Unit 4 Career Planning
Career Planning
Career planning does not necessarily follow routine or logical steps Each of us places weight on different factors and may consider certain phases of career planning at different times Career planning includes gathering information about ourselves and about occupations estimating the probable outcomes of various courses of action and finally choosing alternatives that we find attractive and feasible
Many observers have pointed out that students are not very efficient career planners They cite evidence that (1) most students choose from among a very narrow group of occupations (2) as many as 40 to 60 percent choose professional occupations when in reality only 15 to 18 percent of the work force is engaged in professional work (3) young men show a striking lack of interest in clerical sales and service occupations although these fields offer many job opportunities and (4) as many as a third of the students are unable to express any choice of occupation
In their book Decision Making Irving Janis and Leon Mann identify serious flaws in the ways many people make decisions These flaws seem to be associated with the patterns people use to cope with problems The first flaw is complacency People who ignore challenging information about the choices they make demonstrate complacency People who take the attitude that It won＇t affect me or It will never happen use complacency as a dominant pattern of behaving Of course complacency is appropriate for any decision in which nothing much is at stake but that does not describe career decisions
A second flaw in the way people cope with decisions is defensive avoidance When confronted with a decision and unable to believe they can find an acceptable solution some people remain calm by resorting to wishful thinking or daydreaming Students who fail to think about the implications of their career choices often engage in rationalization (deceiving oneself with selfsatisfying but incorrect explanations for one＇s behavior) or procrastination (putting off or delaying) Facing the situation may produce anxiety but examining alternatives could also bring relief
A third flaw is hyper vigilance This occurs in career decision making when people believe there is not enough time to find a solution and they panic They search frantically for career possibilities and seize on hastily invented solutions overlooking the consequences of their choice as well as other alternatives People who are in a panic sometimes do not think clearly or logically
The best coping behavior is vigilance Vigilant decision making occurs when people believe that (1) a choice should be made (2) they can find a solution and (3) there is enough time Under these conditions students can conduct an effective search for alternative careers carefully evaluate each alternative and work out contingency plans in case one or another risk appears
Following are the keys to career planning
1) Study yourself This is the key to career planning Understanding what you are like what you value and what you want to become is the foundation for all career planning In studying yourself you examine your strengths and weaknesses your goals and the trends in your personal development The selfunderstanding that you gain enables you to imagine how certain occupations may best fit your personality interests abilities and goals All career decisions require us to learn both about ourselves and about work and to integrate these two kinds of knowledge
2) Write your career goals down A technique useful for organizing ideas about your career development is actually to write them down by time blocks in your life Writing something down forces you to crystallize your thinking and to recognize unclear and halfformed ideas It may lead to new insights into your possibilities and may help you to see new relationships patterns and trends or to identify gaps in your thinking about your career development
3) Review your plans and progress periodically with another person Every so often take stock of your situation and consider what steps have to be taken next Taking inventory of progress and planning further steps can help you cope with the changes that you undergo and the changes that take place in the labor market Talking over your plans with a college counselor your parents and your friends helps you define your goals and improve your career plans or make them work
4) If you choose a career that does not fit you you can start over Today growing numbers of men and women are changing careers or getting second starts in careers that have greater appeal to them Many of those who find that their line of work is unsatisfactory retrain themselves for a different occupation Often their new occupation is one that they overlooked when they were young or that they did not have an opportunity to pursue at that time for financial or other reasons
Sociologists say that there are few changes in careers that involve downward movement most involve the traditional business of getting ahead Society no longer attaches the stigma of instability to the idea of career hopping as it once did
Job changes and career shifts occur at all ages It has been estimated that as many as one out of four male workers between the ages of twenty and twentyfive change their lines of work About half that number do so between the ages of twentyfive and fortyfour
Career planning does not guarantee that all the problems difficulties or decisionmaking situations that face you in the future will be solved or made any easier No formula can be given to do that But career planning should help you to approach and cope better with new problems such as deciding whether or not to enter educational or training programs deciding whether or not to change jobs and analyzing the difficulties you are having with a situation or a person
Nobody can foresee what the future holds for any of us There are social emotional and moral considerations in our future that cannot be foreseen But the most important lesson of this often unhappy modern world is that progress comes from planning Ignorance about one＇s career is not bliss reason is better than chance and fate Although there is no sure way to make career plans work out there are things that you can do now to shape your career possibilities
Career Planning
1 进行择业规划定遵常规合逻辑步骤素侧重许时候会考虑择业规划方面进行择业规划收集关身职业信息资料估计采取种举动出现结果作出认吸引力行选择
2许观察家指出学生择业规划方面行列出事实：1）部分学生选择职业范围窄2）达40％60％学生选择专业性职业实际15％18％业员做专业性工作3）男青年文书销售服务性行业兴趣索然领域会提供许业机会4）达三分学生说出选择什职业
3 欧文•贾尼斯利昂•曼决策书中指出许决策方式存严重缺陷问题似处理问题模式关费心考虑择业信息置理满表现采取会影响永远会发生态度样做满作占支配位行模式然决定成败决策满做涉职业方面决策时满
4 决策方式存第二缺陷消极回避面抉择认找合适解决方法时想入非非做白日梦保持静学生没考虑职业抉择会产生影响采取文饰非（行作解释满足错误欺骗）者拖延（推迟耽搁）态度面现状许会令焦急安认真考虑种方案宽慰
5 第三缺陷分提心吊胆面职业选择感没足够时间找解决方法时会感惊慌失措紧张寻找种业机会然采取匆忙产生决定忽视样选择会带果忽视择业机会惊慌失措会思路清缺乏逻辑
6 做法眼观六路耳听八方确信三点时会做出机敏决策：1）应该做出选择2）找解决问题办法3）足够时间样学生够效寻求种职业仔细掂量种性制定出应变计划便应付种风险
7 择业规划关键步骤：
8 1．研究择业规划关键解样重什想成什样整择业规划研究程中审视长处弱点目标身发展方解够设想职业符合性兴趣力目标职业抉择求解解关工作两方面情况结合起（加考虑）
9 2．事业目标写事业发展设想纳起切实行做法设想生时间段写写作程迫理清思路认识模糊成熟想法会发展前途新解助清新关系模式方者明确考虑事业发展方面处
10 3．定期起检查规划取进展时候估量情形考虑步该采取什步骤评估进步计划面步骤助应历变化劳动力市场变化学辅导员父母朋友探讨计划助明确目标改进择业规划计划实施
11 4．果选择职业适合重新开始越越男男女女变换职业者重新开始份更吸引力职业中许旦发现事行业意重新参加培训谋求职业新职业常常年轻时忽视者时济原没机会事
12 社会学家说没什职业变换走坡路部分传统关注高处走社会已样跳槽成种安分耻事
13 换工作改职业年龄会发生估计 20岁25岁年龄段男性中达四分更换职业25岁44岁年龄段该例约八分
14 择业规划保证面问题困难决策形势解决变容易没妙方做点择业规划够帮助面更处理新问题诸决定否接受某方面教育培训否更换工作帮助分析面困境某交中存困难
15 没预见未未社会情感道德等方面考虑素法预见意现代世界予重教训进步规划职业知种福气理智机遇命运更重
Summer Job Planning
Assuming that you know what you want to do after college—and you may be considered shortsighted these days if you have not picked a career by the time you enter college—you should start thinking about a job even before you graduate
What companies or organizations have the job you want Let＇s say you majored in English or history and you want to write a great novel You need a job to support and educate you You have to select from a list of several possibilities not unlike choosing an option from the ＇menu on the screen of a personal computer Your options might include
A Working for a publishing company
B Writing for a scientific company
C Working for a public relations firm
D Going to graduate school to postpone decision
E None of these
If you select option A for example it would be a good idea to write letters while you are in college to a dozen or more publishing houses and ask for an interview with the personnel director If you happen to have a contact such as an editor who might be willing to meet with you so much the better
Make every effort to have an interview You should be familiar with the company before your interview and your aim should be to express to the personnel manager your interest in working for the company You might ask if a summer job (with pay if possible) or an internship is available In many cases interns do receive a small stipend in others no pay is offered
It is important at this stage of your life to find a summer job that will enhance your future career If you cannot find one in your field then the alternative is to take another type of summer job—lifeguard housepainter landscaper waitress or worker in a retail store or supermarket These jobs tend to pay quite well and you can save enough for many college expenses That aspect has to be weighed against the fact that they might not help your career plans Any summer job that requires hard work and a certain amount of responsibility is good for your r é sum é Naturally if the job is careeroriented it makes better reading
One day on the commuter train I was sitting in front of two high school girls and one said to the other My college education won＇t cost my father one cent At least I don＇t think so She explained that she had been working weekends summers and Christmas and spring vacations as a waitress in a restaurant Her tips were so good she had saved up 10000 She planned to go to Rutgers University commuting from home If she continued working through college she figured she could graduate without debt and go to graduate school
When I started looking for a summer job in college I found that the only organization that would hire me (except for restaurants) was Filene＇s the big Boston department store that operated a summer branch on Cape Cod where my family vacationed During my freshman year at college I paid a visit to the Northampton Mass branch a yearround operation I asked for a job selling on Saturdays and a job the following summer I was hired on the spot The following summer the manager of the Northampton shop assumed management of the Cape Cod branch for the summer and she asked me to come along as a salesgirl
All through college I earned my expenses by working for Filene＇s on the Cape during the summer months and on Saturdays and sale days during the college years I also conceived and wrote copy for the advertisements that Filene＇s ran in our college newspaper during the winter and an art major did the drawings based on my ideas By the time I was a senior I knew that I did not want to go into retailing but it was my hedge against the future I knew from conversations with the store manager that if I could not find a newspaper reporting job I could find a spot on the Filene＇s training squad and use that step toward a writing job
1假设知道学毕业想干什（现果进学没选中种职业许会成目光短浅）早毕业前应该考虑找份工作
2 公司机构会想工作呢 假定专业英文历史想写部起说需份工作支付生活教育费必须系列性中进行选择电脑屏幕菜单中挑选项样列选项：
A家出版公司工作
B家科技公司笔杆子
C家公关公司工作
D读研究生先做决定
E
3 假选中A意学期间十家出版社写信请求事面谈假碰巧熟编辑愿意见样话敢情更
4 想方设法争取面试机会面试前应该熟悉家公司面试目事理表达家公司工作兴趣听否做暑期工(话酬劳)实生情况实生少量薪水报酬情况
5 生阶段找促进未事业暑期工作重果专业领域找工作选类暑期工作——救生员房屋油漆工园林工女招者零售店超市工作员工作通常薪酬优厚存足够钱应付学里开销工作助择业规划必须两方面权衡
需付出艰苦努力求定责心暑期工作写简历份工作事业相关简历起然更吸引
6 天班坐火车坐两位女中学生前面中女孩说：学会花父亲分钱少觉会解释说周末暑假圣诞节春假家餐馆服务员费观已存万美元计划拉特格斯学住家里走读果学期间继续工估计债毕业研究生院
7 学期间开始寻找暑期工作时候发现餐馆外唯愿意雇单位法林百货公司——波士顿家百货公司科德角开家夏季分店家度假学年级时马萨诸塞州北安普敦分店全年营业申请周六接暑假售货员场录年夏天北安普敦分店理负责理科德角分店夏季营业做营业员
8 学期间法林公司科德角分店工作包括暑期学期中周六减价时赚取整学期间生活支出冬季法林公司校校报刊登广告构思编写广告词位绘画专业学生设想配图读四时候知道想事零售业未谋生应急手段商店理谈话中解果找报刊记者工作法林公司培训组职位跳板事写作
Which Career Is the Right One for You
When you are trying to plan your career try out a variety of jobs work in many different settings volunteer for different tasks
There are six basic categories of occupations The six types of jobs as developed by Professor John L Holland a psychology professor from Johns Hopkins University are described here in some detail Recognize that when I talk about the characteristics of people in the jobs no one person has all of these characteristics I am talking about trends but they are strong trends
Type A—Realistic Jobs
These are mainly skilled trades or technical jobs usually involving work with tools or machines frequently called bluecollar positions
People who are attracted to realistic jobs are usually robust practical physically strong and frequently competitive in outlook They usually have good physical coordination but sometimes they have trouble expressing themselves in words or in talking with others They prefer to deal with things rather than with ideas or with people They enjoy creating things with their hands They have good motor coordination but they are frequently uncomfortable in social settings and lack verbal and interpersonal skills They usually see themselves as mechanically and athletically inclined and are stable natural and persistent They prefer concrete to abstract problems Realistic people tend to see the world in simple tangible and traditional terms Possessions are important to them and they usually put their recreational money into cars boats motorcycles or other machinery
Realistic people describe themselves in interviews as conforming frank genuine normal persistent practical stable thrifty materialistic and shy
In general in realistic jobs life is not complicated by intricate problems between people or organizations nor by troublesome choices between conflicting philosophies
Type B—Conventional Jobs
These are usually office jobs where people work with organizations files and regular schedules
Conventional occupations include bookkeeper statistician bank teller secretary financial analyst office manager computer operator bank cashier and accountant Conventional jobs usually require a fair amount of writing but it is usually the writing of business letters and regular reports
People who enjoy conventional jobs describe themselves as conforming conscientious efficient obedient orderly persistent practical and calm
They like life to be orderly and to go according to plan They like to know what is expected of them and they enjoy carrying out their assignments
Type C—Investigative Jobs
These are scientific and laboratory jobs jobs where people investigate how the world is put together
The tasks involved in investigative jobs are scientific or laboratory in nature and usually involve trying to solve some puzzles whether the puzzle is a large mysterious problem such as how the universe came into being or a more normal daily problem such as figuring out the composition of a sample of blood taken from a patient in a clinic
Investigative workers are usually found in research laboratories or clinical settings but they also work in a wide range of other places—highway departments where they study issues such as traffic control and composition of highway materials in advertising agencies where they work on market surveys in foodproducing companies where they work on nutritional aspects of food in military settings where they work on new weapons or new military strategies in financial departments where they work on questions of economic strategy and money flow—in general in any place where problems are being attacked in a systematic scientific way
They describe themselves as analytical curious independent and reserved They especially dislike repetitive activities and sales activities They are very curious
Type D—Artistic Jobs
These are creative jobs where people work with words or music or art
The tasks involved in artistic occupations usually involve working with words music or other art forms Decorating rooms designing homes or doing portrait photography are other examples of artistic activities
Artistic jobs are found in settings such as art museums art galleries music departments interior decorating offices music stores theater groups photographic studios radio and television studios and any place where artistic skills are used and or taught
People who enjoy working in artistic jobs describe themselves as complicated disorderly emotional idealistic imaginative impractical impulsive independent introspective intuitive nonconforming and original They like to work in free environments that allow them to express themselves in a wide variety of media—writing music drawing photography—in general any art form
Type E—Social Jobs
These are jobs where people work with people—healing them teaching them helping them
The tasks involved in social jobs are those concerned with working with other people teaching them or training them or curing them or leading them or organizing them or enlightening them Social tasks include explaining things to others entertaining other people planning the teaching of other people helping other people solve their difficulties organizing and conducting charities and straightening out differences between people
People who enjoy working in social jobs describe themselves as cooperative friendly generous helpful idealistic responsible social tactful and understanding They like to work in groups especially small groups that are working on problems common to individuals in the group
Type F—Jobs of Leadership
These are jobs where people persuade other people to do something—sales jobs political jobs merchandising jobs
Also included are many business executive jobs making speeches running for an elected office heading a fundraising campaign and many other jobs of leadership
Other examples of jobs of leadership include public relations directors stock and bond brokers buyers hostesses retailers fashion merchandisers and industrial consultants
People who enjoy working in jobs of leadership describe themselves as adventuresome ambitious argumentative domineering energetic impulsive optimistic selfconfident sociable and talkative
1 努力规划事业时候尝试种职业种环境中工作动承担务
2 职业基分六类约翰斯·霍普金斯学心理学教授约翰·L·霍兰德列出六类职业面较详细描述谈事职业员特点时请注意没会具备特性谈倾性特点明显倾
第类——现实型职业
3手艺技术性职业通常需工具机器常常称蓝领职务
4 喜爱现实性职业身体结实讲求实际身强体壮常常怀积极生观通常具良身体协调性时候表达交谈方面困难宁愿物体愿观念交道喜爱动手搞发明创造肌肉协调性社交场合常感缺乏语言际交技通常认擅长机械操作体育运动性稳定做作执着重具体轻抽象注重现实倾简单明确传统眼光世界财富重休闲消费通常汽车船摩托车机械装置
5 注重现实接受采访时描述循规蹈矩直率真诚普通执着实际稳定节俭唯物腼腆
6 总体言现实性职业中没机构间错综复杂矛盾 必相互突生哲学间进行艰难抉择生活没复杂化
第二类——传统型职业
7 通常办公室工作处理机构事务档案资料常规日程
8 传统性职业包括簿记员统计员银行出纳员秘书财务分析员办公室电脑操作员银行财务会计传统性职业通常需做定笔头工作般撰写商务信函常规报告
9 喜欢事传统性职业描述成循规蹈矩负责高效服条理执着现实冷静
10 喜欢生活井井条喜欢计划行事喜欢解期乐完成指派务
第三类——研究型职业
11 科研实验室工作探究世界构成
12 研究型工作质科学实验室研究通常涉试图解决难题宇宙产生类难解谜搞清楚诊中位病血样成分类普通日常问题
13 研究员通常实验室医院里工作许方工作——公路部门中研究交通控制筑路材料成分类课题广告公司进行市场调查食品公司研究食品营养军事部门研究新式武器新军事战略财政部门研究济策略货币流通等问题——总言工作系统科学方法攻克难题方
14 描述分析性强奇心重独立沉默寡言 特喜欢重复性活动销售活动具强求知欲
第四类——艺术型职业
15职业语言音乐美术进行创造性工作
16 艺术型职业通常包括语言音乐艺术形式进行工作房间装饰房屋设计肖摄影等属艺术工作
17 艺术型工作环境艺术博物馆美术馆音乐部门室装饰公司音乐商店剧团摄影工作室电台电视台演播室（者）传授艺术技方
18 喜欢事艺术型工作描述复杂条理情绪化理想化富想切实际动独立省重直觉循规蹈矩独创性 喜欢环境中工作够采种媒介写作音乐绘画摄影——总言艺术形式——表现
第五类——社会型职业
19 交道工作——治疗教育帮助
20 社会型职业涉交道工作教育培训治疗领导组织启迪类工作包括解释事物提供娱乐制定教学计划帮助解决困难组织进行慈善活动消间分歧
21 喜欢事社会型工作描述乐合作友慷慨乐助理想义责感交际举止体善解意 喜欢群体——特面问题团体——中工作
第六类——领导型职业
22 事职业做说服行动销售政治商贸工作
23 类职业包括商务理工作发表演讲竞选公职领导筹款活动许领导工作
24 事领导工作包括公关股票证券纪采购员空中姐零售商时装销商工业顾问
25 喜欢事领导工作描述敢险雄心勃勃言善辩盛气凌精力充沛动乐观信善交际健谈
26 类喜欢竞争活动愿意群体中工作群体行施加影响信心般认出色领导
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Career Planning
Career planning does not necessarily follow routine or logical steps Each of us places weight on different factors and may consider certain phases of career planning at different times Career planning includes gathering information about ourselves and about occupations estimating the probable outcomes of various courses of action and finally choosing alternatives that we find attractive and feasible
Many observers have pointed out that students are not very efficient career planners They cite evidence that (1) most students choose from among a very narrow group of occupations (2) as many as 40 to 60 percent choose professional occupations when in reality only 15 to 18 percent of the work force is engaged in professional work (3) young men show a striking lack of interest in clerical sales and service occupations although these fields offer many job opportunities and (4) as many as a third of the students are unable to express any choice of occupation
In their book Decision Making Irving Janis and Leon Mann identify serious flaws in the ways many people make decisions These flaws seem to be associated with the patterns people use to cope with problems The first flaw is complacency People who ignore challenging information about the choices they make demonstrate complacency People who take the attitude that It won＇t affect me or It will never happen use complacency as a dominant pattern of behaving Of course complacency is appropriate for any decision in which nothing much is at stake but that does not describe career decisions
A second flaw in the way people cope with decisions is defensive avoidance When confronted with a decision and unable to believe they can find an acceptable solution some people remain calm by resorting to wishful thinking or daydreaming Students who fail to think about the implications of their career choices often engage in rationalization (deceiving oneself with selfsatisfying but incorrect explanations for one＇s behavior) or procrastination (putting off or delaying) Facing the situation may produce anxiety but examining alternatives could also bring relief
A third flaw is hyper vigilance This occurs in career decision making when people believe there is not enough time to find a solution and they panic They search frantically for career possibilities and seize on hastily invented solutions overlooking the consequences of their choice as well as other alternatives People who are in a panic sometimes do not think clearly or logically
The best coping behavior is vigilance Vigilant decision making occurs when people believe that (1) a choice should be made (2) they can find a solution and (3) there is enough time Under these conditions students can conduct an effective search for alternative careers carefully evaluate each alternative and work out contingency plans in case one or another risk appears
Following are the keys to career planning
1) Study yourself This is the key to career planning Understanding what you are like what you value and what you want to become is the foundation for all career planning In studying yourself you examine your strengths and weaknesses your goals and the trends in your personal development The selfunderstanding that you gain enables you to imagine how certain occupations may best fit your personality interests abilities and goals All career decisions require us to learn both about ourselves and about work and to integrate these two kinds of knowledge
2) Write your career goals down A technique useful for organizing ideas about your career development is actually to write them down by time blocks in your life Writing something down forces you to crystallize your thinking and to recognize unclear and halfformed ideas It may lead to new insights into your possibilities and may help you to see new relationships patterns and trends or to identify gaps in your thinking about your career development
3) Review your plans and progress periodically with another person Every so often take stock of your situation and consider what steps have to be taken next Taking inventory of progress and planning further steps can help you cope with the changes that you undergo and the changes that take place in the labor market Talking over your plans with a college counselor your parents and your friends helps you define your goals and improve your career plans or make them work
4) If you choose a career that does not fit you you can start over Today growing numbers of men and women are changing careers or getting second starts in careers that have greater appeal to them Many of those who find that their line of work is unsatisfactory retrain themselves for a different occupation Often their new occupation is one that they overlooked when they were young or that they did not have an opportunity to pursue at that time for financial or other reasons
Sociologists say that there are few changes in careers that involve downward movement most involve the traditional business of getting ahead Society no longer attaches the stigma of instability to the idea of career hopping as it once did
Job changes and career shifts occur at all ages It has been estimated that as many as one out of four male workers between the ages of twenty and twentyfive change their lines of work About half that number do so between the ages of twentyfive and fortyfour
Career planning does not guarantee that all the problems difficulties or decisionmaking situations that face you in the future will be solved or made any easier No formula can be given to do that But career planning should help you to approach and cope better with new problems such as deciding whether or not to enter educational or training programs deciding whether or not to change jobs and analyzing the difficulties you are having with a situation or a person
Nobody can foresee what the future holds for any of us There are social emotional and moral considerations in our future that cannot be foreseen But the most important lesson of this often unhappy modern world is that progress comes from planning Ignorance about one＇s career is not bliss reason is better than chance and fate Although there is no sure way to make career plans work out there are things that you can do now to shape your career possibilities
Career Planning
1 进行择业规划定遵常规合逻辑步骤素侧重许时候会考虑择业规划方面进行择业规划收集关身职业信息资料估计采取种举动出现结果作出认吸引力行选择
2许观察家指出学生择业规划方面行列出事实：1）部分学生选择职业范围窄2）达40％60％学生选择专业性职业实际15％18％业员做专业性工作3）男青年文书销售服务性行业兴趣索然领域会提供许业机会4）达三分学生说出选择什职业
3 欧文•贾尼斯利昂•曼决策书中指出许决策方式存严重缺陷问题似处理问题模式关费心考虑择业信息置理满表现采取会影响永远会发生态度样做满作占支配位行模式然决定成败决策满做涉职业方面决策时满
4 决策方式存第二缺陷消极回避面抉择认找合适解决方法时想入非非做白日梦保持静学生没考虑职业抉择会产生影响采取文饰非（行作解释满足错误欺骗）者拖延（推迟耽搁）态度面现状许会令焦急安认真考虑种方案宽慰
5 第三缺陷分提心吊胆面职业选择感没足够时间找解决方法时会感惊慌失措紧张寻找种业机会然采取匆忙产生决定忽视样选择会带果忽视择业机会惊慌失措会思路清缺乏逻辑
6 做法眼观六路耳听八方确信三点时会做出机敏决策：1）应该做出选择2）找解决问题办法3）足够时间样学生够效寻求种职业仔细掂量种性制定出应变计划便应付种风险
7 择业规划关键步骤：
8 1．研究择业规划关键解样重什想成什样整择业规划研究程中审视长处弱点目标身发展方解够设想职业符合性兴趣力目标职业抉择求解解关工作两方面情况结合起（加考虑）
9 2．事业目标写事业发展设想纳起切实行做法设想生时间段写写作程迫理清思路认识模糊成熟想法会发展前途新解助清新关系模式方者明确考虑事业发展方面处
10 3．定期起检查规划取进展时候估量情形考虑步该采取什步骤评估进步计划面步骤助应历变化劳动力市场变化学辅导员父母朋友探讨计划助明确目标改进择业规划计划实施
11 4．果选择职业适合重新开始越越男男女女变换职业者重新开始份更吸引力职业中许旦发现事行业意重新参加培训谋求职业新职业常常年轻时忽视者时济原没机会事
12 社会学家说没什职业变换走坡路部分传统关注高处走社会已样跳槽成种安分耻事
13 换工作改职业年龄会发生估计 20岁25岁年龄段男性中达四分更换职业25岁44岁年龄段该例约八分
14 择业规划保证面问题困难决策形势解决变容易没妙方做点择业规划够帮助面更处理新问题诸决定否接受某方面教育培训否更换工作帮助分析面困境某交中存困难
15 没预见未未社会情感道德等方面考虑素法预见意现代世界予重教训进步规划职业知种福气理智机遇命运更重
Summer Job Planning
Assuming that you know what you want to do after college—and you may be considered shortsighted these days if you have not picked a career by the time you enter college—you should start thinking about a job even before you graduate
What companies or organizations have the job you want Let＇s say you majored in English or history and you want to write a great novel You need a job to support and educate you You have to select from a list of several possibilities not unlike choosing an option from the ＇menu on the screen of a personal computer Your options might include
A Working for a publishing company
B Writing for a scientific company
C Working for a public relations firm
D Going to graduate school to postpone decision
E None of these
If you select option A for example it would be a good idea to write letters while you are in college to a dozen or more publishing houses and ask for an interview with the personnel director If you happen to have a contact such as an editor who might be willing to meet with you so much the better
Make every effort to have an interview You should be familiar with the company before your interview and your aim should be to express to the personnel manager your interest in working for the company You might ask if a summer job (with pay if possible) or an internship is available In many cases interns do receive a small stipend in others no pay is offered
It is important at this stage of your life to find a summer job that will enhance your future career If you cannot find one in your field then the alternative is to take another type of summer job—lifeguard housepainter landscaper waitress or worker in a retail store or supermarket These jobs tend to pay quite well and you can save enough for many college expenses That aspect has to be weighed against the fact that they might not help your career plans Any summer job that requires hard work and a certain amount of responsibility is good for your r é sum é Naturally if the job is careeroriented it makes better reading
One day on the commuter train I was sitting in front of two high school girls and one said to the other My college education won＇t cost my father one cent At least I don＇t think so She explained that she had been working weekends summers and Christmas and spring vacations as a waitress in a restaurant Her tips were so good she had saved up 10000 She planned to go to Rutgers University commuting from home If she continued working through college she figured she could graduate without debt and go to graduate school
When I started looking for a summer job in college I found that the only organization that would hire me (except for restaurants) was Filene＇s the big Boston department store that operated a summer branch on Cape Cod where my family vacationed During my freshman year at college I paid a visit to the Northampton Mass branch a yearround operation I asked for a job selling on Saturdays and a job the following summer I was hired on the spot The following summer the manager of the Northampton shop assumed management of the Cape Cod branch for the summer and she asked me to come along as a salesgirl
All through college I earned my expenses by working for Filene＇s on the Cape during the summer months and on Saturdays and sale days during the college years I also conceived and wrote copy for the advertisements that Filene＇s ran in our college newspaper during the winter and an art major did the drawings based on my ideas By the time I was a senior I knew that I did not want to go into retailing but it was my hedge against the future I knew from conversations with the store manager that if I could not find a newspaper reporting job I could find a spot on the Filene＇s training squad and use that step toward a writing job
1假设知道学毕业想干什（现果进学没选中种职业许会成目光短浅）早毕业前应该考虑找份工作
2 公司机构会想工作呢 假定专业英文历史想写部起说需份工作支付生活教育费必须系列性中进行选择电脑屏幕菜单中挑选项样列选项：
A家出版公司工作
B家科技公司笔杆子
C家公关公司工作
D读研究生先做决定
E
3 假选中A意学期间十家出版社写信请求事面谈假碰巧熟编辑愿意见样话敢情更
4 想方设法争取面试机会面试前应该熟悉家公司面试目事理表达家公司工作兴趣听否做暑期工(话酬劳)实生情况实生少量薪水报酬情况
5 生阶段找促进未事业暑期工作重果专业领域找工作选类暑期工作——救生员房屋油漆工园林工女招者零售店超市工作员工作通常薪酬优厚存足够钱应付学里开销工作助择业规划必须两方面权衡
需付出艰苦努力求定责心暑期工作写简历份工作事业相关简历起然更吸引
6 天班坐火车坐两位女中学生前面中女孩说：学会花父亲分钱少觉会解释说周末暑假圣诞节春假家餐馆服务员费观已存万美元计划拉特格斯学住家里走读果学期间继续工估计债毕业研究生院
7 学期间开始寻找暑期工作时候发现餐馆外唯愿意雇单位法林百货公司——波士顿家百货公司科德角开家夏季分店家度假学年级时马萨诸塞州北安普敦分店全年营业申请周六接暑假售货员场录年夏天北安普敦分店理负责理科德角分店夏季营业做营业员
8 学期间法林公司科德角分店工作包括暑期学期中周六减价时赚取整学期间生活支出冬季法林公司校校报刊登广告构思编写广告词位绘画专业学生设想配图读四时候知道想事零售业未谋生应急手段商店理谈话中解果找报刊记者工作法林公司培训组职位跳板事写作
Which Career Is the Right One for You
When you are trying to plan your career try out a variety of jobs work in many different settings volunteer for different tasks
There are six basic categories of occupations The six types of jobs as developed by Professor John L Holland a psychology professor from Johns Hopkins University are described here in some detail Recognize that when I talk about the characteristics of people in the jobs no one person has all of these characteristics I am talking about trends but they are strong trends
Type A—Realistic Jobs
These are mainly skilled trades or technical jobs usually involving work with tools or machines frequently called bluecollar positions
People who are attracted to realistic jobs are usually robust practical physically strong and frequently competitive in outlook They usually have good physical coordination but sometimes they have trouble expressing themselves in words or in talking with others They prefer to deal with things rather than with ideas or with people They enjoy creating things with their hands They have good motor coordination but they are frequently uncomfortable in social settings and lack verbal and interpersonal skills They usually see themselves as mechanically and athletically inclined and are stable natural and persistent They prefer concrete to abstract problems Realistic people tend to see the world in simple tangible and traditional terms Possessions are important to them and they usually put their recreational money into cars boats motorcycles or other machinery
Realistic people describe themselves in interviews as conforming frank genuine normal persistent practical stable thrifty materialistic and shy
In general in realistic jobs life is not complicated by intricate problems between people or organizations nor by troublesome choices between conflicting philosophies
Type B—Conventional Jobs
These are usually office jobs where people work with organizations files and regular schedules
Conventional occupations include bookkeeper statistician bank teller secretary financial analyst office manager computer operator bank cashier and accountant Conventional jobs usually require a fair amount of writing but it is usually the writing of business letters and regular reports
People who enjoy conventional jobs describe themselves as conforming conscientious efficient obedient orderly persistent practical and calm
They like life to be orderly and to go according to plan They like to know what is expected of them and they enjoy carrying out their assignments
Type C—Investigative Jobs
These are scientific and laboratory jobs jobs where people investigate how the world is put together
The tasks involved in investigative jobs are scientific or laboratory in nature and usually involve trying to solve some puzzles whether the puzzle is a large mysterious problem such as how the universe came into being or a more normal daily problem such as figuring out the composition of a sample of blood taken from a patient in a clinic
Investigative workers are usually found in research laboratories or clinical settings but they also work in a wide range of other places—highway departments where they study issues such as traffic control and composition of highway materials in advertising agencies where they work on market surveys in foodproducing companies where they work on nutritional aspects of food in military settings where they work on new weapons or new military strategies in financial departments where they work on questions of economic strategy and money flow—in general in any place where problems are being attacked in a systematic scientific way
They describe themselves as analytical curious independent and reserved They especially dislike repetitive activities and sales activities They are very curious
Type D—Artistic Jobs
These are creative jobs where people work with words or music or art
The tasks involved in artistic occupations usually involve working with words music or other art forms Decorating rooms designing homes or doing portrait photography are other examples of artistic activities
Artistic jobs are found in settings such as art museums art galleries music departments interior decorating offices music stores theater groups photographic studios radio and television studios and any place where artistic skills are used and or taught
People who enjoy working in artistic jobs describe themselves as complicated disorderly emotional idealistic imaginative impractical impulsive independent introspective intuitive nonconforming and original They like to work in free environments that allow them to express themselves in a wide variety of media—writing music drawing photography—in general any art form
Type E—Social Jobs
These are jobs where people work with people—healing them teaching them helping them
The tasks involved in social jobs are those concerned with working with other people teaching them or training them or curing them or leading them or organizing them or enlightening them Social tasks include explaining things to others entertaining other people planning the teaching of other people helping other people solve their difficulties organizing and conducting charities and straightening out differences between people
People who enjoy working in social jobs describe themselves as cooperative friendly generous helpful idealistic responsible social tactful and understanding They like to work in groups especially small groups that are working on problems common to individuals in the group
Type F—Jobs of Leadership
These are jobs where people persuade other people to do something—sales jobs political jobs merchandising jobs
Also included are many business executive jobs making speeches running for an elected office heading a fundraising campaign and many other jobs of leadership
Other examples of jobs of leadership include public relations directors stock and bond brokers buyers hostesses retailers fashion merchandisers and industrial consultants
People who enjoy working in jobs of leadership describe themselves as adventuresome ambitious argumentative domineering energetic impulsive optimistic selfconfident sociable and talkative
1 努力规划事业时候尝试种职业种环境中工作动承担务
2 职业基分六类约翰斯·霍普金斯学心理学教授约翰·L·霍兰德列出六类职业面较详细描述谈事职业员特点时请注意没会具备特性谈倾性特点明显倾
第类——现实型职业
3手艺技术性职业通常需工具机器常常称蓝领职务
4 喜爱现实性职业身体结实讲求实际身强体壮常常怀积极生观通常具良身体协调性时候表达交谈方面困难宁愿物体愿观念交道喜爱动手搞发明创造肌肉协调性社交场合常感缺乏语言际交技通常认擅长机械操作体育运动性稳定做作执着重具体轻抽象注重现实倾简单明确传统眼光世界财富重休闲消费通常汽车船摩托车机械装置
5 注重现实接受采访时描述循规蹈矩直率真诚普通执着实际稳定节俭唯物腼腆
6 总体言现实性职业中没机构间错综复杂矛盾 必相互突生哲学间进行艰难抉择生活没复杂化
第二类——传统型职业
7 通常办公室工作处理机构事务档案资料常规日程
8 传统性职业包括簿记员统计员银行出纳员秘书财务分析员办公室电脑操作员银行财务会计传统性职业通常需做定笔头工作般撰写商务信函常规报告
9 喜欢事传统性职业描述成循规蹈矩负责高效服条理执着现实冷静
10 喜欢生活井井条喜欢计划行事喜欢解期乐完成指派务
第三类——研究型职业
11 科研实验室工作探究世界构成
12 研究型工作质科学实验室研究通常涉试图解决难题宇宙产生类难解谜搞清楚诊中位病血样成分类普通日常问题
13 研究员通常实验室医院里工作许方工作——公路部门中研究交通控制筑路材料成分类课题广告公司进行市场调查食品公司研究食品营养军事部门研究新式武器新军事战略财政部门研究济策略货币流通等问题——总言工作系统科学方法攻克难题方
14 描述分析性强奇心重独立沉默寡言 特喜欢重复性活动销售活动具强求知欲
第四类——艺术型职业
15职业语言音乐美术进行创造性工作
16 艺术型职业通常包括语言音乐艺术形式进行工作房间装饰房屋设计肖摄影等属艺术工作
17 艺术型工作环境艺术博物馆美术馆音乐部门室装饰公司音乐商店剧团摄影工作室电台电视台演播室（者）传授艺术技方
18 喜欢事艺术型工作描述复杂条理情绪化理想化富想切实际动独立省重直觉循规蹈矩独创性 喜欢环境中工作够采种媒介写作音乐绘画摄影——总言艺术形式——表现
第五类——社会型职业
19 交道工作——治疗教育帮助
20 社会型职业涉交道工作教育培训治疗领导组织启迪类工作包括解释事物提供娱乐制定教学计划帮助解决困难组织进行慈善活动消间分歧
21 喜欢事社会型工作描述乐合作友慷慨乐助理想义责感交际举止体善解意 喜欢群体——特面问题团体——中工作
第六类——领导型职业
22 事职业做说服行动销售政治商贸工作
23 类职业包括商务理工作发表演讲竞选公职领导筹款活动许领导工作
24 事领导工作包括公关股票证券纪采购员空中姐零售商时装销商工业顾问
25 喜欢事领导工作描述敢险雄心勃勃言善辩盛气凌精力充沛动乐观信善交际健谈
26 类喜欢竞争活动愿意群体中工作群体行施加影响信心般认出色领导
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