a more
formal kind of education — that of direct tuition or schooling In undeveloped social groups we find very little formal teaching
and training These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which
keeps the adults loyal to their group
真题解析
46 It may be said that the measure （of the worth of any social institution ） is its effect （in enlarging
and improving experience ） but this effect is not a part of its original motive
句子结构分析
（1）该句 but 连接列复合句句子干 it may be said but this effect is not a part
（2）that 引导宾语句句子干 the measure is its effect
（3）句列句汉语语序基致采取译法
词语法解释
（1）it may be said that 作固定结构意思说
（2）measure
n表示措施办法 ： They took strong measures against dangerous drivers （危害公众司机采取强硬
措施）
v表示衡量测量 ： Mother measured me to see what size of dress I should have ( 母亲量尺寸知道该穿号衣服 )
句中转化词性译成动词衡量
（3）worth
adj表示值 常 be worth doing sth 结构： It isn ’t worth waiting for him （值等 ）
n表示价值财产 ： the true worth of one ’s friendship （某友谊真正价值）
句中译价值
（4）institution
n表示制定惯制度机构等： Marriage became an institution in ancient societies （婚姻古代社会
已成种制度 ）
句译制度
（5）effect
n表示结果 效果 作 影响： The drug had an immediate effect on the pain （药止痛立刻生效 ）
vt表示生效实现 ：The new manager effected several changes in the company（新理公司里促成
次改革 ）
常短语： in effect （实际正生效） take effect (开始实行开始生效 )
句名词译成影响
（6）original
adj表示初 原始 独创新颖 ： The original owner of the house was the Duke of Wellington
（房子威灵顿公爵 ）： an original idea （独见解） an original painting ( 原画 )a person with an
original （创作头脑）
n表示原物原作 ： studying Greek to read Homer in the original （学希腊文读荷马原著）
句中 adj译成初
参考译文
说衡量社会制度价值扩改进验影响种影响初动机组成部分
47 （Only gradually ） was the byproduct of the institution noted and （only more gradually still ）
was this effect considered as a directive factor （ in the conduct of the institution ）
句子结构分析
（1）该句 and 引导列句句子干 the by product was noted and this effect was considered as a directive
factor
(2) 两句话句首 only 引导时间状语 采部分倒装结构 正常结构应该 The by product of the institution
was only gradually noted and this effect was only more gradually still considered as a
（3）两句采动语态翻译成汉语动语态：首句译句列分句语变宾语译动
句
词语法解释
（1）by product
表示副产品 前缀 by (附属次 )+ product 构成： bygone ( )byway ( 旁道 )等
（2）still
adj表示静止静寂动 ： The sea was calm and still （海风浪静 ）
adv表示更然 ： My father still remembers his first day at school （父亲
记学第天 ）时表示强调译
（3）consider
vt表示考虑顾认 ： The court would not even consider his claim for the old man ’s legacy （法庭根
会考虑提出老遗产求 ）
常 as to be 搭配表示（某某事）作 认（某某事） 句该种法
（4）directive
adj表示指示指导理定 ： directive rules （规程）
n表示指示命令指令方针
句引申规定
（5）conduct
n表示行举止品行者执行实施 ： His conduct disagrees with his words （言行 ）vt&vi 表示行举止表现者营引导实施 ： My aunt conducts her business very successfully
（婶婶企业营成功 ）
句 n根 institution 搭配译动词执行
参考译文
逐步注意种制度副作承认种副作执行该制度种规定性素更加缓慢
48 While it is easy to ignore （in our contact with them） the effect of our acts upon their disposition
it is not so easy as （in dealing with adults ）
句子结构分析
（1）句复合句句子干 it is not so easy
（2）句省略句补充完整应该 it is not so easy (to ignore the effect of our acts upon their disposition) as in dealing
with adults 翻译时补充完整
（3）句 while 引导时间状语句 it 作形式语代定式 to ignore disposition 句中 in our contact with them
ignore 宾语 the effect of 分割开翻译时根汉语惯该状语提前
（4）根文翻译时增加语
（5）文知句中 them their 指代年轻
词语法解释
（1）ignore
vt表示理睬忽视 ： I tried to tell her but she ignored me （算告诉理睬 ）
常短语： be ignorant of sth ( 知道 )
（2）disposition
n表示性格倾部署处理 ： The twin sisters have a happy disposition （孪生姐妹种乐天
性格）disposition of the deceased’s property（死者财产处理） 句中译性格
（3）not so as
表示 样 中 so 副词 as 连词级较否定结构形式
（4）deal (with)
v表示安排处理涉做生意 ： The book deals with this problem （书述问题 ）处
译交道
参考译文
年轻交时容易忽略行性格影响成交道时容易
49 Since our chief business （with them ）is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help
considering (whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability)
句子结构分析
（1）句复杂复合句句子干 we cannot help consideringsince 引导原状语句 whether or
no 引导宾语句 which 引导定语句
（2）which 定语句较短先行词关系密切直接译成定语
（3）整句话逻辑表达序汉语相采取序翻译法
（4）them 指代年轻 应该译出
词语法解释
（1）enable
vt常 to 搭配表示够 赋予权力：A bird ’s wings enable it to fly （鸟翅膀鸟飞 ）a law enabling
the new federal agency（赋予新联邦机构权力法律）
(2) can ’ t help doing sth
表示禁住 ： Between astonishment and joy she couldn ’t help bursting into tears （惊喜交集 禁住放
声哭起 ）
（3）whether or nonot
表示样 ： Whether we help him or not he will fail （帮助否 失败 ）
（4）secure
adj 表示安全放心虑 ： I don ’t feel secure when I am alone in the house （
家时感安全 ）
v表示保护安全获 ： Can you secure me two good tickets for the concert （弄两张音乐会票？）
句动词译获
参考译文
然务年轻参生活禁住考虑否正形成获种力力量
50 We are （thus ）led （to distinguish within the broad educational process which we have been
so far considering a more formal kind of education that of direct tuition or schooling ）
句子结构分析
（1）句复合句含 which 引导定语句句干 we are led
（2）to distinguish or schooling 语补足语 补充说明语 wedistinguish 宾语 a more formal kind of education
within 引导状语分割开破折号成分 a more formal kind of education 位语翻译时破折号
分开
（3）which 引导定语句修饰 process直接译成定语
词语法解释
（1）lead
vi&vt 表示指引导致通等等： The path led them to a cemetery (条径带墓 )作动
词 lead 常 to 搭配 to 作定式作宾补（时 lead 物动词）作介词接宾语（时
物动词）译致导致 句中 to 定式
（2）distinguish
vt&vi 表示辨辨认区等常 from 者 between 搭配： I can distinguish them at a distance （
远处认出 ）Can you distinguish the different musical instruments playing now （区分出正演奏种
乐器？）句作物动词辨认意思
（3）broad
adj 表示宽阔广泛明朗露骨显著等意思运灵活需根具体搭
配考虑词义： broad shoulders （宽肩膀）a broad general idea （概括性认识） broad daylight （白天）等
adv 表示充分完全
n表示宽部分女
句 process 搭配译整
参考译文
直考虑整教育程中辨认出种较正规教育——直接教育者学校教育
2008 年英译汉试题解析
In his autobiography Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty He points out that he
always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely but (46) he believes that this very difficulty
may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence and thus enabling
him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of
apprehension or wit such as distinguished Huxley (47) He asserted also that his power to follow a long and purely abstract
train of thought was very limited for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics His
memory too he described as extensive but hazy So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few
days a single date or a line of poetry (48) On the other hand he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his
critics that while he was a good observer he had no power of reasoning This he thought could not be true because the
Origin of Species is one long argument from the beginning to the end and has convinced many able men No one he submits
could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning He was willin g to assert that I have a fair share of invention
and of common sense or judgment such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have but not I believe in any higher
degree (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape
attention and in observing them carefully
Writing in the last year of his life he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the
preceding twenty or thirty years Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure Formerly
too pictures had given him considerable and music very great delight In 1881 however he said Now for many years I
cannot endure to read a line of poetry I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music (50) Darwin was convinced that
the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness but might possibly be injurious to the intellect and more probably to
the moral character 真题解析
46 He believes that （this very ）difficulty may have had the compensating advantage （of forcing
him to think long and intently about every sentence and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning
and in his own observations ）
句子结构分析
（1）句复合句含 that 引导宾语句干 he believes that （difficulty may have had the
advantage）
（2）宾语句 that this very his own observations含 of 引导两置定语 of forcing him to his own
observations分词短语作定语太长翻译时找句逻辑关系翻译成非定语成分
词语法解释
（1）very
adj 表示真正真实恰等等
adv 表示甚非常完全等例： The very idea of cheating people again is distasteful to him （
想欺骗感滋味 ）
表示加强语气意思正 原文正种法
（2）compensate
vi&vt 表示补偿赔偿酬报等： to compensate sb for （ 某赔偿） Nothing can compensate
the young mother for the loss of her favrourite daughter （年轻妈妈丧失心爱女东西弥补 ）
句现分词作定语译成弥补补偿
（3）advantage
n表示优势利条件利益便利等等： Many women think this is an advantage for men （许妇女认
男优越处 ）This hall combines the advantages of the ball room and of a meeting place （厅作舞厅
作会场 ）
常短语： take advantage of （利欺骗） at an advantage （利）be of advantage to （ 利） gain
an advantage overof (胜 优 )
（4）enable 见 2009 年 49 题解释
（5）detect
vt表示发现察觉注意 例： The dentist could detect no sign of decay in her teeth （牙医牙齿找
蛀蚀迹象 ）表示侦察出查明（常 in 连）例： He was detected in the act of stealing （偷窃时
场发觉）处查明发现意思
（6）reason
n表示理 原 动机 理智 前提等：There are reasons for this great interest in the ideas feelings and actions
of youth （年轻思想感情行动发生样巨兴趣 道理 ）
vt表示说服 推 辩： reason with sb foragainst sth ( 赞成 反 某讲道理 辩 )
vi 表示推 劝说 思考： to reason a person out of fear（劝害怕）
常短语： it stands to reason （合道理） with reason （理合情理） 例： He thinks with reason that I
don’t like him （理认喜欢 ）
句译成推理
参考译文
(达尔文 )认 正种困难起弥补作 长时间专注思考句子 推理亲观察中发现
错误
47 He asserted also that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very
limited for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics
句子结构分析
（1）句复杂复合句包括两 that 引导宾语句 for 引导原状语句句干 he
asserted that (his power was very limited)
（2）句含宾语句中干 his power was very limited to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought
定式作置定语太长处理成非定语成分（3）原状语句中含宾语句 he never could have succeeded with mathematics太长 放宾补 certain
词语法解释
（1）assert
v表示宣称 断言 声明维护 坚持等： assert one’s rights （维护权利） assert sth to be true（断
言某事真实） assert national independence （维护民族独立） 句中译认断言
（2）train
n表示列车 行列 果 序等： a train of events （连串事件）
v表示（常 to 连）培养教导训练 ： Mr Hart has trained his daughter for years （哈特先生已训练
女年）
句中译连串
（3）limit
n表示界限 限度 限制例： There is a limit to the amount of money I can afford （付起钱数限
）
vt表示减少限制 限定（常 to 搭配）例： My mother limits the amount of food that I eat （母亲限制
饭量）
（4）follow
v表示 追 追求理解 遵循等等： I didn ’t follow his line of reasoning （明白推理方
法）We shall follow closely the latest advance of the subject in the world （密切注意世界课题新进展 ）
常短语： as follows ( )
处译理解
参考译文
认深入理解冗长完全抽象系列观点方面力非常限深信数学方面
该获成功
48 （On the other hand ） he did not accept as well founded the charge （made by some of his critics ）
that while he was a good observer he had no power of reasoning
句子结构分析
（1）句复杂 as well 连接列句中含带步状语句位语句句干 he did
not accept as well founded the charge
（2）while he was a good observer he had no power or reasoning 步状语句 the charge 位语需单
独翻译重复位语先行词
（3）根汉语逻辑关系先译位语句译句成分作出适调整
词语法解释
（1）as well 表示样 连接列成分处连接 didn’t accept founded 两否定谓语
（2）found
v表示建立创立 （ on upon 连）建立 基础 根等等例： a story founded on fact
（事实根事） 句中 founded 表示 根根 as well 连接 didn’
t 否定容译没根 理解翻译句话关键
（3）charge
n表示电荷 费 掌充电 充气 装料等等：The charge carries a possible sentence of three years
（项控告判三年徒刑 ）
v表示装满控诉（ with 搭配） 责令 告诫 指示 加罪 锋 收费等等： He was charged with
stealing a car（指控偷辆汽车 ）
常短语： in charge of ( 负责 )charge sb with sth (控告某某事 )
句译批评指责
参考译文
方面批评家指责说善观察推理接受认毫根
49— 50 略
2007— 2000 年英译汉试题解析（略）第六章 考研翻译部分真题（ 1990— 1999）模拟试题
第节考研翻译部分真题（ 1990— 1999）
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese
1990 年英译汉试题
People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed It is not easy to explain why one
person is intelligent and another is not or why one is cooperative and another is competitive
Social scientists areof courseextremely interested in these types of questions（61）They want to explain why we possess
certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors There are no clear answers yet but two distinct schools of thought on the
matter have developed As one might expect the two approaches are very different from each other The controversy is often
conveniently referred to as nature vs nurture
（62）Those who support the nature side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely
determined by biological factors （ 63）That our environment has little if anything to do with our abilities characteristics and
behavior is central to this theory Taken to an extreme this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great
degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts
Those who support the nurture theory that isthey advocate educationare often called behaviorists They claim that our
environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act A behaviorist
BFSkinnersees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings（ 64）The behaviorists
maintain thatlike machineshumans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior
Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic intelligence offered by the two theories （65）
Supporters of the nature theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined
Needless to saythey don ’ t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined
characteristic On the other handbehaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences（66）
Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her
capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development
The social and political implications of these two theories are profound （ 67）In the United Statesblacks often score below
whites on standardized intelligence tests This leads some nature proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to
whites（68）Behaviorists in contrastsay that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many
of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy
Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior
1991 年英译汉试题
The fact is that the energy crisis which has suddenly been officially announced has been with us for a long time now
and will be with us for an even longer time Whether Arab oil flows freely or not it is clear to everyone that world industry
cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base（71）The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time and in any
casethe oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use
（72）New sources of energy must be found and this will take time but it is not likely to result in any situation that will
ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past For an indefinite period from here on
mankind is going to advance cautiously and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all
To make the situation worse there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world ’ s population is in sight Although the
birthrate has dropped in some nations including the United States the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion
and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty first century opens
（73）The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter
of producing and marketing food
Taking all this into account what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001
To begin with the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years— even here in the
United States By 2001 the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred
seventy million and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths （ 74）This will be
particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields
It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that if necessity
forces exportsit will be at the price of belt tightening at home
In fact as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety there is very likely to be increasing use of
flavoring additives （75）Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can
provide a comfortable support for all people will have to accept more unnatural food
（19921999 略）
第二节 考研翻译模拟试题
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese
模拟试题
A father is busy putting decorations on to the Christmas tree but as quickly as he puts them on his two yearold son pulls
them off He is about to put the child in a play pen when his wife suggests that it might make more sense to put the tree in the
play pen and leave the child outside Instead of keeping the child away from the tree one can keep the tree away from the child
（1）Lateral thinking involves moving sideways to look at things in a different way Instead of fixing on one particular approach
and then working forward from that the lateral thinker tries to find other approaches
You can not dig a hole in a different place by digging the same hole deeper （2）A committee that is convinced that
parking meters are the only way to control city parking will spend its time deciding what meters to use where to put them and
how to patrol them A lateral thinker would look at other approaches letting people park anywhere they liked so long as they
left their headlights on giving people licenses which would allow them to park free in town only one day a week and so
encouraging car sharing visible licenses that the motorist would pay for if he wanted to park anywhere in town
（3）Our thinking traditions are very firmly based on logical thinking in which we start off with a certain way of looking at
things and then see what we can deduce from that This can be called vertical thinking since it involves building on what is
accepted as traditional Vertical thinking is for using ideas and lateral thinking is for changing them
（4）Most of our thinking does not take place at the logical stage but at the perceptual stage which precedes this Lateral
thinking is to do with changing perceptions and finding new ways of looking at things Lateral thinking is the practical process
of creativity There are various deliberate techniques such as the use of stepping stones (produced for instance by reversing the
usual situation) （5）Lateral thinking turns creativity into a tool In a patterning system such as the mind provocation is as
important as analysis— and more important for changing ideas
模拟试题二九（略）
模拟试题十
By now just about everyone has heard of string theory Even those who don ’ t really understand it —which is to say just
about everyone— know that it ’ s the hottest thing in theoretical physics
But despite its extraordinary popularity among some of the smartest people on the planet string theory hasn ’ t been
embraced by everyone— and now nearly 30 years after it made its initial splash some of the doubters are becoming more vocal
Skeptical bloggers have become increasingly critical of the theory （1）Mathematician Peter Woit and Professor Lee Smolin
both argue that string theory (or superstring theory as it is also know) is largely a fad propped up by practitioners who tend to
be arrogantly dismissive of anyone who dare suggest that the emperor has no clothes
There were good reasons for the theory ’s appeal when it first emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s At the time
physicists found themselves facing a crisis： the two most important ideas of 20th century physics relativity and quantum
theory were known to be fundamentally incompatible Quantum theory describes the universe as intrinsically discontinuous
energy for example can come in bits just so small but no smaller Relativity treats time and space and gravity as a smooth
unbroken continuum Each theory has its purpose and the usually don ’t overlap （2）But when dealing with large masses or
time periods that are infinitesimally small like the core of a black hole or the first moments after the Big Bang neither quite
works So lots of physicists began working on string theory
Since then however superstrings have proved a lot more complex than anyone expected The mathematics is extremely
tough and when problems arise the solutions often introduce yet another layer of complexity （3）Complexity isn ’t necessarily
the kiss of death in physics but in this case the new improved theory posits a nearly infinite number of different possible
universes with no way of showing that ours is more likely than any of the others That lack of specificity hasn ’ t slowed down the string folks Maybe they ’ ve argued there really are an infinite number of
universes— an idea that ’ s currently in fashion among some astronomers as well — and some version of the theory describes each
of them That means any prediction however outlandish has chance of being valid for at least one universe and no prediction
however sensible might be valid for all of them
However it is that absence of proof that is perhaps most damning （4）Physicists have a tolerance for theory indeed
unless you were there to witness a phenomenon yourself — the Big Bang say — it will always be at some level hypothetical
But the slow accretion of data and evidence eventually eliminates reasonable doubt Not so — or at least not yet— with strings
It ’s true that nobody has any good idea of how to test string theory but who ’s to say someone won’t wake up tomorrow
morning and think of one （5）The reason so many people keep working on it is that whatever its flaws the theory is still more
promising than any other approach we have
第七章 参考译文
第节 1990— 1999 年英译汉真题参考答案
1990 年真题参考答案
61 （社会科学家）想说明什具某性格特征表现出某行
62 场争中赞成天性（理）社会科学家认性格特征行模式部分生物素
决定
63 种理（天性理）核心环境性格特征行点关系微
足道
64 行义者认果童许刺激物环境中成长刺激物够发展做出适反应
力童智力获更高发展
65 相反行义者认成绩差异原黑剥夺白教育环境方面享许
利条件
1991 年真题参考答案
71 意想石油供应时会切断目前种消费速度油井
会 30 年左右枯竭
72 需时间必须找新源认拥廉价充足源情况出现
73 食物供应增长远远赶口增长意味着生产购销食物方面陷入危机
74 高耗美国生产方式投入少数农民获高产种农业生产方式源匮乏难
继种困境出现确定疑
75 非类意识口减少样程度球提供足够食物接受更
造食物
（19921999 略）
第二节 考研翻译模拟试题答案
模拟试题
父亲忙着圣诞树挂装饰品刚挂两岁子扯正孩子放进游戏围栏里妻子
建议说许圣诞树放围栏里孩子外面更 孩子树 倒树放孩子够着方 （1）
横思维侧面换角度问题进行种思维注意力固定某方面行动试试否
方法
洞挖深等挖洞 （2）果委员会确信停车计时器控制市存车
会花时间考虑种计时器计时器装处检查问题横思维者会考虑解决办法
开车灯愿车停行发停车许证允许周天城里免费停车
样鼓励合车发行种张贴车窗许证驾车买城里方停车
（3）传统思考方式牢固建立逻辑推理某角度考察问题然中推断出什
种方式称思维公认确立东西做基础思维倾利已观念横思维倾改变
观念
（4）思考问题处理性阶段理性阶段前感性阶段横思维改变观念找观察问题
新方法横思维进行创造时间程种考虑问题方法利垫脚石（举例子通常情况反
考虑）(5) 横思维创造力变成种工具 脑样固定方式工作系统里 刺激分析样重——改变
观念刺激更重模拟试题二九（略）
模拟试题十
迄止听说弦理真正解问题——说——
知道理理物理学中热门话题
弦理球部分聪明中极流行未接受——距问世初轰动已 30
年怀疑者日益直言持怀疑态度博客越越批评理 （1）数学家彼·沃特李·斯莫林教授
认弦理（时称超弦理）程度群命总鄙视敢怀疑皇帝新衣鼓
吹起流行时尚
弦理 20 世纪 70 年代末 80 年代初刚刚面世时具吸引力充足理时物理学家发现面
着危机：相量子两 20 世纪物理学重理时认根相容量子宇宙
描述质连续量单位元出现更相时间空间重力作光滑
分割连续统体两理目通常互交迭 （2）研究质量物质限时间段时
黑洞核者宇宙爆炸初时刻二者完美加解释物理学家便开始弦理
研究
然时起超弦理证明预料更复杂数学求证极艰难问题出现时研究结
引出层复杂问题 （3）物理学中复杂定超弦理言种新改进理假定
存着限种宇宙没办法证明宇宙更真实信
然缺乏特色没弦 （弦理家追者）步伐放慢认许真限宇
宙存——观点部分天文学家中样流行——弦理某种说法阐述中宇宙意味着
样怪异种预测少宇宙正确时样合理没种预测宇
宙正确
缺乏实验证明许弦理致命处 (4) 物理学家学说相容忍度事实非亲目击独
特事件——说宇宙爆炸——定程度永远假设然着资料证逐渐增合理怀
疑终消弦理者说少现样
确实样检验弦理现没什意谁说某明早醒时会想出意呢？（ 5）
众事研究原弦理着样瑕疵起探索途径弦理
然目前前景学说
第三节 1990— 2010 年英译汉真题全文参考译文
1990 年考研真题全文参考译文
长期直想弄清楚性格特征行模式形成什聪明愚蠢
什具协作精神具竞争意识难解释
然社会科学家类问题极关注 （61）（社会科学家）想说明什具某性格特征表
现出某行问题尚明确答案方面已形成两截然相学派正料两
学派法相径庭方便起见种争通常称天性环境素争
（62）场争中赞成天性（理）社会科学家认性格特征行模式部分生物
素决定 （63）种理（天性理）核心环境性格特征行点关系
微足道该理极端坚持认行模式程度先天决定完全受
支配
环境素赞成者提倡教育通常称行义者声称决定行方式方面
环境基生理更重行义者 BF 史基纳认行完全周围环境塑造行义
者坚信机器样环境刺激作出反应行基础
两种理智力性格特征解释天性者认生具定学力
生物素决定勿庸说认周围环境种素基先天决定性格特征没重影
响相反行义者认智力水历产物 （64）行义者认果童许刺
激物环境中成长刺激物够发展作出适反应力童智力获更高发展
两种理蕴含着深刻社会政治涵美国标准化智力测试中黑成绩常常低白天
性拥护者出结认黑生理白略低筹 （65）相反行义者认成绩差异原
黑剥夺白教育环境方面享许利条件
部分认两种理完全解释行1991 年考研真题全文参考译文
然官方突然宣布存源危机事实长期直面着源危机种情况会持续
更长时间 阿拉伯石油否源源断外流 清楚 世界工业赖脆弱源基础 （71）
意想石油供应时会切断目前种消费速度油井会 30
年左右枯竭
（72）需时间必须找新源认拥廉价充足源情况出现
漫长时间中类谨慎前进幸运类认确够前进
令目前状况恶化尚迹象表明世界口增长会期减慢然包括美国国家出
生率已降 21 世纪初世界口肯定会超 60 亿许甚超 70 亿
（73）食物供应增长远远赶口增长意味着生产购销食物方面陷入危机
综合考虑素合理估计 2001 年超级市场会什样子呢
首先 30 年世界食物供应会日益紧张美国例外 2001 年美国口少达 2 亿 5 千万
达 2 亿 7 千万时美国难扩食物生产满足口增长需 （74）高耗美国生产方式
投入少数农民获高产种农业生产方式源匮乏难继种困境出现确定疑
肯定 2001 年美国食物输出国果必须输出食物美国民勒紧裤带
代价
实际种食品质量降品种减少更会增加调味添加物 （75）非类意识
口减少样程度球提供足够食物接受更造食物
1992 年考研真题全文参考译文—— 2010 年考研真题全文参考译文（略）
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第章 考研翻译题型概述
第二节 考研翻译简介
考研翻译命题形式
根全国硕士研究生统考试英语考试纲规定考研翻译属阅读理解部分命题形式英译汉
考查学生准确理解概念结构较复杂英语文字材料力求考生阅读篇约 400 词文章中 5 划
线部分（约 150 词）译成汉语求译文准确完整通 翻译部分总分值 10 分（题 2 分）占全部试卷
10
面 2010 年考研翻译实例：
Part C Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be
written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2 (10 points)
One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land
community have no economic value Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and if its stability depends on its
integrity they are entitled to continuance
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and if we happen to love it we invent excuses to give it
economic importance At the beginning of the century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing (46)Scientists jumped to the
rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them The
evidence had to be economic in order to be valid
It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today We have no land ethic yet (47)but we have at least drawn nearer the
point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right regardless of the presence or absence of economic
advantage to us
A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fisheating birds (48)Time was when biologists somewhat
overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak or that they prey only
on worthless species Here again the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid It is only in recent years that we hear
the more honest argument that predators are members of the community and that no special interest has the right to exterminate
them for the sake of a benefit real or fancied to itself
Some species of trees have been read out of the party by economicsminded foresters because they grow too slowly or
have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops (49)In Europe where forestry is ecologically more advanced the
noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community to be preserved as such within reason
Moreover some have been found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility The interdependence of the forest and
its constituent tree species ground flora and fauna is taken for granted
To sum up a system of conservation based solely on economic selfinterest is hopelessly lopsided (50)It tends to ignore
and thus eventually to eliminate many elements in the land community that lack commercial value but that are essential to its
healthy functioning It assumes falsely that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts
46 科学家匆忙出明显站住脚证救援 意说 果鸟控制害虫话 害虫会吃掉
47 少已承认 (样种观点 )：没济处鸟类生存固权利
48 时 生物学家点度样证： 动物捕食弱生物维持食物链正常运行 者捕食
没价值物种
49 欧洲林业生态方面较先进非商业性树种认原始森林群落成员样合理保护
50 易忽视 会终淘汰土群落中许缺乏商业价值元素 然元素整生物群落健康运行
必少
（具体解析见第五章考研翻译历年真题解析 ）
考研纲真题解读认考研翻译部分总体求应该译文准确完整通 翻译
般标准忠实通基致 准确完整忠实原文原文容完整准确表达出
原文做意增加删减 通指译文语言逻辑通 符合汉语语言文字规范 没明显 翻
译腔
总符合准确完整通考研翻译标准译文必须完整准确表达原文容基础符合汉语表达规范没逻辑错误语言歧义晦涩难懂等现象
二考研翻译评分标准
根纲规定考研翻译评分标准：
阅读理解 C 节： 5 题题 2 分 10 分
果句子译文明显扭曲原文意思该句分超 05 分
果考生题目提供两两译法均正确分果中译法错错误译法评分
中文错字扣分题累计扣分三错字扣 05 分 025 扣分
三历年考研翻译考题特点分析
表 1990 年考研翻译部分容体裁：
1990 年：性格行分析（议文） 2000 年：政府济发展（议文）
1991 年：源农业问题（议文） 2001 年：计算机未生活（议文）
1992 年：智力评估科学性（议文） 2002 年：行科学（议文）
1993 年：科学研究方法（议文） 2003 年：类学研究（议文）
1994 年：科技科学发展关系（议文） 2004 年：语言学研究（议文）
1995 年：标准化测试（议文） 2005 年：电视媒介（议文）
1996 年： 科学发展差动力（议文） 2006 年：美国知识分子（议文）
1997 年：动物权利问题（议文） 2007 年：法学研究意义（议文）
1998 年：爆炸理（议文） 2008 年：达尔文思想（议文）
1999 年：历史学研究（议文） 2009 年：教育研究（议文）
2010 年：生态资源保护系统（议文）
根年考研翻译真题命题形式分析研究 发现考研翻译基具明显特点： （略）
四考生常见困境分析
部分考生觉考研翻译难难点认识相纳起种类型：语法知识缺
乏型词汇缺乏型翻译知识缺乏型学态度消极型
语法知识缺乏型考生般认句子结构太复杂难理解考研英语纲求考生需准确理解结构
较复杂英语文字材料句子结构英语厦支柱学会分析句子结构学英语必前提英文种结构严
谨形合性语言部分英文正式材料基复杂长句写成根考研纲求结合英译汉翻译
实践笔者英语句子结构知识出发点辐射篇章段落句子词语翻译技巧宏观微观考研翻
译中涉方法技巧汇集成书希起抛砖引玉效果考生中学渔技 （略）
第二章 考研翻译必备知识
作项复杂脑力劳动翻译时创作难常常觉绞脑汁难满意做翻译恐怕
会两句三年吟双泪流感慨考研学生说高度紧张十分钟阅读篇 400
词文章翻译概 150 词（ 5 句话）没足够时间精力字斟句酌许考生觉：做翻译时理解
英语已容易中文表达更困难考研英语考试中正确理解英文准确通完
整表达成道中文呢？认参加考研学生说增加词汇量文化知识储备外
努力学关英语句型结构方面基知识英译汉翻译方法技巧基英语句子结构
正确分析理解基础脱离英语句子结构翻译达准确通完整翻译标准
位参加考研考生说利时时间认真研究英文句型结构汉语区做考研翻译题佳
捷径变应万变完全策
第节 英语基句型（简单句）
句子词定序组成种组合定规律循研究表明英语语句规律性非常
明显般动词核心英语中动词类型（五种：物动词系动词单宾动词
双宾动词复合动词）英语句型划分五种基句型
英语五种基句型
1语 +物动词 （SV 句型）
例句 The girl is crying
译法 直接译成汉语
2语 +系动词 +补（ SVC 句型系动词 +补合称复合谓语）
例句 The food tastes good 译法 直接译成汉语
3例句 Mike had finished his homework
译法 基直接译成汉语
4— 5（略）
二分析总结
（1）五种基句型进步简化语 + 谓语（动词时态语态完全组成部分） 形式中谓语
判断句子结构基单位谓语单句英译汉中分析句子结构
（2）（ 4）略
第二节 英语中复杂句
般认英语中句子结构分简单句列句复合句三种类型叙述方便书列
句复合句统称复杂句复杂句尤复合句考研翻译重点翻译句子复杂句
列句
列句两两简单句列起构成般列连词连接副词逗号分号号等分句
连接起例：
例 1 The earth is one of the sun’s planets and the moon is our satellite ( 连词 and 连接 )
译文球太阳系行星月亮卫星 （译）
例 2 She was very tired nevertheless she kept on working ( 连接副词 nevertheless 引导 )
译文累然坚持工作 （译）
例 3 Heavy clouds rose slowly from the horizon thunder drummed in the distance ( 分号连接 )
译文浓云线缓缓升起远处雷声隆隆
述列句简单列句简单句构成果中分句中加入句成分变
成较复杂复合句例：
例 4While the men worked to strengthen the dam the rain continued to fall and the river which was already well above its
normal level rose higher and higher
分析两分句（号连接）组成列句分句句复合句第分句
中 while 引导时间状语句第二分句中 which 引导非限制性定语句干： The rain
continued to fall and the river rose higher and higher 成附加成分
译文 正加固河堤时候雨停河水已远远超正常水位涨越越高
实际生活考试中样语言现象屡见鲜复杂句子皆考研翻译目
测试考生理解英语复杂句子结构力 果考生够掌握种基句子结构（包括简单列句简
单复合句）理清间层次关系复杂句子结构迎刃解章写作目
二复合句
复合句句句构成 句全句体 句必须关联词引导 （时省略）
附属成分 语谓语部分 例：When I got there they had left for Shanghai 句话中句 they had left
for Shanghai句 when I got there
句句子中功 句分三类： 名词性句 （包括语句 表语句 宾语句位语句）
状语句定语句
（） 状语句 (略)
（二） 定语句
定语句英语中重复杂句根句关系紧密性定语句分限制性定语句
非限制性定语句定语句然起做定语时句存某种逻辑关系特非限制性定语句
需仔细理清两者间关系
例 7 Water which is a clear liquid has many uses (which 引导定语句句列关系 )
译文水种清澈液体途
例 8 We can read of things that happened thousands of years ago in the Near East where people first learned to write
（where 引导定语句句明显果关系）
译文东早学会文字知道千年前发生里事情
般说定语句紧先行词时候定语句紧修饰先行词
词语隔开成隔离定语句种现象书面语中常见造成阅读理解翻译难点考研翻译
重点特留意例：例 9A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you English ( 定语句紧修饰先行词 teacher
will come tomorrow 分割置句尾表示强调 )
译文明天位新老师教英语
样定语句方法判断：根先行代词先行副词确定先行词先行词般名
词代词相名词词先行代词先行副词前找名词代词相名词词代先行
代词先行副词置定语句中便验证先行词真伪例：
例 10We may define chemistry as the science in which we deal with the chemical change in matter as a result of which it is
possible to form a new substance
分析该句中两 which 定语句先行代词第代 science第二代单词呢？正常言应该
matter事实代 chemical change果 matter 置句中 没果关系 （as a result of） chemical
change
译文化学定义关物质化学变化科学化学变化会形成新物质
例 11Mike told her the story of the young pilot which I narrated at the beginning of this book
分析句中 the young pilot which 先行词 story 分割开果先行词 pilot which 代
who that
译文迈克书开头讲关位青年飞行员事讲听
外定语句中种较难理解情况：含定语句定语句种定语句称复合定语
句含句结构语加表法意见谓语动词组成整定语句组成部分复合定语句
语省略省略例：
例 12He is just the type I always knew would attract her ( 省略语复合定语句 )
译文知道正会吸引种类型
：正知道会吸引种类型
分析该句三谓语部分系表结构 knew would attract没连接词判断省略两
连接词 仔细研究 知： I always knew would attract her 省略掉语 that 复合定语句 中 I always knew
应该 that would attract her 定语句完整句子应该： He is just the type that that I always knew would attract
her第 that 复合定语句先行代词复合定语句语部定语句 that I always knew
先行词第二 that 定语句 I always knew 中做宾语会省略掉第 that 复合定语句语
省略正式文体中般省略例：
例 13It was a discovery that scientists said could alter their theories about life ’s earliest beginnings (未省略语复合
定语句 )
分析该句三谓语部分：系表结构 said could alter连接词 that应该省略连接
词研究知 that scientists said could alter their theories about life ’s earliest beginnings 复合定语句 that
先行代词语（未省略） 部定语句 scientists said 先行词时 scientists said 先
行代词 that 定语句中做宾语省略
译文科学家说项会改变关生命早起源理发现
：项科学家说会改变关生命早起源理发现
（三）名词性句（略）
第三节 英汉语言差异
正第节述基句型结构（简单句）句子干（语谓语宾语）言英语汉语基相
相互直译译两者互译基础实践中受传统惯思维方式历史文
化等影响英语汉语具独特表达方式简单直接转化两者互译困难吸引
众翻译精英懈努力魅力掌握必翻译技巧外做英译汉翻译工作利通
考试必须通量亲身实践通英汉两种语言较研究掌握两者间差异处理方法进
步加强身英语理解力汉语驾驭力提高翻译综合力
考研翻译说接触考生知道五句话基复杂长句句子较长句式复杂
基础扎实学许理清结构知道表达意思想找确切汉语表达方式绝
件容易事情数考生认做考研翻译丁三部曲：阅读理解狱转化表达炼狱考分
满意天堂事实果考生够英汉两种语言间结构方面差异解掌握两者间转化规律
假时日反复练做考研翻译件难事情获天堂般感受指日笔者根年教学
验结合众语言学前辈研究成果总结出英汉语言结构方面差异相信位考生必裨益
英语重形合 汉语重意合
整体结构表达方式言英语种形合性语言汉语种意合性语言英语句子般
固定结构方式组织表达偏重形式汉语句子字词含义组合连接表达方式灵活
变偏重语意英语句子间关系通时态标点符号连接词等表示清二楚汉语句子间关
系句子身语意表现
例 1 Another attempt and you ’ll succeed
译文试次会成功
：试次会成功
分析句 and 连接简单列句般时态明确表明两句间动作关系汉语译文较灵活
句子间关系语意表达关联词译（括号译文）译惯译
例 2 Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part thus creating a
new generation of portable minicomputer
译文现集成电路成计算机组成部分计算机体积缩产生新代携式微型计算机
分析句句定语句分词状语组成复合句句现完成时定语句般
现时加 thus 连接现分词短语作状语通时态逗号关联词现分词短语句间关系表
达非常清楚汉语句简单陈述基础通调整语序运 词意句间层层
递进果关系表达出
掌握英语重形合汉语重意合差异做英汉互译核心英译汉时量理清英语句关系基础
乱原句式结构汉语重意合表达惯方式重新组织句序相反汉译英时汉语
分句关系量连接词时态标点符号等予表示英语表达惯组合成复杂句子结构例
众周知然 long time no see（久见）句典型中式英语广接受符合英语表达惯
典型顾英语语法句型结构误译实英语语法结构应该样表达： It’s a long time since we saw
外做英译汉时量避免翻译腔 谓翻译腔 指英文意思然勉强懂直译硬译
痕迹处见 洋味太重读性太低究原实践较少验足二语言力限重形式轻
容没掌握英汉两种语言基差必翻译技巧见什翻译什
例 3 When a representative exceeds his allotted time the President shall call him to order without delay
译文（翻译腔）位代表超分配时间席告诉命令推迟
（改进）（果）代表发言超规定时间席应督促遵守规
分析 该句 when 引导复合句 似简单 现 句直译成汉语 （第句译文）
When 句实表示种假设果直译成 时候没表达出原句逻辑关系 his 样形容词性物
代词翻译成中文时译 shall 情态动词时 order 名词表示规 硬译命令
二英语句长复杂 汉语句短简练（略）
三英语动语态 汉语动语态
英语汉语中存动语态相较言英语更喜欢动语态特正式书面文体中
科技英语医学英语等时汉语会常引导动句更时候动表动
等词语表达句子英译汉时量英语动句翻译成汉语动
句尤惯表达方法 ：it is said that （说 ） it is generally considered that （家普遍认 ）
等约定俗成惯法般说英语句子语变成汉语句子宾语动语态部分翻译成动
果英语句子 by 引导施动者译汉语语果没根需予补充
例 5 It was still thought unusual in some places that programs could be called up by viewers to be displayed on their TV
screens at home
译文方然认观众电话求家里电视屏幕播放节目件常事情
分析 原文中三动语态形式 was thought could be called up to be displayed 译成汉语动语态： 认
电话播放 方法： it was thought that 汉语惯补充语译认 could be
called up by 施动者 viewers 译成语动部分译成动 to be displayed 译成动修饰 programs
例 6 New actions must be taken to prevent air pollution
译文必须采取新行动阻止空气污染
分析原文简单需指明施动者动语态直接语变成宾语动语态部分翻译成动
外情况英语中动语态翻译成汉语动语态动语态例：
例 7例 8（略）
四英语重心前 汉语重心
英汉两种语言逻辑思维明显：英语开门见山 先表明结进行证描述讲述事实
简单概括先果 重心前汉语惯循序渐进 事情发展序事实结
果进行述简单纳先果 重心
英译汉时注意种逻辑思维差异具体正确理解英语原文逻辑关系基础乱英语
句子结构汉语思维逻辑表达方式重新安排句子语序例：
例 9 Mr Smith was arrested when he himself was not aware that crime he had committed
译文史密斯先生知道犯什罪家逮捕
例 10 Everybody here has a chance to study unless he doesn’t want to
译文非愿意学里学机会
分析面两句话中句：时间状语句条件状语句英文惯两种句般位句
突出句重性重心前汉语惯时间序事件果关系等表达重心
遇翻译状语句时定注意两种语言思维逻辑表达差异性句子语序作出必调整
较复杂句子：
例 11 However government intervention has been found necessary from time to time to ensure that economic opportunities
are fair and accessible to the people to prevent flagrant abuses to dampen inflation and to stimulate growth
译文然确保均获等济机会防止公然正行抑制通货膨胀刺激济增长
发现政府干预常常必
分析果原文语序翻译恐怕位读者知云该句长句句句
动语态需翻译成汉语动语态加语 to ensure to prevent to dampen to stimulate 四列
目状语译成汉语四列分句汉语逻辑思维方式重新调整原文语序
五英语注重省略 汉语注重补充（略）
六英语抽象词 汉语具体词（略）
七英语换 汉语重复（略）
八英语代词 汉语名词（略）
九英语结构紧凑 汉语结构松散（略）
十英语重综合 汉语重分析（略）
十英语静 汉语动（略）
十二英语重物 汉语重（略）
总言十二条英汉两种语言逻辑思维表达方式明显区掌握英汉互译必前
提抓住区特点翻译实践中反复练体验抓住英汉翻译关键找英汉
翻译条捷径
第四节 考研翻译常见误区
翻译项复杂艰巨脑力活动涉文化知识思维表达验等层面做英译汉件
容易事仅求译者拥丰富知识储备熟悉英汉两种语言差异具备完善表达技巧长期翻译实
践求译者拥善变力译者脱离原材料局限原材料进行英语思维运
汉语思维表达忠实英文符合汉语惯译文传形传神译者言英译汉
时做更绝做量避免错误绝犯错误
位考生身素质参差齐考研翻译中错误谓千奇百怪错综复杂思维表达句意词意
种错误真应难陈述误译译者根知道否理解英语原文真实意义
根文推断词语含义造成总结笔者年教学验纳起考生误译源方面 缺乏
文化背景知识懂句子结构误解逻辑关系词达意等等
缺乏文化背景知识
语言文化密分孪生体没受文化影响语言没语言传播文化英译汉
汉译英实践中日常交正式场合缺乏英美文化解造成误译皆甚造
成必矛盾损失解英美语言国家文化英汉翻译者必修课考研学生说
出国体验种文化现实噎废食相反实际出发利种现实途径通报纸网络
书刊杂志积极解英美文化努力实现考研奋斗目标时切实提高翻译表达跨文化交力面通具体实例简单介绍缺乏文化背景知识造成误译
例 1 Television has changed the importance of issues It can be argued that since the 1960 presidential debates we have
elected people not platforms
译文电视已改变政治见解重性证明 1960 年总统选举中选择政
治纲领
分析 Platform 词原意讲台讲坛 常引申指美国竞选纲领 美国总统
选期间代表美国两派竞选候选讲坛阐述竞选纲领果里 platform 简单译讲
台会产生误译表明美国选缺乏定解
例 2 The blue chip Dow Jones Industrial Average too although down 12 form its all time high was broadly back to its
November value
译文汇集绩优股道琼斯工业指数然历史高点跌 12幅回升年 11 月份价位
分析原文中 blue chip 字面意思蓝色筹码 源扑克牌游戏证券市场指股市中业绩优良
绩优股 IBM GM 等股市表现良市企业股票通常投资者青睐字
面意思直译成蓝筹股 意译成绩优股意义更明显
例 3 例 4例 5略
二懂句子结构
成功翻译篇英文文章英语原文理解正确误汉语表达流畅通两者中正确理
解原文起点关键做正确理解原文需扎实英语语言基础特英语句型结构知识正确
分析英语句子结构力分析英语句子结构理解英语句子含义基础许考生反映长句恐慌
加认识单词直接发懵根知道原文讲什认识单词翻译单词写出译
文知云高分呢？
例 6 My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable
译文认代代抱怨难免
分析 原句短 正确分析句子结构容易 受 inevitable 惯法影响 直接 it is inevitable
作句话 样没正确分析句子结构 结果必影响翻译质量 事实 句话干 my point is that the
complaint is inevitable it following 宾语指代 one generation外句注意 complaint about 法 the one
指代（ the one generation）
例 7例 8 略
三误解逻辑关系
正确理解原文句子结构基础果局限原文句子结构没真正弄懂句间逻辑关系会造成
误译英语中许连接词身含义 as引导原状语句引导时间状
语句定语句词构成新引导词短语等某连接词引导句表面逻辑关系实际逻辑
关系相定语句起作定语实际时原结果目条件等方面修饰
词加限定更确切表达种逻辑关系定语句译成相应状语句外正义反说
反义正说方面状语修饰限定动词整句话某词语作状语作定语者否存否定转移理
解等造成逻辑关系误译例：
例 9 In our travels we didn ’t find the power of women as pervasive in the communes as in the cities
译文旅行中发现妇女公社中影响城市中影响样广泛
分析明显否定转移句中实际否定部分 not so pervasive in the communes as in the cities 原文
起样否定 find
谓否定转移 指英语中否定句中 not 形式否定谓语行状态 实际否定句子中成
分英译汉时注意种否定转移汉语表达惯体现出翻译否定转移方法
例 10例 11例 12 略
四词达意（略）
第三章 考研翻译解题技巧
作种考试考研翻译具翻译般特点独特处般翻译相考研翻译特点
较短限时间翻译出够获高分译文容考生常翻译样慢慢斟词酌句做点
加强时知识积累增加词汇量解英美文化外关键缩短考研翻译需时间
缩短考研翻译程必须解考研翻译特点掌握考研翻译必需解题方法技巧里笔者考研翻译程入手详细分析考研翻译中需种方法技巧提出够效缩短考研程非
常实容易掌握考研翻译策略——句子结构分析法考生现英语基础迅速抓住考研翻译
核心问题较短时间突破考研翻译获理想成绩
第节 考研翻译步骤
表面翻译英汉两种词汇互相表达事实非英语汉语两种完全语言英译汉
仅仅涉词义转化问题复杂理解分析选词表达程会受种种客观素限制影响
突破考研翻译瓶颈笔者根考研翻译实践特点般翻译程中两阶段（正确理解阶段充
分表达阶段）详细分解成四步骤：分析句子结构理清逻辑关系充分表达语义认真检查核充分突出影
响考研翻译关键素时中重步名称（分析句子结构）种专门针考研翻译方法命名
句子结构分析法
分析句子结构
纳 考研翻译五划线部分句子基复杂长句 （20 单词） 者带复杂修饰成分
列句者带两句复合句结构分析做考研翻译第步关键步
分析句子结构弄清楚三点 第分割句子简化结构第二浓缩单句干简化成英语中
五种基句型第三确定单句中修饰语成分词间关系
（）分割句子
分割句子简单句基单位整长句分成干短句英语重结构复杂长句
简单句定规律组合成分割提供分割句子基方法两种：谓语标
准谓语划分简单句二连接词标准 N 连接词 N+1 简单句
英语中省略现象普遍存更时候需综合述两种方法相互补充相互验证
里谓语具广泛含义仅包括般谓语动词包括复合谓语（系动词 +表语组成）简单言
里谓语指包括系表结构时态者语态完整组成部分具体见表（英语中基 8 种时态语
态例）：
英语基时态语态构成简表（略）
外分词短语作状语尤带较修饰成分复杂分词作句子分割基单位然分
词短语身完整句子分词短语作状语实际省略连接词部分谓语状语句
关句子分割方式考生根时间情况惯熟悉符号出阅读直观方
便书采取 作分隔句子符号层次关系数 表示例： 表示第层关系 表示第
二层关系 类推 逐层递进数量越 表明句子结构越复杂 层次关系越紧密 样 区分句子层次
帮助考生理解句子逻辑关系谓举两做考研翻译种效方式
面 2009 年考研翻译真题第句例予实例分析：
例 1 It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving
experience but this effect is not a part of its original motive
典型复杂长句 述分割句子方法 分割成两层次 三简单句： 第层 but 连接
两列句第二层 that 引导宾语句构成复合句（示）
（二）浓缩干
浓缩干指分割简单句简化基五种句型形式（见第二章第节） 语 +谓语 +（宾语）
形式 中语 谓语宾语 (包括 宾语 +宾补 宾语 +补 两种复合宾语形式 )统称句子干成分
区句子修饰成分（定语状语插入语）
例 1 例 该长句浓缩成三干部分： 两列句分 it may be said thatthis effect is not a part
宾语句 the measure is its effect
（三）修饰语
修饰语指定语状语插入语中定语说明名（代）词品质特征词词组句子状语
修饰动词形容词副词全句句子成分插入语指插句子中词语句子前般均标点符号
句子成分隔开
例 1 例第二列句中 its original motive a part置定语直接译定语宾语句中
the worth of any social institution the measure置定语 in enlarging and improving experience effect
置定语
英语中句子成分词性具密切关系解间应关系利理解句子结构词间关系
面英语中句子成分词性功表便考生查找进步理解句子结构词词间关系英语句子成分词性功表（略）
二理清逻辑关系（略）
三充分表达语义（略）
四认真检查核（略）
第二节 考研翻译实践技巧
篇章技巧（略）
二段落技巧（略）
三句子技巧
（）序译法
序译法指汉语译文基英语原文语序逻辑表达方式翻译需语序逻辑作出太
调整时前语气衔接增加必词语般言译法适列复合句部分简单句
少部分复合句例：
例 1 They (tests) don ’t compensate for gross social inequality and thus do not tell about an underprivileged youngster
might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances
译文测试弥补明显社会公说明物质条件差年轻果较环境成长
话会干
分析原句列复合句第二分句中含宾语句该宾语句含省略连接词（ if ）虚拟条
件句根句子逻辑关系结构分析原文汉语逻辑思维表达方式基致总体采取译方法
宾语句中虚拟条件句需采取倒序法先讲条件说结果符合汉语表达方式
例 2 In oxygen we have a different problem for although both a research chemist and a chemical manufacture know the
element O means oxygen in practice they have different ideas about it
译文氧言遇问题然化学研究员化学成品制造商知道元素 O 指氧
实践中关氧概念样
分析句复杂复合句表原状语句中含步状语句分析理解原文逻辑
思维叙述层次基汉语致基原文序翻译出
（二）倒序译法（略）
（三）综合译法（略）
四词语技巧
（）词义选择（略）
（二）词义引申（略）
（三）词类转化
翻译程中常常需根两种语言语法表达方式差异改变原文中某词语词类便效传达
出原文准确意义译文符合目标语言表达方式种翻译方法词类转化法英译汉中通定方法
技巧词类转化成目标语言需词类纳起英译汉中词类转化四
种：种词类转化成动词种词类转化成名词种词类转化成形容词种词类转化成副词例：
例 4 The government called for the establishment of more key universities ( 名词转化成动词 )
译文政府号召建立更重点学
例 5 It was officially announced that President Bush would visit China ( 副词转化成名词 )
译文官方宣布布什总统华访问
例 6 The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment ( 名词转化成形容词 )
译文苍白脸色清楚表明时心情
例 7 I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted ( 名词转化成副词 )
译文荣幸通知您您请求已批准
（四）增词法
省略英语中常见种语法现象汉语惯重复补充英译汉时需适补充词汇外
英语抽象词较汉语较具体英译汉时需适增加词语变抽象具体总英译汉时
原文基础添加必词语译文意义结构修辞更符合汉语表达惯文化背景译文
忠实原文通流畅种翻译方法称增词法增词根文意义句法修辞需增加动
词形容词副词名词量词等
然增词意味着便加词 增词增义增词必须遵守基原英译汉时意义结构修辞象征三方面增加必词汇
第根意义增词意义增词根译文需增加原文语义形式没成分例：
例 8 He seized the chance for peace between them
译文抓住实现解机会
分析根原文意义译文加入实现两字进步补充原文意义英译汉时需采取化虚实
方法英语中抽象名词根文增加词语含义量具体化符合汉语表达惯
第二根结构增词 （略）
第三根修辞象征意义增词 （略）
（五）减词法（略）
（六）换法（略）
第四章 考研翻译难点分析
考研翻译确具定难度种求较高综合性题型涉英语语言文化社会方方面
面涉汉语语言文化社会方方面面做考研翻译仅良英语思维惯良
汉语驾驭力知然更知然两者缺英语水高翻译力定强汉语水高
翻译力定强翻译水高英语汉语力定强
根年教学辅导验笔者认想做考研翻译必须先读懂原文想读懂原文
必须弄清楚原文句子结构做翻译起码求果连句子结构懂根谈正确理解原文
更谈准确完整通翻译原文面考研翻译中句子结构方面难点做总结帮助考生提
高分析复杂句子结构力提高考生考研翻译水力全国研究生入学统考试中取优
异成绩利跨入理想高等学府
省略
英语省略汉语重复两者明显区（见第二章第三节：英汉语言差异） 英译汉时
译文 忠实通 需理解原文省略成分基础 根汉语表达惯 省略部分予补充灵活处理
说英文省略现象纳二十种总说英文省略般遵循两重原： （1）
文已提供明确信息必出现成分省略 （ 2）前面已出现成分省略致引起误解歧义省
略例：
例 1 Actually we know of no type of astronomical body in which the conditions can be favorable to life except planets
like our own revolving round a sun （省略前面出现名词）
译文事实球样围绕太阳旋转行星外知道否类型天体适合生命存条
件
分析句关键知道原句存省略原句含定语句复合句 except 引导状语
介词短语 like our own 承前省略 planetRevolving round a sun 现分词短语作定语修饰 our own planet 翻
译时汉语表达惯运倒序法先译 except 引导状语译句定语句
例 2 I have five young children and now my wife has a baby girl and I do not know where the money is to come from
to feed and clothe them all We are very poor and I fear I cannot work hard enough ( 省略前面出现定式 )
译文五孩子现妻子生女真知道里弄钱供吃穿太穷拼命干
活恐怕难供吃穿
分析分析段话结构关键弄清楚省略否定转移第句话三列句组成第二句话两列句组成
承前省略 to feed and clothe them all 含否定转移 I fear I cannot work hard enough to feed and clothe them all
中 not 应该否定面目状语 果明白该句省略否定转移现象 会误译成 穷 恐怕
拼命干活 意思显然通存逻辑错误
二分割
词语句子成分分割英语中常见语言惯分割指属体应该紧密相连词语者句子
成分词语成分隔离开语法现象分割部分中部分留原位置部分远离
属位置
常见分割两种情况：句子成分分割词语分割句子成分分割包括种情况：语谓语
分割谓语宾语分割位语位语句先行词分割定语定语句先行词分割等词语分
割指动词名词求介词介词宾语分割等
英语中分割意乱分乱隔般遵循头轻尾重原头轻尾重原指句子结构衡避免语部分太长谓语部分太短常常长复杂成分放句末分割现象予充分重视结构
语义两方面结合判断避免误解翻译时分割部分整合起翻译成整体（例句中分割部
分划线表示）
例 1 The strength thus developed however carried within it the seeds of its own decline ( 谓分割 )
译文然样发展起力量部具衰退素
例 2 The job gives him plenty of responsibility — he is in charge of several thousand workers — and plenty of cash (谓语
宾语分割 )
译文项工作负重责着千名工报酬丰厚
例 3例 6略
三句
句英语中量存构成英语复杂句子结构单位句子中作成分英语中句
分语句表语句宾语句位语句定语句状语句中前四种统称名词性句般
言部分句作成分直接翻译句句中逻辑关系定形式功
作相吻合定语句仅仅修饰词定语时修饰词间存原目结果条件等逻
辑关系样句汉译时需句子中逻辑关系处理表面形式功处理时
部分句连接词根汉语需省略译避免啰嗦外必时根汉语思维方式表达
惯适调整原句中句句序
（）定语句
定语句英语中运极广种独特句汉语中没类似英语中定语句结构般说定语位
修饰词前起修饰限定作英语中定语句功远远止修饰词存表面定
语功外英语中许定语句具状语功容含时间原目结果条件步等逻辑关
系外英语中定语句明显特点：果需定语句写长定语句中套定语句
定语句修饰某先行词汉语中罕见
先行词紧密关系程度英语中定语句分限制性定语句非限制性定语句限制性定语句
先行词关系紧密般标点符号先行词分割开非限制性定语句先行词关系太紧密标
点符号先行词隔开种定语句翻译时简单律处理前置定语般说翻译定语
句种常方法： （1）译成前置定语 （2）译成列分句 （3）融句成句某成分 （4）
译成状语
1 译成前置定语
译成前置定语方法适限定性定语句者较短定语句
例 1Pollution is a pressing problem that we must deal with
译文污染必须解决迫切问题
例 2There is no royal road to science and only those who do not dread the fatiguing climb of the steep paths have a chance
of gaining its luminous summits
译文科学没坦道畏穷困着陡峭山路攀登希达光辉顶点
2译成列分句（略）
3 融句（略）
4 译成状语（略）
（二）状语句（略）
（三）名词性句（略）
四倒装（略）
五否定
否定英汉两种语言具种语法现象两者表达否定意义方式手段差异英语中否
定形式常见： （1）全部否定 （2）部分否定 （3）双重否定 （4）形式肯定实际否定 （5）形式
否定实际肯定 （ 6）否定转移 （ 7）排否定 （8）固定句型结构等等英译汉时英语中否定结构
否定词身意义否定词否定范围具体语境等方面予综合考虑否造成误解句意翻译错误
外某否定结构正义反译反义正译方法予处理
例 1 Nor as things are could the actual study of science easily be separated from technology on which it has come to
depend rather intimately for materials and apparatus ( 全部否定 )
译文目前情况难实际科学研究技术分开 科学已非常赖技术获材料仪器分析 句全部否定 Nor neither never 等词句首倒装 表示全句全部否定 翻译时否定移回原位
句中句动语态译成动语态定语句长原句具某种果关系单独翻译 depend on
on 提前
例 2 Not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates ( 部分否定 )
译文进入叶子二氧化碳化合碳水化合物
分析句部分否定句英语中句型： all not not all every not not every both not 等表示
部分否定翻译成 需注意 no none neither nor 引导全部否定例： No two people
think alike ( 没两想法样 )
例 3 Its significance and importance can never be overemphasized ( 双重否定 )
译文意义重性 强调算分
分析句双重否定句英语中两表示否定意义词句话中实际整句话表肯定外
固定句型 cannot hardly scarcely enough too over+ 动词 ( 分 ) only too to ( 非
常)cannot but(会定会 )等表示肯定 ：We are only too willing to do it for you ( 非常愿意做件事 )
例 4Time is what we want most but what many use worst ( 形肯实否 )
译文缺少时间偏偏许善利时间
例 5 He carelessly glanced through the note and got away (形否实肯 )
译文马马虎虎张便条走
例 6 Don’ t scamp your work because you are pressed for time (否定转移 )
译文时间紧张敷衍塞责
分析 否定转移指形式起否定某词语句 实际否定外词语句 常见 语 +
don’t think + 句 (否定句 )not because because of (否定 because because of )等否定转移翻译时
否定转回原位句中 not 否定 because句翻译时 not 原 because句
例 7As they expected to be away from the steamer only a few hours they took enough food for one meal only and no extra
clothing beyond what they stood up in ( 排否定 )
译文估计离开轮船时带顿饭食物身穿衣服 带顿饭食物
身穿外没带衣服
分析句排否定谓排否定指该句中部分否定部分肯定通常会介词
连词等排掉引导连接部分 常见引导词： beyond ( )other than( )except ( )nothing more
than (仅仅 )等该句中 beyond 引导排否定排掉 what they stood up in 句前面 no
成 no beyond 双重否定表肯定
述规律法外英语中表示否定固定词语结构列举：
（1）for all
例句 You may leave at once for all I care
译文离开呢
（2）it be + adj + n + that + 否定句表示肯定
例 1It is a long lane that has no end
译文路必弯 事总变化会永远变
例 2It is a good workman that never blunders
译文智者千虑必失
（3）not more than 客观表示超
例句 I have not more than twenty Yuan in my purse
译文钱包里钱超 20 元
no more than ：观表示数量少常译成仅仅
例句 I have no more than twenty Yuan in my purse
译文钱包里仅仅 20 元钱
（4）not nearly 根 远远
例句 The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match population growth
译文粮食供应量增长远远口增长
六较（略）
七动（略）八分词（略）
九代词（略）
十插入语（略）
十强调结构（略）
第五章 考研翻译历年真题精析 (2000— 2010)
研究考研翻译历年真题应巩固翻译技巧方法握考研翻译命题方提高翻译成绩着方式
代重作研究方便读者角度出发章考研翻译句子解析采取列格式：
1 原句翻译程做出简化三部分展开：句子结构分析词语法解释汉语方式表达
2 句子结构分析种具体符号标示读者目然具体符号表示容： 句子间逻辑层次关系 表
示 第层 第二层类推语：划线表示谓语：阴影部分表示宾语：波浪线表示插入
语：双线表示连接词：全框表示修饰成分（）表示必时做具体解释例：
It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging
and improving experience but this effect is not a part of its original motive
2010 年英译汉试题解析（略）
2009 年英译汉试题解析
There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others and the deliberate
educating of the young In the former case the education is incidental it is natural and important but it is not the express reason
of the association(46)It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and
improving experience but this effect is not a part of its original motive Religious associations began for example in the desire
to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure
family perpetuity systematic labor for the most part because of enslavement to others etc (47)Only gradually was the
by product of the institution noted and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct
of the institution Even today in our industrial life apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift the intellectual and
emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world ’ s work is carried on receives little attention as
compared with physical output
But in dealing with the young the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact gains in importance (48)While it
is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition it is not so easy as in dealing with adults
The need of training is too evident the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these
consequences wholly out of account (49)Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we
cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability If humanity has made some
headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this
lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young
(50)We are thus led to distinguish within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering a more
formal kind of education — that of direct tuition or schooling In undeveloped social groups we find very little formal teaching
and training These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which
keeps the adults loyal to their group
真题解析
46 It may be said that the measure （of the worth of any social institution ） is its effect （in enlarging
and improving experience ） but this effect is not a part of its original motive
句子结构分析
（1）该句 but 连接列复合句句子干 it may be said but this effect is not a part
（2）that 引导宾语句句子干 the measure is its effect
（3）句列句汉语语序基致采取译法
词语法解释
（1）it may be said that 作固定结构意思说
（2）measure
n表示措施办法 ： They took strong measures against dangerous drivers （危害公众司机采取强硬
措施）
v表示衡量测量 ： Mother measured me to see what size of dress I should have ( 母亲量尺寸知道该穿号衣服 )
句中转化词性译成动词衡量
（3）worth
adj表示值 常 be worth doing sth 结构： It isn ’t worth waiting for him （值等 ）
n表示价值财产 ： the true worth of one ’s friendship （某友谊真正价值）
句中译价值
（4）institution
n表示制定惯制度机构等： Marriage became an institution in ancient societies （婚姻古代社会
已成种制度 ）
句译制度
（5）effect
n表示结果 效果 作 影响： The drug had an immediate effect on the pain （药止痛立刻生效 ）
vt表示生效实现 ：The new manager effected several changes in the company（新理公司里促成
次改革 ）
常短语： in effect （实际正生效） take effect (开始实行开始生效 )
句名词译成影响
（6）original
adj表示初 原始 独创新颖 ： The original owner of the house was the Duke of Wellington
（房子威灵顿公爵 ）： an original idea （独见解） an original painting ( 原画 )a person with an
original （创作头脑）
n表示原物原作 ： studying Greek to read Homer in the original （学希腊文读荷马原著）
句中 adj译成初
参考译文
说衡量社会制度价值扩改进验影响种影响初动机组成部分
47 （Only gradually ） was the byproduct of the institution noted and （only more gradually still ）
was this effect considered as a directive factor （ in the conduct of the institution ）
句子结构分析
（1）该句 and 引导列句句子干 the by product was noted and this effect was considered as a directive
factor
(2) 两句话句首 only 引导时间状语 采部分倒装结构 正常结构应该 The by product of the institution
was only gradually noted and this effect was only more gradually still considered as a
（3）两句采动语态翻译成汉语动语态：首句译句列分句语变宾语译动
句
词语法解释
（1）by product
表示副产品 前缀 by (附属次 )+ product 构成： bygone ( )byway ( 旁道 )等
（2）still
adj表示静止静寂动 ： The sea was calm and still （海风浪静 ）
adv表示更然 ： My father still remembers his first day at school （父亲
记学第天 ）时表示强调译
（3）consider
vt表示考虑顾认 ： The court would not even consider his claim for the old man ’s legacy （法庭根
会考虑提出老遗产求 ）
常 as to be 搭配表示（某某事）作 认（某某事） 句该种法
（4）directive
adj表示指示指导理定 ： directive rules （规程）
n表示指示命令指令方针
句引申规定
（5）conduct
n表示行举止品行者执行实施 ： His conduct disagrees with his words （言行 ）vt&vi 表示行举止表现者营引导实施 ： My aunt conducts her business very successfully
（婶婶企业营成功 ）
句 n根 institution 搭配译动词执行
参考译文
逐步注意种制度副作承认种副作执行该制度种规定性素更加缓慢
48 While it is easy to ignore （in our contact with them） the effect of our acts upon their disposition
it is not so easy as （in dealing with adults ）
句子结构分析
（1）句复合句句子干 it is not so easy
（2）句省略句补充完整应该 it is not so easy (to ignore the effect of our acts upon their disposition) as in dealing
with adults 翻译时补充完整
（3）句 while 引导时间状语句 it 作形式语代定式 to ignore disposition 句中 in our contact with them
ignore 宾语 the effect of 分割开翻译时根汉语惯该状语提前
（4）根文翻译时增加语
（5）文知句中 them their 指代年轻
词语法解释
（1）ignore
vt表示理睬忽视 ： I tried to tell her but she ignored me （算告诉理睬 ）
常短语： be ignorant of sth ( 知道 )
（2）disposition
n表示性格倾部署处理 ： The twin sisters have a happy disposition （孪生姐妹种乐天
性格）disposition of the deceased’s property（死者财产处理） 句中译性格
（3）not so as
表示 样 中 so 副词 as 连词级较否定结构形式
（4）deal (with)
v表示安排处理涉做生意 ： The book deals with this problem （书述问题 ）处
译交道
参考译文
年轻交时容易忽略行性格影响成交道时容易
49 Since our chief business （with them ）is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help
considering (whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability)
句子结构分析
（1）句复杂复合句句子干 we cannot help consideringsince 引导原状语句 whether or
no 引导宾语句 which 引导定语句
（2）which 定语句较短先行词关系密切直接译成定语
（3）整句话逻辑表达序汉语相采取序翻译法
（4）them 指代年轻 应该译出
词语法解释
（1）enable
vt常 to 搭配表示够 赋予权力：A bird ’s wings enable it to fly （鸟翅膀鸟飞 ）a law enabling
the new federal agency（赋予新联邦机构权力法律）
(2) can ’ t help doing sth
表示禁住 ： Between astonishment and joy she couldn ’t help bursting into tears （惊喜交集 禁住放
声哭起 ）
（3）whether or nonot
表示样 ： Whether we help him or not he will fail （帮助否 失败 ）
（4）secure
adj 表示安全放心虑 ： I don ’t feel secure when I am alone in the house （
家时感安全 ）
v表示保护安全获 ： Can you secure me two good tickets for the concert （弄两张音乐会票？）
句动词译获
参考译文
然务年轻参生活禁住考虑否正形成获种力力量
50 We are （thus ）led （to distinguish within the broad educational process which we have been
so far considering a more formal kind of education that of direct tuition or schooling ）
句子结构分析
（1）句复合句含 which 引导定语句句干 we are led
（2）to distinguish or schooling 语补足语 补充说明语 wedistinguish 宾语 a more formal kind of education
within 引导状语分割开破折号成分 a more formal kind of education 位语翻译时破折号
分开
（3）which 引导定语句修饰 process直接译成定语
词语法解释
（1）lead
vi&vt 表示指引导致通等等： The path led them to a cemetery (条径带墓 )作动
词 lead 常 to 搭配 to 作定式作宾补（时 lead 物动词）作介词接宾语（时
物动词）译致导致 句中 to 定式
（2）distinguish
vt&vi 表示辨辨认区等常 from 者 between 搭配： I can distinguish them at a distance （
远处认出 ）Can you distinguish the different musical instruments playing now （区分出正演奏种
乐器？）句作物动词辨认意思
（3）broad
adj 表示宽阔广泛明朗露骨显著等意思运灵活需根具体搭
配考虑词义： broad shoulders （宽肩膀）a broad general idea （概括性认识） broad daylight （白天）等
adv 表示充分完全
n表示宽部分女
句 process 搭配译整
参考译文
直考虑整教育程中辨认出种较正规教育——直接教育者学校教育
2008 年英译汉试题解析
In his autobiography Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty He points out that he
always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely but (46) he believes that this very difficulty
may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence and thus enabling
him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of
apprehension or wit such as distinguished Huxley (47) He asserted also that his power to follow a long and purely abstract
train of thought was very limited for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics His
memory too he described as extensive but hazy So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few
days a single date or a line of poetry (48) On the other hand he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his
critics that while he was a good observer he had no power of reasoning This he thought could not be true because the
Origin of Species is one long argument from the beginning to the end and has convinced many able men No one he submits
could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning He was willin g to assert that I have a fair share of invention
and of common sense or judgment such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have but not I believe in any higher
degree (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape
attention and in observing them carefully
Writing in the last year of his life he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the
preceding twenty or thirty years Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure Formerly
too pictures had given him considerable and music very great delight In 1881 however he said Now for many years I
cannot endure to read a line of poetry I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music (50) Darwin was convinced that
the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness but might possibly be injurious to the intellect and more probably to
the moral character 真题解析
46 He believes that （this very ）difficulty may have had the compensating advantage （of forcing
him to think long and intently about every sentence and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning
and in his own observations ）
句子结构分析
（1）句复合句含 that 引导宾语句干 he believes that （difficulty may have had the
advantage）
（2）宾语句 that this very his own observations含 of 引导两置定语 of forcing him to his own
observations分词短语作定语太长翻译时找句逻辑关系翻译成非定语成分
词语法解释
（1）very
adj 表示真正真实恰等等
adv 表示甚非常完全等例： The very idea of cheating people again is distasteful to him （
想欺骗感滋味 ）
表示加强语气意思正 原文正种法
（2）compensate
vi&vt 表示补偿赔偿酬报等： to compensate sb for （ 某赔偿） Nothing can compensate
the young mother for the loss of her favrourite daughter （年轻妈妈丧失心爱女东西弥补 ）
句现分词作定语译成弥补补偿
（3）advantage
n表示优势利条件利益便利等等： Many women think this is an advantage for men （许妇女认
男优越处 ）This hall combines the advantages of the ball room and of a meeting place （厅作舞厅
作会场 ）
常短语： take advantage of （利欺骗） at an advantage （利）be of advantage to （ 利） gain
an advantage overof (胜 优 )
（4）enable 见 2009 年 49 题解释
（5）detect
vt表示发现察觉注意 例： The dentist could detect no sign of decay in her teeth （牙医牙齿找
蛀蚀迹象 ）表示侦察出查明（常 in 连）例： He was detected in the act of stealing （偷窃时
场发觉）处查明发现意思
（6）reason
n表示理 原 动机 理智 前提等：There are reasons for this great interest in the ideas feelings and actions
of youth （年轻思想感情行动发生样巨兴趣 道理 ）
vt表示说服 推 辩： reason with sb foragainst sth ( 赞成 反 某讲道理 辩 )
vi 表示推 劝说 思考： to reason a person out of fear（劝害怕）
常短语： it stands to reason （合道理） with reason （理合情理） 例： He thinks with reason that I
don’t like him （理认喜欢 ）
句译成推理
参考译文
(达尔文 )认 正种困难起弥补作 长时间专注思考句子 推理亲观察中发现
错误
47 He asserted also that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very
limited for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics
句子结构分析
（1）句复杂复合句包括两 that 引导宾语句 for 引导原状语句句干 he
asserted that (his power was very limited)
（2）句含宾语句中干 his power was very limited to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought
定式作置定语太长处理成非定语成分（3）原状语句中含宾语句 he never could have succeeded with mathematics太长 放宾补 certain
词语法解释
（1）assert
v表示宣称 断言 声明维护 坚持等： assert one’s rights （维护权利） assert sth to be true（断
言某事真实） assert national independence （维护民族独立） 句中译认断言
（2）train
n表示列车 行列 果 序等： a train of events （连串事件）
v表示（常 to 连）培养教导训练 ： Mr Hart has trained his daughter for years （哈特先生已训练
女年）
句中译连串
（3）limit
n表示界限 限度 限制例： There is a limit to the amount of money I can afford （付起钱数限
）
vt表示减少限制 限定（常 to 搭配）例： My mother limits the amount of food that I eat （母亲限制
饭量）
（4）follow
v表示 追 追求理解 遵循等等： I didn ’t follow his line of reasoning （明白推理方
法）We shall follow closely the latest advance of the subject in the world （密切注意世界课题新进展 ）
常短语： as follows ( )
处译理解
参考译文
认深入理解冗长完全抽象系列观点方面力非常限深信数学方面
该获成功
48 （On the other hand ） he did not accept as well founded the charge （made by some of his critics ）
that while he was a good observer he had no power of reasoning
句子结构分析
（1）句复杂 as well 连接列句中含带步状语句位语句句干 he did
not accept as well founded the charge
（2）while he was a good observer he had no power or reasoning 步状语句 the charge 位语需单
独翻译重复位语先行词
（3）根汉语逻辑关系先译位语句译句成分作出适调整
词语法解释
（1）as well 表示样 连接列成分处连接 didn’t accept founded 两否定谓语
（2）found
v表示建立创立 （ on upon 连）建立 基础 根等等例： a story founded on fact
（事实根事） 句中 founded 表示 根根 as well 连接 didn’
t 否定容译没根 理解翻译句话关键
（3）charge
n表示电荷 费 掌充电 充气 装料等等：The charge carries a possible sentence of three years
（项控告判三年徒刑 ）
v表示装满控诉（ with 搭配） 责令 告诫 指示 加罪 锋 收费等等： He was charged with
stealing a car（指控偷辆汽车 ）
常短语： in charge of ( 负责 )charge sb with sth (控告某某事 )
句译批评指责
参考译文
方面批评家指责说善观察推理接受认毫根
49— 50 略
2007— 2000 年英译汉试题解析（略）第六章 考研翻译部分真题（ 1990— 1999）模拟试题
第节考研翻译部分真题（ 1990— 1999）
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese
1990 年英译汉试题
People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed It is not easy to explain why one
person is intelligent and another is not or why one is cooperative and another is competitive
Social scientists areof courseextremely interested in these types of questions（61）They want to explain why we possess
certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors There are no clear answers yet but two distinct schools of thought on the
matter have developed As one might expect the two approaches are very different from each other The controversy is often
conveniently referred to as nature vs nurture
（62）Those who support the nature side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely
determined by biological factors （ 63）That our environment has little if anything to do with our abilities characteristics and
behavior is central to this theory Taken to an extreme this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great
degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts
Those who support the nurture theory that isthey advocate educationare often called behaviorists They claim that our
environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act A behaviorist
BFSkinnersees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings（ 64）The behaviorists
maintain thatlike machineshumans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior
Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic intelligence offered by the two theories （65）
Supporters of the nature theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined
Needless to saythey don ’ t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined
characteristic On the other handbehaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences（66）
Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her
capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development
The social and political implications of these two theories are profound （ 67）In the United Statesblacks often score below
whites on standardized intelligence tests This leads some nature proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to
whites（68）Behaviorists in contrastsay that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many
of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy
Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior
1991 年英译汉试题
The fact is that the energy crisis which has suddenly been officially announced has been with us for a long time now
and will be with us for an even longer time Whether Arab oil flows freely or not it is clear to everyone that world industry
cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base（71）The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time and in any
casethe oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use
（72）New sources of energy must be found and this will take time but it is not likely to result in any situation that will
ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past For an indefinite period from here on
mankind is going to advance cautiously and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all
To make the situation worse there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world ’ s population is in sight Although the
birthrate has dropped in some nations including the United States the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion
and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty first century opens
（73）The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter
of producing and marketing food
Taking all this into account what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001
To begin with the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years— even here in the
United States By 2001 the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred
seventy million and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths （ 74）This will be
particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields
It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that if necessity
forces exportsit will be at the price of belt tightening at home
In fact as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety there is very likely to be increasing use of
flavoring additives （75）Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can
provide a comfortable support for all people will have to accept more unnatural food
（19921999 略）
第二节 考研翻译模拟试题
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese
模拟试题
A father is busy putting decorations on to the Christmas tree but as quickly as he puts them on his two yearold son pulls
them off He is about to put the child in a play pen when his wife suggests that it might make more sense to put the tree in the
play pen and leave the child outside Instead of keeping the child away from the tree one can keep the tree away from the child
（1）Lateral thinking involves moving sideways to look at things in a different way Instead of fixing on one particular approach
and then working forward from that the lateral thinker tries to find other approaches
You can not dig a hole in a different place by digging the same hole deeper （2）A committee that is convinced that
parking meters are the only way to control city parking will spend its time deciding what meters to use where to put them and
how to patrol them A lateral thinker would look at other approaches letting people park anywhere they liked so long as they
left their headlights on giving people licenses which would allow them to park free in town only one day a week and so
encouraging car sharing visible licenses that the motorist would pay for if he wanted to park anywhere in town
（3）Our thinking traditions are very firmly based on logical thinking in which we start off with a certain way of looking at
things and then see what we can deduce from that This can be called vertical thinking since it involves building on what is
accepted as traditional Vertical thinking is for using ideas and lateral thinking is for changing them
（4）Most of our thinking does not take place at the logical stage but at the perceptual stage which precedes this Lateral
thinking is to do with changing perceptions and finding new ways of looking at things Lateral thinking is the practical process
of creativity There are various deliberate techniques such as the use of stepping stones (produced for instance by reversing the
usual situation) （5）Lateral thinking turns creativity into a tool In a patterning system such as the mind provocation is as
important as analysis— and more important for changing ideas
模拟试题二九（略）
模拟试题十
By now just about everyone has heard of string theory Even those who don ’ t really understand it —which is to say just
about everyone— know that it ’ s the hottest thing in theoretical physics
But despite its extraordinary popularity among some of the smartest people on the planet string theory hasn ’ t been
embraced by everyone— and now nearly 30 years after it made its initial splash some of the doubters are becoming more vocal
Skeptical bloggers have become increasingly critical of the theory （1）Mathematician Peter Woit and Professor Lee Smolin
both argue that string theory (or superstring theory as it is also know) is largely a fad propped up by practitioners who tend to
be arrogantly dismissive of anyone who dare suggest that the emperor has no clothes
There were good reasons for the theory ’s appeal when it first emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s At the time
physicists found themselves facing a crisis： the two most important ideas of 20th century physics relativity and quantum
theory were known to be fundamentally incompatible Quantum theory describes the universe as intrinsically discontinuous
energy for example can come in bits just so small but no smaller Relativity treats time and space and gravity as a smooth
unbroken continuum Each theory has its purpose and the usually don ’t overlap （2）But when dealing with large masses or
time periods that are infinitesimally small like the core of a black hole or the first moments after the Big Bang neither quite
works So lots of physicists began working on string theory
Since then however superstrings have proved a lot more complex than anyone expected The mathematics is extremely
tough and when problems arise the solutions often introduce yet another layer of complexity （3）Complexity isn ’t necessarily
the kiss of death in physics but in this case the new improved theory posits a nearly infinite number of different possible
universes with no way of showing that ours is more likely than any of the others That lack of specificity hasn ’ t slowed down the string folks Maybe they ’ ve argued there really are an infinite number of
universes— an idea that ’ s currently in fashion among some astronomers as well — and some version of the theory describes each
of them That means any prediction however outlandish has chance of being valid for at least one universe and no prediction
however sensible might be valid for all of them
However it is that absence of proof that is perhaps most damning （4）Physicists have a tolerance for theory indeed
unless you were there to witness a phenomenon yourself — the Big Bang say — it will always be at some level hypothetical
But the slow accretion of data and evidence eventually eliminates reasonable doubt Not so — or at least not yet— with strings
It ’s true that nobody has any good idea of how to test string theory but who ’s to say someone won’t wake up tomorrow
morning and think of one （5）The reason so many people keep working on it is that whatever its flaws the theory is still more
promising than any other approach we have
第七章 参考译文
第节 1990— 1999 年英译汉真题参考答案
1990 年真题参考答案
61 （社会科学家）想说明什具某性格特征表现出某行
62 场争中赞成天性（理）社会科学家认性格特征行模式部分生物素
决定
63 种理（天性理）核心环境性格特征行点关系微
足道
64 行义者认果童许刺激物环境中成长刺激物够发展做出适反应
力童智力获更高发展
65 相反行义者认成绩差异原黑剥夺白教育环境方面享许
利条件
1991 年真题参考答案
71 意想石油供应时会切断目前种消费速度油井
会 30 年左右枯竭
72 需时间必须找新源认拥廉价充足源情况出现
73 食物供应增长远远赶口增长意味着生产购销食物方面陷入危机
74 高耗美国生产方式投入少数农民获高产种农业生产方式源匮乏难
继种困境出现确定疑
75 非类意识口减少样程度球提供足够食物接受更
造食物
（19921999 略）
第二节 考研翻译模拟试题答案
模拟试题
父亲忙着圣诞树挂装饰品刚挂两岁子扯正孩子放进游戏围栏里妻子
建议说许圣诞树放围栏里孩子外面更 孩子树 倒树放孩子够着方 （1）
横思维侧面换角度问题进行种思维注意力固定某方面行动试试否
方法
洞挖深等挖洞 （2）果委员会确信停车计时器控制市存车
会花时间考虑种计时器计时器装处检查问题横思维者会考虑解决办法
开车灯愿车停行发停车许证允许周天城里免费停车
样鼓励合车发行种张贴车窗许证驾车买城里方停车
（3）传统思考方式牢固建立逻辑推理某角度考察问题然中推断出什
种方式称思维公认确立东西做基础思维倾利已观念横思维倾改变
观念
（4）思考问题处理性阶段理性阶段前感性阶段横思维改变观念找观察问题
新方法横思维进行创造时间程种考虑问题方法利垫脚石（举例子通常情况反
考虑）(5) 横思维创造力变成种工具 脑样固定方式工作系统里 刺激分析样重——改变
观念刺激更重模拟试题二九（略）
模拟试题十
迄止听说弦理真正解问题——说——
知道理理物理学中热门话题
弦理球部分聪明中极流行未接受——距问世初轰动已 30
年怀疑者日益直言持怀疑态度博客越越批评理 （1）数学家彼·沃特李·斯莫林教授
认弦理（时称超弦理）程度群命总鄙视敢怀疑皇帝新衣鼓
吹起流行时尚
弦理 20 世纪 70 年代末 80 年代初刚刚面世时具吸引力充足理时物理学家发现面
着危机：相量子两 20 世纪物理学重理时认根相容量子宇宙
描述质连续量单位元出现更相时间空间重力作光滑
分割连续统体两理目通常互交迭 （2）研究质量物质限时间段时
黑洞核者宇宙爆炸初时刻二者完美加解释物理学家便开始弦理
研究
然时起超弦理证明预料更复杂数学求证极艰难问题出现时研究结
引出层复杂问题 （3）物理学中复杂定超弦理言种新改进理假定
存着限种宇宙没办法证明宇宙更真实信
然缺乏特色没弦 （弦理家追者）步伐放慢认许真限宇
宙存——观点部分天文学家中样流行——弦理某种说法阐述中宇宙意味着
样怪异种预测少宇宙正确时样合理没种预测宇
宙正确
缺乏实验证明许弦理致命处 (4) 物理学家学说相容忍度事实非亲目击独
特事件——说宇宙爆炸——定程度永远假设然着资料证逐渐增合理怀
疑终消弦理者说少现样
确实样检验弦理现没什意谁说某明早醒时会想出意呢？（ 5）
众事研究原弦理着样瑕疵起探索途径弦理
然目前前景学说
第三节 1990— 2010 年英译汉真题全文参考译文
1990 年考研真题全文参考译文
长期直想弄清楚性格特征行模式形成什聪明愚蠢
什具协作精神具竞争意识难解释
然社会科学家类问题极关注 （61）（社会科学家）想说明什具某性格特征表
现出某行问题尚明确答案方面已形成两截然相学派正料两
学派法相径庭方便起见种争通常称天性环境素争
（62）场争中赞成天性（理）社会科学家认性格特征行模式部分生物
素决定 （63）种理（天性理）核心环境性格特征行点关系
微足道该理极端坚持认行模式程度先天决定完全受
支配
环境素赞成者提倡教育通常称行义者声称决定行方式方面
环境基生理更重行义者 BF 史基纳认行完全周围环境塑造行义
者坚信机器样环境刺激作出反应行基础
两种理智力性格特征解释天性者认生具定学力
生物素决定勿庸说认周围环境种素基先天决定性格特征没重影
响相反行义者认智力水历产物 （64）行义者认果童许刺
激物环境中成长刺激物够发展作出适反应力童智力获更高发展
两种理蕴含着深刻社会政治涵美国标准化智力测试中黑成绩常常低白天
性拥护者出结认黑生理白略低筹 （65）相反行义者认成绩差异原
黑剥夺白教育环境方面享许利条件
部分认两种理完全解释行1991 年考研真题全文参考译文
然官方突然宣布存源危机事实长期直面着源危机种情况会持续
更长时间 阿拉伯石油否源源断外流 清楚 世界工业赖脆弱源基础 （71）
意想石油供应时会切断目前种消费速度油井会 30
年左右枯竭
（72）需时间必须找新源认拥廉价充足源情况出现
漫长时间中类谨慎前进幸运类认确够前进
令目前状况恶化尚迹象表明世界口增长会期减慢然包括美国国家出
生率已降 21 世纪初世界口肯定会超 60 亿许甚超 70 亿
（73）食物供应增长远远赶口增长意味着生产购销食物方面陷入危机
综合考虑素合理估计 2001 年超级市场会什样子呢
首先 30 年世界食物供应会日益紧张美国例外 2001 年美国口少达 2 亿 5 千万
达 2 亿 7 千万时美国难扩食物生产满足口增长需 （74）高耗美国生产方式
投入少数农民获高产种农业生产方式源匮乏难继种困境出现确定疑
肯定 2001 年美国食物输出国果必须输出食物美国民勒紧裤带
代价
实际种食品质量降品种减少更会增加调味添加物 （75）非类意识
口减少样程度球提供足够食物接受更造食物
1992 年考研真题全文参考译文—— 2010 年考研真题全文参考译文（略）
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