句子结构
句子概念
句子高级语法单位表达思想进行交际基语言单位句子两特征：句子交际中单独二句子够表达相完整意思定文者语境中发挥定交际作
句型结构中句子起支撑作谓语动词系表结构动词固定搭配提炼掌握句型套路掌握英文句子成分出句子核心部分语谓语相语部分构成方面简单名词代词相名词者代词词组短语句等充语需整体更换谓语部分构成取决动词身需—动词(物动词)独立担
谓语(物动词)带宾语带两宾语带复合宾语等
句子分类
1句子结构分三类：简单句列句复合句
(1)简单句：
包含谓结构句子例：
I have a beautiful dress件漂亮礼服
(2)列句：
两两简单句连接成两简单句行列关系连接词连接例：
I can jump highbut I can＇t jumpfar跳高跳远
I like dancing and I like singing
too喜欢跳舞喜欢唱歌
(3)复合句：
包含两两分句分句间关系关系分句处位句分句附属句句句属连词引导例：
I need buy some foodbecause I will have a picnic tomorrow
买食物明天野餐
2根句子途分类：分陈述句疑问句祈句感叹句
(1)陈述句：
陈述事实种法结尾句号分肯定陈述句否定陈述句例：
I cooked fish yesterday昨天做鱼(肯定陈述句)
I didn＇t cooked meat yesterday昨天没做肉(否定陈述句)
(2)疑问句：
询问怀疑种情况结尾问号分般疑问句特殊疑问句选择疑问句反意疑问句例：
Are you a fireman名消防队员？(般疑问句)
What do you do at the weekend周末干什？(特殊疑问句)
Would you like to have rice ornoodles
喜欢吃米饭面条？(选择疑问句)
He is a Chinese teacher isn＇t he
名汉语老师？(反意疑问句)
(3)祈句：
发出命令提出请求建
议谓语动词必须原形句子没语结尾常感叹号句号分肯定祈句否定祈句强调祈句例：
Hurry up快点(肯定祈句)
Don＇t walk on the grass草走(否定祈句)
Do work hard工作(强调祈句)
(4)感叹句：
事物性质程度容表示感叹常感叹号结尾感叹句引导词whathow例：
What a big map of China张中国图啊
How funny the film is趣电影啊
句子成分
组成句子部分做句子成分句子成分包括：语谓语宾语(直接宾语间接宾语)宾语补足语表语定语状语
语谓语句子成分英语中般句子必须语谓语(祈句外)宾语宾语补足语表语句子组成部分
1语
语句子说明事物句子体般名词代词定式相名词词短语充位句首例：
The desk is old张课桌旧(名词作语)
He is a doctor名医生(代词作语)
To see is to believe眼见实(定式作语)
The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching
成功秘诀磨练开始坚持断磨练(名词短语作语)
2谓语
谓语说明语干什样谓语谓语部分里词必须动词运中谓语语称数方面应该保持致谓语应语面例：
I play basketball in the morning早篮球(实义动词作谓语)
We can speak French会讲法语(情态动词实义动词作谓语)
3宾语
表示物动词动作象容通常位动词介词
构成介词短语般名词代词定式相名词词短语充例：
Pass me the book please
请书递(代词名词作间接宾语直接宾语)
I want to eat two hamburgers now
现想吃两汉堡(定式作宾语)
She likes skipping喜欢跳绳(动名词作宾语)
4表语
表语说明语身份特征性质状态词常位系动词名词形容词副词介词短语定式充例：
It is a flower朵花(名词作表语)
We are at work班(介词短语作表语)
She is nice友善(形容词作表语)
Her job is to look after her baby工作顾孩子(定式作表语)
5定语
定语修饰名词代词定语位置灵活名词代词方定语通常名词形容词数词分词定式介词短语定语句作定语例：
The boy pupil is in Class Three男生三班(名词作定语)
The girl in red is my sister穿红衣服女孩妹妹(介词短语作定语)
6状语
状语修饰动词形容词副词句子成分状语表示动作行发生时时间原点方式目程度等般副词定式介词短语相副词词短语充状语通常位句末时放句首句中例：
I can jump high跳高(副词做状语)
Without the ideaI can＇t finish the work
没创意完成份工作(介词短语作状语)
7补语
补语句子中某成分语宾语等进行补充说明补语等形式动词类决定例：
Tom was made monitor汤姆选班长(语补语)
I made Tom monitor选汤姆
班长(宾语补语)
通常情况语宾语前成分定语谓语前成分状语表示时间单词作状语放句子面句子成分分布：
(定语)语(状语)谓语(定语)宾语(状语)
(The tall) boy (often) go (to the big) zoo (on Sunday)
(The happy)childwent(his) home (yesterday)
简单句
简单句概念基句型
1概念
简单句(simple Sentences)：包含谓结构句子简单句例 ：She is fond of collectingstamps喜欢集邮
2简单句五种基句型
英语句子语(subject)谓语动词(verb)宾语(object)表语(predicative)状语(adverbial)宾语补足语(object complement)等成分组成成分组合方式英语句子分五种基句型
句型：S+Vi(语+物动词)
句型二：S+Vt+O(语+物动词+宾语)
句型三：S+ Vt+ IO+DO(语+物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语)
句型四：S+Vi+SC(语+物动词+语补足语)
句型五：S+Vt+O+OC(语+物动词+宾语+宾语补足语)
六基句型结构
句型
S+Vi(语+物动词)
物动词身表达完整意念需宾语补语时副词介词短语等状语修饰语动词常见：appear起apologize道歉arrive 达comedie死disappear消失exist存fall落happen发生rise升起等
等例：
Students read学生读书
Money talks金钱万
Rivers flow河流会流动
句型：
(1)S + Vi+ Adv(语+物动词+状语)
The operation progressedsmoothly手术利进行
(2)There Here + Vi+ S(There+物动词+语)
There stands a tree颗树
Here comes the man
(3)S+Vi+动词定式
We stopped to work停工作
句型二
S+ Vt+O(语+物动词+宾语)
种句型中动词指物动词者接宾语动词短语时动词面必须接宾语样意思完整例 ：I like playingbasketball(喜欢篮球)果省略playing basketball句意清楚句子中作宾语成分通常名词代词动词定式动名词句句子表达更准确句子中时含宾语关状语例：
He made a story yesterday昨天编事
Igot it明白
Have you read the passage读篇文章？
We plant a lot of trees种树
You can use my pen笔
I prefer to watch movie 更喜欢电影
She lost her wallet in the street街丢钱包
句型三
S+Vt+IO+DO(语+物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语)
物动词需双宾语表达完整意思样物动词称授予动词特色接两宾语(间接宾语直接宾语)类常物动词：send送某·····give 某······pass 递某··…·…bring 带某……tell 告诉某……leave 留某······read 某读·…···write 某写···get 某弄……take 某……show 某····rent 租赁某··…···teach 教某……award 授予某
···…lend 某·····buy某买······pay 支付某·····recommend 某推荐……hand递某··……等例：
He lent me some money钱
She has taken the story book tome已事书带
He bought me a new pen买支新钢笔
Pass me the ruler please请尺子传
Her friend bought her a birthdaypresent朋友买生日礼物
I＇ll provide a new position foryou会提供新职位
Please write a letter to me请写信
句型四
S+Vi+ SC(语+物动
词+语补足语)
里物动词指系动词系动词身表达完整意思需形容词名词介词短语等补充说明语语补足语根句子含义系动词分两类：
(1)表示转变结果系动词
系动词：get变成become情况grow成长turn变comegoprove证明等等例：
My health has grown better健康情况转
He grows up in a small village 村庄长
He turns adult长成
It is getting colder and colder天气越越冷
The soup has gone bad汤已馊
The situation proves difficult形势严峻
(2)表示状态系动词
词：be(amisare)lookseem起sound听起smell闻起feel摸起taste尝起appear相似显remain然hold保持stand保持keep保持stay保持等例：
Iam a student学生
He is a doctor医生
He looks sad高兴
He looks angry起生气样子
The idea sounds wonderful意听起棒
The silk feels good丝绸摸起错
The dinner tastes delicious饭菜美味
The soup smell nice汤闻起错
You should remain quiet in thehospital医院保持安静
句型五
S+Vt+O+OC(语+物动词+宾语+宾语补足语)
句型中物动词称完全物动词动词面宾语句意表达清楚面必须接补语样意思会完整例：He asked me for ahelp(请求帮助)果省略for a help句意完整常见完全物动
词：
see 见letsmell闻feel感觉find发现elect选举tell告诉gethavehear听imagine 想象keep 保持make notice 注意start·······开 始watch 注视appoint命believe 相信call称catch 发现allow 容许ask 请求求causewant 想consider 认 expect 预期know知道think 想认wish 希listen to听look at瞧种句型中宾语+宾语补足语统称复合宾语担补足语常常名词形容词副词分词动词定式介词短语等例：
I had my bike repaired找修行车
She really drove me mad真惹火
We elected him monitor选班长
He made me laugh逗乐
Put it downplease请放
I found him a thief发现偷
He wished me a happy life希幸福
I allowed him to stay here允许里
句型六
there be句
there be句型概念法
1there be结构概念
there be结构英语中种特殊句式表示什方时间存(发生)什事常therebe + 名称+点时间状语结构表示计数表示整体里含少
there be结构种弱式强调结构句型中there具点意义状语语be面名称原表语着句型逐步演变表示方面意义句型中there逐渐失点意义
现语法学家句型中
there解释引导词be谓语动词时be面名词解释语be应面语保持致果出现列语般应语部分保持致简称原例：
There is a pen and some pencils in the pencilbox
文具盒里支钢笔铅笔
2there be结构法
(1)肯定结构：
there be 句型肯定结构表示某处存某物某某时发生某事
1)there is+单数数名词数名词+点时间状语例：
There is a cap on the desk桌子顶帽子
There is some juice in the bottle瓶子里果汁
2)there are +复数名词+点时间状语例：
There are some ducks on the lake湖鸭子
(2)否定结构：
there be句型否定结构谓语动词be面加not(any)no例：
There are no books on the desk桌子没书
There are not any books on the desk
(3)疑问结构：
there be 句型变疑问句时therebe倒装例：
Are there any people in theroom房间里？
(4)there be结构时态：
there be表示存种时态例：
1)般时：there waswere
There was a sport meeting in the playground yesterday
昨天操场举行场运动会
2)般现时：there isareThere are some apples on the apple tree棵苹果树苹果
There is a cap in his hand手里顶帽子
3)般时：there will be
There will be (There is going to be) a show on Wednesday 星期三场演出
4)时：there would beThere would be a magic show at the theatre on Sunday
周日剧院会魔术表演
5)现完成时：there has havebeen
There have been lots of accidents round here里已发生起事
6)完成时：there had beenHe told me that there had been an argument between them告诉间发生场争
7)完成时：there will havebeen
There will have been a definite result by Saturday星期六会明确结果
8)there be结构时态种助动词情态动词连例：
There is to be a lecture at the school hall学校礼堂场演讲
Theremustbeamistake
somewhere定什方错误
(5)there behave较：
1)法
there be表示某时间方存某某物have表示语拥某某物作宾语某某物属语
2)结构
there be + sbsth+时间点(副词介词短语)
sb sth + have + sb sth else There are some desks and chairs in the classroom教室里桌椅
He has two cars两辆车(车属)
(6)there be非谓语形式两种there to bethere being
1)作语
作语时般there being结构句式中for时般there to be例：
There being a shop here is a greatadvantage
商店真方便极
It is impossible for there to be any more
2)作宾语
作动词宾语时般there tobe结构常见动词：expectmeanintendwantprefer等
①介词for常there to be
They planned for there to be a
meeting on Monday计划周开会
②介词常there being
John was relying on there being another opportunity
约翰希次机会
③作动词宾语时般动词expect like want prefer meanintendhate等面常there to be
Students don＇t want there to be another exam by the end of the term
学生希学期末考次
④动词imagineappreciateavoid mindexcuse等面常therebeing形式：
You can imagine there being a hot discussion about this matter at themeeting想象会问题
讨激烈
3)作状语
①句首作状语表示原条件方式时常there being形式：
There being no buseswe had to walk home
没公汽车走着回家
②果作目结果状语常there to be形式：
In order there to be a more comfortable living house she decided to buy that flat with a beautiful garden
更舒适生活空间决定买套带美丽花园公寓
there be句型扩展
there be扩展许句
型面there be句型扩展作纳
1there be +语
种句式表示事物客观存there be放句首真正语放面表示现时时完成时时例：
There is a boy on the playground操场男孩
There has been a lot of rain thismonth月雨水
There will be an announcementsoon久会发公告
2there are is+复数名词数名词+and+复数名词数名词
该句型表示类物性质尤表示坏优劣分意种样种种等例：
There are friends and friends朋友种种益友损友
There is tea and tea茶叶差
3there be+名词+分词
(1)种句式中分词现分词分词doing表示动作前面名词谓关系分词done前面名词动关系
There is a man sitting on thefence正坐篱笆
There was a car stolen last night昨晚辆车偷
(2)种句式语+be+分词结构代
There is a boy playing with a puppy in the yard
(A boy is playing with a puppy in the yard)
男孩正院子里狗玩耍
There has been more money spent on armaments than on famine relief
(More money has been spent on armaments than on famine relief)
花军备钱花救灾钱
4there be+名词+动词定式
种句式中物动词(动词定式)改成动式意(没)……做例：
There is a lot of work to do (to bedone)许工作做
There was no time to wait foryou没时间等
注意：There is nothing to doThere is nothing to be done含义
前者意事做者意没办法试较：
There is nothing to doI＇m bored事做感闷慌
(There is nothing to entertainme)没什活动消遣
四句型
陈述句
1定义
陈述句说明事实陈述法肯定什者否定什种句子分两类：肯定陈述句否定陈述句
Light travels faster than sound光声速度快 (说明事实)
I didn＇t tell him anything什没告诉(说明事实)
The film is rather interesting部电影趣(说明法)
2肯定陈述句
陈述句肯定事实时采程度肯定语气肯定某项
事实时采婉转词语说话表示态度者法生硬达更礼貌说话留余目
(1)表示婉转语气词语：
I＇m afraid if I＇m not mistakenif you pleaseif you don＇t mind等例：
Teaching 15 hours a weekI＇m afraid it is too much for me
星期教15时说恐怕太
We have met beforeif I＇m notmistaken果没记错话前见
(2)时交际需必须加强肯定语气需外种语言手段达加强肯定目
较普遍种手段增加强调
词例：indeed really definitely certainly for sure without any questionwithout doubt virtuallysurelyactually等例：
Many people will certainly lose their jobs肯定会丢掉工作
Without any questionI＇ll come here tomorrow
毫疑问明天会里
(3)增添强调附加结构加强肯定
You＇ve gone madyou have疯
That＇s a trap that is圈套
(4)采双重否定等手段较含蓄加强肯定
She went to that placenot infrequently(quite frequently)
常方
The is kind of result is not impossible(quite possible)
种结果
3否定陈述句
(1)谓语动词果be动词助动词情态动词时面加not
We are not hungry饿He does not have a sister没姐妹
He will not give you any help会帮助
(2)果谓语动词实义动词时须前面加do not(don＇t)
I do not know how to do知道做
He doesn＇t go there to see heroften常里
We did not have enough
wheelbarrows to go round手推车够
(3)果have作讲面加not构成否定式形式have got否定式相
I have not a violin没提琴
You have not got a bike haveyou没行车？
疑问句
1定义
疑问句提出问题语法结构交际功分四种：
般疑问句(general questions)
特殊疑问(special questions)
选择疑问句(alternativequestions)
反意疑问句(tag questions)
2般疑问句
般疑问句常询问件事情者情况否属实答语通常yesno者相yesno词语类问句做非问句
(1)般疑问句构成：句中谓语动词be助动词情态动词时(提前)放语前面
Is there something wrong with this machine台机器问题？
Have you got today＇s milk天牛奶？
Shall we go on 继续前？
Can you skate会滑冰？
Would you like me to interpret for you帮翻译？
谓语动词果没述词语动词时语前面加助动词dodoesdid原谓语动词改原形例：
Do you exercise做运动？Does she look sick生病？
(2)般疑问句回答：
般疑问句通常简略形式回答例：
Will you agree with us to comehere您意里？
Yeswe will会
Nowe won＇t会
Have you got today＇s newspaper
天报纸？
YesIhave
No I haven＇t没
(3)般疑问句否定结构：
表示惊奇责怪建议法等not置语者not放语前behave等助动词情态动词合起例：
Will he not agree with you意观点？
Isn＇t your father a Party member父亲员？
Haven＇t you any sisters没姐妹
Don＇t you like this movie难道喜欢部电影？
Can＇t we go together起？
Won＇t you sit down想坐？
种否定结构疑问句回答汉语惯果回答肯定yes + 肯定结构果回答否定no+否定结构(情况反意问句类似)例：
Can＇t he afford a new house买起新房？
—Yeshe can
—Nohe can＇t
3特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句句中某特殊部分提出疑问通常whowhosewhatwhich wherewhen whyhow等疑问词开头wh问句
(1)特殊疑问句结构：
疑问代词+般疑问句+
who外疑问代词短语+般疑问句+
疑问副词+般疑问句+？例：
What do you do when you are notworking工作时候做什？
Who (m) are you going to play table tennis this afternoon
天午谁乒乓球？
Whose decision was it谁作出决定？
Which class are you in班？
When do you get upeverymorning天早什时候起床？
Where is it located坐落里啊？
Why did not you sew the buttonon没扣子钉？
How did you become mixed up in such affairs牵涉种事情里面？
who引导特殊疑问句结构陈述句词序相例：
Who is cooking in kitchen谁厨房做饭？
时whatwhichwhose引出陈述句词序相特殊疑问句例：
What is on the wall什东西墙？墙什？
Which is easier较容易？Whose book is in your bag谁书书包里？
(2)常疑问代词疑问副词：
疑问代词：whowhomwhosewhich what
疑问副词：when wherewhy
how
how构成短语：how many少(独立数名词复数)how much 少(独立数名词)how old 年纪howfar远how often久how long久长how soon久how many times少次等等
(3)特殊疑问句时否定式
Why don＇t you ask Jim instead(常缩略Why not)
Why not ask Jim instead什询问吉姆呢？
(4)特殊疑问句疑问部分时两疑问词
Where and when can I apply for taking the test
时处申请参加考试？
(5)疑问词果介词宾语该介词句首句尾
What do you want a basket for For what do you want a basket
干嘛篮子呢？
4反意疑问句
反意疑问句种常口语疑问句式陈述句+疑问句构成疑问句部分动词陈述句部分动词相应疑问句语陈述句部分语相应果陈述部分语名词词组疑问句部分相应代词表示例：
The clock is slowisn＇t it表走慢？
He isn＇t oldis he老？
Few people know himdo they没认识？
I＇m late aren＇t I迟？
Nobody wants to go there doeshe没想里？
Be quietwould you安静点？
Let＇s stop here shall we里停？
种形式反意问句回答时遵循：Yes+肯定式者No+否定式例：
— Tom borrowedyourpen yesterdaydidn＇t he汤姆昨天钢笔？
—Yeshe did
—Nohe didn＇t没5选择疑问句
选择疑问句指说话问题提出两者两答案供方选
择疑问方式选择疑问句两种形式：种般疑问句基础种特殊疑问句基础例：
(1)Are you going to elect a boy oragirl选男孩女孩？
Shall I give you a hand or you can manage帮呢解决？
(2)What＇s this ignoranceOfmalice什知恶意？
Which do you prefer coffee ortea样咖啡茶？
祈句
1祈句动词原形开头
祈句动词原形开头常常表达说话方叮嘱劝告请求命令警告禁止等含义特殊句式表达方式种
(1)陈述句表达
Everyone shuts the mouth闭嘴
I wish you＇d open the window请窗户开
(2)疑问句形式表达
Why not do as your teacher tells you to什老师吩咐做呢？
Would youclose the doorplease请门关
(3)祈句特殊句式表达
Go to the headmaster＇s officeimmediately立刻校长办公室Make sentences after the model根例句造句
2现代英语祈句两种类型
种第二称祈句种第三称祈句
(1)第称祈句果说话祈象便第称祈句
1)第称祈句let引导词单数第称代词宾格(me) +带to定式例：
Let me go to the cinema tonight晚电影吧
Let me try again试次吧
2)果祈象包括说话听话let＇s+定式结构例：
Let＇s spend a day in the country乡村度整天吧
Let＇s make sure the lights are turned off and the door is locked
核实关灯锁门事吧
3)第称祈句否定形式句首加don＇t果正式场合便let melet＇s加not例：
Don＇t let me interrupt you断
Don＇t let＇s argue it争
Let me not bother you too much扰
Let＇s not say anything about it说件事
4)第称祈句强调形式句首加重读助动词do例：
Do let me have a look嘛
Do let＇s stop arguing停止争
(2)第二称祈句听话祈象祈句种祈句中祈象you通常表示出句子动词祈式开首降调句尾句号者感叹号
Come and have dinner with us起吃饭
Be careful Danger心危险
1)种祈句否定形式句首加don＇tdo not(正式语体)否定词例：
Don＇t be late迟
Do not feed the animals 请勿喂动物(动物园告示)
Never play with fire请勿玩火
2)祈句口气缓句首者句尾加please句尾增添附加问句例：
Please sit down请坐
Stop talking please请说话
Don＇t be noisy will you吵闹？
3)祈句语气强硬句首加重读助动词do例：
Do comeplease请定
Do tell her the thing务必告诉事
4)时强调谁提出求发出指示第二称祈象you表示出种you重读例：
You take that seat and I＇ll take this one坐凳子坐
Don＇t you forget it忘
(3)第三称祈句let引导词第三称宾格(名词词组)+定式(省略to)
结构：let himthem+定式(省略to)
Let bygones be bygones咎
Let Tom go there himself汤姆
Don＇t let them play with fire玩火
感叹句
感叹句种特殊表达强烈感情句式表示强烈感情种样手段陈述句疑问句祈句甚词词组通改变语调加强重音修饰音色甚伴相应动作表情变成感叹句表达强烈感情
感叹句表现形式种样表现形式两种whathow引起感叹句what修饰名词how修饰形容词副词动
词
1what引导感叹句
what修饰名词名词短语两种形式：
(1)What + a(an)+ (形容词）+单数数名词+语+谓语
What a bargain真太划算What an idea什意呀
(2)What + (形容词)+数名词复数数名词+语+谓语
What kind of food they are什食物啊
What nice music it is动听音乐啊
2how引导感叹句
how修饰形容词副词动词结构：How+ 形容词(副词)+语+谓语例：
How clever the boy is男孩真聪明
How quickly time passed时间真快
3whathow引导感叹句般情况相互转换转换意变
What a beautiful girl she is (H ow beautiful the girl is)
真漂亮
What an interesting book it is (How interesting the book is)
书真趣
4特殊感叹句表达形式(1)疑问词who开头表示惊奇
Who else could have put them into effect谁够实行呢
Who else will read such a book谁会读样书
(2)情态动词may开头表示愿
May you both be happy祝二位幸福
May you succeed祝成功
(3)副词heretherein开头感叹句
Here comes the bus 公汽车
There they are呢
(4)否定疑问句作感叹句时意义肯定肯定疑问句作感叹句美国英语中较常见
Aren＇t they sweet爱啊
Am Ihungry饿极
(5)短语作感叹句
Dear me哎呀
My goodness哎呀
None of your nonsense胡说
(6)作表语成分作感叹句
Just my luck倒霉
Sorrymy mistake起错
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句子概念
句子高级语法单位表达思想进行交际基语言单位句子两特征：句子交际中单独二句子够表达相完整意思定文者语境中发挥定交际作
句型结构中句子起支撑作谓语动词系表结构动词固定搭配提炼掌握句型套路掌握英文句子成分出句子核心部分语谓语相语部分构成方面简单名词代词相名词者代词词组短语句等充语需整体更换谓语部分构成取决动词身需—动词(物动词)独立担
谓语(物动词)带宾语带两宾语带复合宾语等
句子分类
1句子结构分三类：简单句列句复合句
(1)简单句：
包含谓结构句子例：
I have a beautiful dress件漂亮礼服
(2)列句：
两两简单句连接成两简单句行列关系连接词连接例：
I can jump highbut I can＇t jumpfar跳高跳远
I like dancing and I like singing
too喜欢跳舞喜欢唱歌
(3)复合句：
包含两两分句分句间关系关系分句处位句分句附属句句句属连词引导例：
I need buy some foodbecause I will have a picnic tomorrow
买食物明天野餐
2根句子途分类：分陈述句疑问句祈句感叹句
(1)陈述句：
陈述事实种法结尾句号分肯定陈述句否定陈述句例：
I cooked fish yesterday昨天做鱼(肯定陈述句)
I didn＇t cooked meat yesterday昨天没做肉(否定陈述句)
(2)疑问句：
询问怀疑种情况结尾问号分般疑问句特殊疑问句选择疑问句反意疑问句例：
Are you a fireman名消防队员？(般疑问句)
What do you do at the weekend周末干什？(特殊疑问句)
Would you like to have rice ornoodles
喜欢吃米饭面条？(选择疑问句)
He is a Chinese teacher isn＇t he
名汉语老师？(反意疑问句)
(3)祈句：
发出命令提出请求建
议谓语动词必须原形句子没语结尾常感叹号句号分肯定祈句否定祈句强调祈句例：
Hurry up快点(肯定祈句)
Don＇t walk on the grass草走(否定祈句)
Do work hard工作(强调祈句)
(4)感叹句：
事物性质程度容表示感叹常感叹号结尾感叹句引导词whathow例：
What a big map of China张中国图啊
How funny the film is趣电影啊
句子成分
组成句子部分做句子成分句子成分包括：语谓语宾语(直接宾语间接宾语)宾语补足语表语定语状语
语谓语句子成分英语中般句子必须语谓语(祈句外)宾语宾语补足语表语句子组成部分
1语
语句子说明事物句子体般名词代词定式相名词词短语充位句首例：
The desk is old张课桌旧(名词作语)
He is a doctor名医生(代词作语)
To see is to believe眼见实(定式作语)
The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching
成功秘诀磨练开始坚持断磨练(名词短语作语)
2谓语
谓语说明语干什样谓语谓语部分里词必须动词运中谓语语称数方面应该保持致谓语应语面例：
I play basketball in the morning早篮球(实义动词作谓语)
We can speak French会讲法语(情态动词实义动词作谓语)
3宾语
表示物动词动作象容通常位动词介词
构成介词短语般名词代词定式相名词词短语充例：
Pass me the book please
请书递(代词名词作间接宾语直接宾语)
I want to eat two hamburgers now
现想吃两汉堡(定式作宾语)
She likes skipping喜欢跳绳(动名词作宾语)
4表语
表语说明语身份特征性质状态词常位系动词名词形容词副词介词短语定式充例：
It is a flower朵花(名词作表语)
We are at work班(介词短语作表语)
She is nice友善(形容词作表语)
Her job is to look after her baby工作顾孩子(定式作表语)
5定语
定语修饰名词代词定语位置灵活名词代词方定语通常名词形容词数词分词定式介词短语定语句作定语例：
The boy pupil is in Class Three男生三班(名词作定语)
The girl in red is my sister穿红衣服女孩妹妹(介词短语作定语)
6状语
状语修饰动词形容词副词句子成分状语表示动作行发生时时间原点方式目程度等般副词定式介词短语相副词词短语充状语通常位句末时放句首句中例：
I can jump high跳高(副词做状语)
Without the ideaI can＇t finish the work
没创意完成份工作(介词短语作状语)
7补语
补语句子中某成分语宾语等进行补充说明补语等形式动词类决定例：
Tom was made monitor汤姆选班长(语补语)
I made Tom monitor选汤姆
班长(宾语补语)
通常情况语宾语前成分定语谓语前成分状语表示时间单词作状语放句子面句子成分分布：
(定语)语(状语)谓语(定语)宾语(状语)
(The tall) boy (often) go (to the big) zoo (on Sunday)
(The happy)childwent(his) home (yesterday)
简单句
简单句概念基句型
1概念
简单句(simple Sentences)：包含谓结构句子简单句例 ：She is fond of collectingstamps喜欢集邮
2简单句五种基句型
英语句子语(subject)谓语动词(verb)宾语(object)表语(predicative)状语(adverbial)宾语补足语(object complement)等成分组成成分组合方式英语句子分五种基句型
句型：S+Vi(语+物动词)
句型二：S+Vt+O(语+物动词+宾语)
句型三：S+ Vt+ IO+DO(语+物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语)
句型四：S+Vi+SC(语+物动词+语补足语)
句型五：S+Vt+O+OC(语+物动词+宾语+宾语补足语)
六基句型结构
句型
S+Vi(语+物动词)
物动词身表达完整意念需宾语补语时副词介词短语等状语修饰语动词常见：appear起apologize道歉arrive 达comedie死disappear消失exist存fall落happen发生rise升起等
等例：
Students read学生读书
Money talks金钱万
Rivers flow河流会流动
句型：
(1)S + Vi+ Adv(语+物动词+状语)
The operation progressedsmoothly手术利进行
(2)There Here + Vi+ S(There+物动词+语)
There stands a tree颗树
Here comes the man
(3)S+Vi+动词定式
We stopped to work停工作
句型二
S+ Vt+O(语+物动词+宾语)
种句型中动词指物动词者接宾语动词短语时动词面必须接宾语样意思完整例 ：I like playingbasketball(喜欢篮球)果省略playing basketball句意清楚句子中作宾语成分通常名词代词动词定式动名词句句子表达更准确句子中时含宾语关状语例：
He made a story yesterday昨天编事
Igot it明白
Have you read the passage读篇文章？
We plant a lot of trees种树
You can use my pen笔
I prefer to watch movie 更喜欢电影
She lost her wallet in the street街丢钱包
句型三
S+Vt+IO+DO(语+物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语)
物动词需双宾语表达完整意思样物动词称授予动词特色接两宾语(间接宾语直接宾语)类常物动词：send送某·····give 某······pass 递某··…·…bring 带某……tell 告诉某……leave 留某······read 某读·…···write 某写···get 某弄……take 某……show 某····rent 租赁某··…···teach 教某……award 授予某
···…lend 某·····buy某买······pay 支付某·····recommend 某推荐……hand递某··……等例：
He lent me some money钱
She has taken the story book tome已事书带
He bought me a new pen买支新钢笔
Pass me the ruler please请尺子传
Her friend bought her a birthdaypresent朋友买生日礼物
I＇ll provide a new position foryou会提供新职位
Please write a letter to me请写信
句型四
S+Vi+ SC(语+物动
词+语补足语)
里物动词指系动词系动词身表达完整意思需形容词名词介词短语等补充说明语语补足语根句子含义系动词分两类：
(1)表示转变结果系动词
系动词：get变成become情况grow成长turn变comegoprove证明等等例：
My health has grown better健康情况转
He grows up in a small village 村庄长
He turns adult长成
It is getting colder and colder天气越越冷
The soup has gone bad汤已馊
The situation proves difficult形势严峻
(2)表示状态系动词
词：be(amisare)lookseem起sound听起smell闻起feel摸起taste尝起appear相似显remain然hold保持stand保持keep保持stay保持等例：
Iam a student学生
He is a doctor医生
He looks sad高兴
He looks angry起生气样子
The idea sounds wonderful意听起棒
The silk feels good丝绸摸起错
The dinner tastes delicious饭菜美味
The soup smell nice汤闻起错
You should remain quiet in thehospital医院保持安静
句型五
S+Vt+O+OC(语+物动词+宾语+宾语补足语)
句型中物动词称完全物动词动词面宾语句意表达清楚面必须接补语样意思会完整例：He asked me for ahelp(请求帮助)果省略for a help句意完整常见完全物动
词：
see 见letsmell闻feel感觉find发现elect选举tell告诉gethavehear听imagine 想象keep 保持make notice 注意start·······开 始watch 注视appoint命believe 相信call称catch 发现allow 容许ask 请求求causewant 想consider 认 expect 预期know知道think 想认wish 希listen to听look at瞧种句型中宾语+宾语补足语统称复合宾语担补足语常常名词形容词副词分词动词定式介词短语等例：
I had my bike repaired找修行车
She really drove me mad真惹火
We elected him monitor选班长
He made me laugh逗乐
Put it downplease请放
I found him a thief发现偷
He wished me a happy life希幸福
I allowed him to stay here允许里
句型六
there be句
there be句型概念法
1there be结构概念
there be结构英语中种特殊句式表示什方时间存(发生)什事常therebe + 名称+点时间状语结构表示计数表示整体里含少
there be结构种弱式强调结构句型中there具点意义状语语be面名称原表语着句型逐步演变表示方面意义句型中there逐渐失点意义
现语法学家句型中
there解释引导词be谓语动词时be面名词解释语be应面语保持致果出现列语般应语部分保持致简称原例：
There is a pen and some pencils in the pencilbox
文具盒里支钢笔铅笔
2there be结构法
(1)肯定结构：
there be 句型肯定结构表示某处存某物某某时发生某事
1)there is+单数数名词数名词+点时间状语例：
There is a cap on the desk桌子顶帽子
There is some juice in the bottle瓶子里果汁
2)there are +复数名词+点时间状语例：
There are some ducks on the lake湖鸭子
(2)否定结构：
there be句型否定结构谓语动词be面加not(any)no例：
There are no books on the desk桌子没书
There are not any books on the desk
(3)疑问结构：
there be 句型变疑问句时therebe倒装例：
Are there any people in theroom房间里？
(4)there be结构时态：
there be表示存种时态例：
1)般时：there waswere
There was a sport meeting in the playground yesterday
昨天操场举行场运动会
2)般现时：there isareThere are some apples on the apple tree棵苹果树苹果
There is a cap in his hand手里顶帽子
3)般时：there will be
There will be (There is going to be) a show on Wednesday 星期三场演出
4)时：there would beThere would be a magic show at the theatre on Sunday
周日剧院会魔术表演
5)现完成时：there has havebeen
There have been lots of accidents round here里已发生起事
6)完成时：there had beenHe told me that there had been an argument between them告诉间发生场争
7)完成时：there will havebeen
There will have been a definite result by Saturday星期六会明确结果
8)there be结构时态种助动词情态动词连例：
There is to be a lecture at the school hall学校礼堂场演讲
Theremustbeamistake
somewhere定什方错误
(5)there behave较：
1)法
there be表示某时间方存某某物have表示语拥某某物作宾语某某物属语
2)结构
there be + sbsth+时间点(副词介词短语)
sb sth + have + sb sth else There are some desks and chairs in the classroom教室里桌椅
He has two cars两辆车(车属)
(6)there be非谓语形式两种there to bethere being
1)作语
作语时般there being结构句式中for时般there to be例：
There being a shop here is a greatadvantage
商店真方便极
It is impossible for there to be any more
2)作宾语
作动词宾语时般there tobe结构常见动词：expectmeanintendwantprefer等
①介词for常there to be
They planned for there to be a
meeting on Monday计划周开会
②介词常there being
John was relying on there being another opportunity
约翰希次机会
③作动词宾语时般动词expect like want prefer meanintendhate等面常there to be
Students don＇t want there to be another exam by the end of the term
学生希学期末考次
④动词imagineappreciateavoid mindexcuse等面常therebeing形式：
You can imagine there being a hot discussion about this matter at themeeting想象会问题
讨激烈
3)作状语
①句首作状语表示原条件方式时常there being形式：
There being no buseswe had to walk home
没公汽车走着回家
②果作目结果状语常there to be形式：
In order there to be a more comfortable living house she decided to buy that flat with a beautiful garden
更舒适生活空间决定买套带美丽花园公寓
there be句型扩展
there be扩展许句
型面there be句型扩展作纳
1there be +语
种句式表示事物客观存there be放句首真正语放面表示现时时完成时时例：
There is a boy on the playground操场男孩
There has been a lot of rain thismonth月雨水
There will be an announcementsoon久会发公告
2there are is+复数名词数名词+and+复数名词数名词
该句型表示类物性质尤表示坏优劣分意种样种种等例：
There are friends and friends朋友种种益友损友
There is tea and tea茶叶差
3there be+名词+分词
(1)种句式中分词现分词分词doing表示动作前面名词谓关系分词done前面名词动关系
There is a man sitting on thefence正坐篱笆
There was a car stolen last night昨晚辆车偷
(2)种句式语+be+分词结构代
There is a boy playing with a puppy in the yard
(A boy is playing with a puppy in the yard)
男孩正院子里狗玩耍
There has been more money spent on armaments than on famine relief
(More money has been spent on armaments than on famine relief)
花军备钱花救灾钱
4there be+名词+动词定式
种句式中物动词(动词定式)改成动式意(没)……做例：
There is a lot of work to do (to bedone)许工作做
There was no time to wait foryou没时间等
注意：There is nothing to doThere is nothing to be done含义
前者意事做者意没办法试较：
There is nothing to doI＇m bored事做感闷慌
(There is nothing to entertainme)没什活动消遣
四句型
陈述句
1定义
陈述句说明事实陈述法肯定什者否定什种句子分两类：肯定陈述句否定陈述句
Light travels faster than sound光声速度快 (说明事实)
I didn＇t tell him anything什没告诉(说明事实)
The film is rather interesting部电影趣(说明法)
2肯定陈述句
陈述句肯定事实时采程度肯定语气肯定某项
事实时采婉转词语说话表示态度者法生硬达更礼貌说话留余目
(1)表示婉转语气词语：
I＇m afraid if I＇m not mistakenif you pleaseif you don＇t mind等例：
Teaching 15 hours a weekI＇m afraid it is too much for me
星期教15时说恐怕太
We have met beforeif I＇m notmistaken果没记错话前见
(2)时交际需必须加强肯定语气需外种语言手段达加强肯定目
较普遍种手段增加强调
词例：indeed really definitely certainly for sure without any questionwithout doubt virtuallysurelyactually等例：
Many people will certainly lose their jobs肯定会丢掉工作
Without any questionI＇ll come here tomorrow
毫疑问明天会里
(3)增添强调附加结构加强肯定
You＇ve gone madyou have疯
That＇s a trap that is圈套
(4)采双重否定等手段较含蓄加强肯定
She went to that placenot infrequently(quite frequently)
常方
The is kind of result is not impossible(quite possible)
种结果
3否定陈述句
(1)谓语动词果be动词助动词情态动词时面加not
We are not hungry饿He does not have a sister没姐妹
He will not give you any help会帮助
(2)果谓语动词实义动词时须前面加do not(don＇t)
I do not know how to do知道做
He doesn＇t go there to see heroften常里
We did not have enough
wheelbarrows to go round手推车够
(3)果have作讲面加not构成否定式形式have got否定式相
I have not a violin没提琴
You have not got a bike haveyou没行车？
疑问句
1定义
疑问句提出问题语法结构交际功分四种：
般疑问句(general questions)
特殊疑问(special questions)
选择疑问句(alternativequestions)
反意疑问句(tag questions)
2般疑问句
般疑问句常询问件事情者情况否属实答语通常yesno者相yesno词语类问句做非问句
(1)般疑问句构成：句中谓语动词be助动词情态动词时(提前)放语前面
Is there something wrong with this machine台机器问题？
Have you got today＇s milk天牛奶？
Shall we go on 继续前？
Can you skate会滑冰？
Would you like me to interpret for you帮翻译？
谓语动词果没述词语动词时语前面加助动词dodoesdid原谓语动词改原形例：
Do you exercise做运动？Does she look sick生病？
(2)般疑问句回答：
般疑问句通常简略形式回答例：
Will you agree with us to comehere您意里？
Yeswe will会
Nowe won＇t会
Have you got today＇s newspaper
天报纸？
YesIhave
No I haven＇t没
(3)般疑问句否定结构：
表示惊奇责怪建议法等not置语者not放语前behave等助动词情态动词合起例：
Will he not agree with you意观点？
Isn＇t your father a Party member父亲员？
Haven＇t you any sisters没姐妹
Don＇t you like this movie难道喜欢部电影？
Can＇t we go together起？
Won＇t you sit down想坐？
种否定结构疑问句回答汉语惯果回答肯定yes + 肯定结构果回答否定no+否定结构(情况反意问句类似)例：
Can＇t he afford a new house买起新房？
—Yeshe can
—Nohe can＇t
3特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句句中某特殊部分提出疑问通常whowhosewhatwhich wherewhen whyhow等疑问词开头wh问句
(1)特殊疑问句结构：
疑问代词+般疑问句+
who外疑问代词短语+般疑问句+
疑问副词+般疑问句+？例：
What do you do when you are notworking工作时候做什？
Who (m) are you going to play table tennis this afternoon
天午谁乒乓球？
Whose decision was it谁作出决定？
Which class are you in班？
When do you get upeverymorning天早什时候起床？
Where is it located坐落里啊？
Why did not you sew the buttonon没扣子钉？
How did you become mixed up in such affairs牵涉种事情里面？
who引导特殊疑问句结构陈述句词序相例：
Who is cooking in kitchen谁厨房做饭？
时whatwhichwhose引出陈述句词序相特殊疑问句例：
What is on the wall什东西墙？墙什？
Which is easier较容易？Whose book is in your bag谁书书包里？
(2)常疑问代词疑问副词：
疑问代词：whowhomwhosewhich what
疑问副词：when wherewhy
how
how构成短语：how many少(独立数名词复数)how much 少(独立数名词)how old 年纪howfar远how often久how long久长how soon久how many times少次等等
(3)特殊疑问句时否定式
Why don＇t you ask Jim instead(常缩略Why not)
Why not ask Jim instead什询问吉姆呢？
(4)特殊疑问句疑问部分时两疑问词
Where and when can I apply for taking the test
时处申请参加考试？
(5)疑问词果介词宾语该介词句首句尾
What do you want a basket for For what do you want a basket
干嘛篮子呢？
4反意疑问句
反意疑问句种常口语疑问句式陈述句+疑问句构成疑问句部分动词陈述句部分动词相应疑问句语陈述句部分语相应果陈述部分语名词词组疑问句部分相应代词表示例：
The clock is slowisn＇t it表走慢？
He isn＇t oldis he老？
Few people know himdo they没认识？
I＇m late aren＇t I迟？
Nobody wants to go there doeshe没想里？
Be quietwould you安静点？
Let＇s stop here shall we里停？
种形式反意问句回答时遵循：Yes+肯定式者No+否定式例：
— Tom borrowedyourpen yesterdaydidn＇t he汤姆昨天钢笔？
—Yeshe did
—Nohe didn＇t没5选择疑问句
选择疑问句指说话问题提出两者两答案供方选
择疑问方式选择疑问句两种形式：种般疑问句基础种特殊疑问句基础例：
(1)Are you going to elect a boy oragirl选男孩女孩？
Shall I give you a hand or you can manage帮呢解决？
(2)What＇s this ignoranceOfmalice什知恶意？
Which do you prefer coffee ortea样咖啡茶？
祈句
1祈句动词原形开头
祈句动词原形开头常常表达说话方叮嘱劝告请求命令警告禁止等含义特殊句式表达方式种
(1)陈述句表达
Everyone shuts the mouth闭嘴
I wish you＇d open the window请窗户开
(2)疑问句形式表达
Why not do as your teacher tells you to什老师吩咐做呢？
Would youclose the doorplease请门关
(3)祈句特殊句式表达
Go to the headmaster＇s officeimmediately立刻校长办公室Make sentences after the model根例句造句
2现代英语祈句两种类型
种第二称祈句种第三称祈句
(1)第称祈句果说话祈象便第称祈句
1)第称祈句let引导词单数第称代词宾格(me) +带to定式例：
Let me go to the cinema tonight晚电影吧
Let me try again试次吧
2)果祈象包括说话听话let＇s+定式结构例：
Let＇s spend a day in the country乡村度整天吧
Let＇s make sure the lights are turned off and the door is locked
核实关灯锁门事吧
3)第称祈句否定形式句首加don＇t果正式场合便let melet＇s加not例：
Don＇t let me interrupt you断
Don＇t let＇s argue it争
Let me not bother you too much扰
Let＇s not say anything about it说件事
4)第称祈句强调形式句首加重读助动词do例：
Do let me have a look嘛
Do let＇s stop arguing停止争
(2)第二称祈句听话祈象祈句种祈句中祈象you通常表示出句子动词祈式开首降调句尾句号者感叹号
Come and have dinner with us起吃饭
Be careful Danger心危险
1)种祈句否定形式句首加don＇tdo not(正式语体)否定词例：
Don＇t be late迟
Do not feed the animals 请勿喂动物(动物园告示)
Never play with fire请勿玩火
2)祈句口气缓句首者句尾加please句尾增添附加问句例：
Please sit down请坐
Stop talking please请说话
Don＇t be noisy will you吵闹？
3)祈句语气强硬句首加重读助动词do例：
Do comeplease请定
Do tell her the thing务必告诉事
4)时强调谁提出求发出指示第二称祈象you表示出种you重读例：
You take that seat and I＇ll take this one坐凳子坐
Don＇t you forget it忘
(3)第三称祈句let引导词第三称宾格(名词词组)+定式(省略to)
结构：let himthem+定式(省略to)
Let bygones be bygones咎
Let Tom go there himself汤姆
Don＇t let them play with fire玩火
感叹句
感叹句种特殊表达强烈感情句式表示强烈感情种样手段陈述句疑问句祈句甚词词组通改变语调加强重音修饰音色甚伴相应动作表情变成感叹句表达强烈感情
感叹句表现形式种样表现形式两种whathow引起感叹句what修饰名词how修饰形容词副词动
词
1what引导感叹句
what修饰名词名词短语两种形式：
(1)What + a(an)+ (形容词）+单数数名词+语+谓语
What a bargain真太划算What an idea什意呀
(2)What + (形容词)+数名词复数数名词+语+谓语
What kind of food they are什食物啊
What nice music it is动听音乐啊
2how引导感叹句
how修饰形容词副词动词结构：How+ 形容词(副词)+语+谓语例：
How clever the boy is男孩真聪明
How quickly time passed时间真快
3whathow引导感叹句般情况相互转换转换意变
What a beautiful girl she is (H ow beautiful the girl is)
真漂亮
What an interesting book it is (How interesting the book is)
书真趣
4特殊感叹句表达形式(1)疑问词who开头表示惊奇
Who else could have put them into effect谁够实行呢
Who else will read such a book谁会读样书
(2)情态动词may开头表示愿
May you both be happy祝二位幸福
May you succeed祝成功
(3)副词heretherein开头感叹句
Here comes the bus 公汽车
There they are呢
(4)否定疑问句作感叹句时意义肯定肯定疑问句作感叹句美国英语中较常见
Aren＇t they sweet爱啊
Am Ihungry饿极
(5)短语作感叹句
Dear me哎呀
My goodness哎呀
None of your nonsense胡说
(6)作表语成分作感叹句
Just my luck倒霉
Sorrymy mistake起错
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